LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




OOOO&Hlb 1 ^ 



Qass. 




Book__ 



59th Congress ) <;PNATF i Docume 



1st Session 



SENATE -[ XI? 



FINAL REPORT 



OF THE 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE 
EXPOSITION COMMISSION 

1906 



FEBRUARY 8, 1906 

READ, REFERRED TO THE COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL 

EXPOSITIONS, AND ORDERED TO 

BE PRINTED 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1906 



.V 



59th Congress 
1st Session 



SENATE 



Document 
No. 202 



y^ 



FINAL REPORT 



OF THE 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE 
EXPOSITION COMMISSION 

1906 



FEBRUARY 8, 1906 

READ, REFERRED TO THE COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL 

EXPOSITIONS, AND ORDERED TO 

BE PRINTED 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906 






SEP 27 1906 



P 27 1 
D. of 0. 



• • • • . • 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Letters of transmittal 3 

Final report 4 

Centennial Day 24 

Diplomatic Day 43 

State Day 55 

Appendices: 

Eeport on Accounts and Statement of Receipts and Disbursements 127 

Disposal of Salvage 150 

Reports of Foreign Countries 175 

Reports of States, Territories, and Districts 237 

Report of Board of Lady Managers 361 

Statement of Expenditures 523 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



To the Senate and House of Representatives : 

I transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State 
submitting the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Commission, furnished in pursuance of section 11 of the "Act to pro- 
vide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of 
the Louisiana Territory," etc., approved March 3, 1901. 

Theodore Roosevelt. 
The White House, 

February 8, 1906. 



The President : 

The undersigned, Secretary of State, has the honor to lay before the 
President the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
mission, presented, as required by section 11 of the act of Congress 
approved March 3, 1901, entitled "An act to provide for celebrating 
the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Territory by the 
United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, indus- 
tries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea 
in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri." 
Respectfully submitted. 

Elihu Root. 
Department of State, 

Washington, February 5, 1906. 

3 



FINAL REPORT 

OF THE 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 
COMMISSION. 



A S required by section 11 of an act of Congress entitled "An act 
/\ to provide for the celebrating of the one hundredth anni- 
/ \ versary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the 
-L JL United States by holding an international exhibition of 
arts, industries, manufacturers, and the products of the soil, mine, 
forest, and the sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri," 
approved March 3, 1901, this final report is here presented : 

In the early part of the year 1900 the citizens of St. Louis inaugu- 
rated a movement looking to the celebration of the one hundredth 
anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by an inter- 
national exposition. A temporary organization having been effected, 
the subject was presented to Congress through a committee of citizens 
appointed for that purpose. Congress conditionally approved the 
enterprise by enacting a law which in substance provided that the 
Government would extend the required aid to the proposed exposi- 
tion, providing the petitioners would furnish assurance that the sum 
of $10,000,000 had been raised for and on account of inaugurating 
and carrying forward an exposition at the city of St. Louis, Mo., in 
the year 1903, to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the pur- 
chase of the Louisiana Territory. 

Prior to March 3, 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany, then consisting of an association of persons, furnished the Sec- 
retary of the Treasury proof to his satisfaction that said sum of 
$10,000,000 had been raised for the purpose indicated. Thereupon 
the act hereinbefore cited was passed and duly approved by the 
President. 

Including the appropriation made by the act of Congress, the sum 
of $15,000,000 was provided for the exposition, as follows : 

Donated by the city of St Louis $5,000,000 

Subscription to the capital stock of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion Company 5, 000, 000 

Appropriated by Congress, through the act aforesaid 5, 000, 000 

5 



6 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



On April 1, 1901, in accordance with section 2 of the act of Con- 
gress, the President appointed a nonpartisan commission, consisting 
of nine members, known and designated as the " Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Commission," the names of the appointees and the States 
in which they resided being as follows : 



John M. Thurston Nebraska. 

Thomas H. Carter Montana. 

William Lindsay _ - - Kentucky. 

George W. McBride Oregon. 

Frederick A. Betts Connecticut. 



John M. Allen Mississippi. 

Martin H. Glynn New York. 

John F. Miller Indiana. 

Philip D. Scott... ..Arkansas. 



The name of the Commission being somewhat lengthy it became 
known and was referred to in the law and proceedings throughout as 
" The National Commission." 

Pursuant to a call by the Secretary of State, the members of the 
Commission met at the Southern Hotel, in the city of St. Louis, on 
April 23, 1901, and adjourned until the following day, when organi- 
zation was perfected. 

Thomas H. Carter, of Montana, was elected president; Martin H. 
Glynn, of New York, vice-president, and Mr. Joseph Flory, of St. 
Louis, Mo., secretary. 

The following committees were appointed : 



Thomas H. Carter. 
John F. Miller. 



William Lindsay. 



Executive. 

Philip D. Scott. 
John M. Allen. 
Frederick A. Betts. 

Judiciary. 

John M. Thurston. 
George W. McBride. 



George W. McBride. 
Frederick A. Betts. 



Plan and Scope. 



John F. Miller. 



William Lindsay. 
Martin H. Glynn. 



Members of Board of Arbitration. 
John M. Thurston. John M. Allen. 



Audi Una. 



John F. Miller. 



Thomas ii. Tarter. 



Thomas ii. Oabteb, 

.John M. Ai.i.kn. 



Philip D. Scott. 



John M. Thurston. 

Insurance. 

Fbedebiob a. Betts. 

Ceremonies. 



Martin II. Glynn. 



.ion \ m. Thurston. 
Wii.uam Lindsay. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 7 

Mr. Claude Hough, of Sedalia, Mo., was appointed official stenog- 
rapher of the Commission on May 6, 1901, and has capably and 
efficiently served in that capacity throughout. 

The organization of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company 
was not formally perfected until about a month after the first meeting 
of the National Commission, when the association which had thereto- 
fore existed under that name was duly organized and became an incor- 
porated company under and in conformity with the laws of the State 
of Missouri. In the meantime informal conferences were held be- 
tween the Commission and the prospective officers of the company in 
reference to a site for the exposition. 

The municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis enacted an ordi- 
nance authorizing the use of a portion of Forest Park as a site for the 
exposition, as follows: 

Aif ordinance authorizing the use of either O'Fallon Park or Carondelet Park or 
i portion of Forest Park as a site for the world's fair, to be held in commem- 
oration of the Louisiana Purchase. 

Be it ordained by the municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis as 
follows : 

Section 1. The corporation or association formed to manage and 
conduct the world's fair or exposition in commemoration of the pur- 
chase of the Louisiana Territory, when organized or incorporated in 
accordance with the law, is hereby granted the privilege of using 
either O'Fallon Park or Carondelet Park or that portion of Forest 
Park lying west of the line described as follows, to wit: Beginning 
at the intersection of the south line of Forest Park with the north 
line of Clayton road, and running thence in a northerly direction 
along the west line of the Concourse drive two thousand five hundred 
fifty feet ; thence in a northerly direction to the east end of the large 
lake, a distance of twelve hundred feet; thence northwesterly direc- 
tion about two thousand feet to the intersection of the south line of 
Lindell avenue, with the west line of De Baliviere avenue produced 
southwardly, for and as a site for said world's fair or exposition, 
reserving, however, unto the city of St. Louis all regulation and con- 
trol of any of the sites above described, together with all right to 
excises and licenses. 

Sec. 2. The board of public improvements shall at all times, begin- 
ning with the selection of the site out of the three sites above referred 
to, until the close of said world's fair or exposition, and until the 
complete restoration of said site as hereinafter provided, have the 
power to provide such regulations, conditions, and requirements as it 
may deem necessary to protect the interests of the city with respect 
to the construction of all sewers, drains, and conduits of any kind, 
and the laying of water pipes or fixtures ; and the plans and specifi- 
cations for the construction of the foregoing work shall be subject to 
the approval of the board of public improvements, and no such work 
of any kind shall be done without such approval by the board. All 
such sewers, drains, conduits, pipes, and fixtures shall become and be 
the property of the city, 



8 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Sec. 3. Within six months after the close of said fair or exposition, 
the corporation or association aforesaid shall clear the park, or in the 
event of the selection of Forest Park, the part thereof above described, 
of all tramways and railway tracks, rubbish and debris, and of all 
buildings, sheds, pavilions, towers, and other structures of every kind, 
and shall within twelve months after the close of such fair or expo- 
sition, fully restore the park selected as a site, or in the case of Forest 
Park, that portion thereof above-described, by doing all necessary 
grading, the restoration and repair, or the formation of all walks 
and roads, the planting of trees, the placing of sod and the planting 
of shrubs and plants, all in accordance with plans to be approved 
by the board of public improvements, and all to be done subject to 
the inspection of the park commissioner, and to his entire satisfaction 
and approval. 

Sec. 4. The corporation or association aforesaid shall, within six 
months after the approval of this ordinance by the mayor, file its 
written acceptance thereof with the city register, and make its selection 
of the park to be used as aforesaid ; and said corporation or association 
shall also, within the same time, file its bond in the sum of one 
hundred thousand dollars, with good and sufficient sureties, to be 
approved by the mayor and council, conditioned for a full com- 
pliance with and performance of all the terms, requirements, and 
conditions of this ordinance. Said board of public improvements 
shall have the right, however, at any time before the opening of 
said fair or exposition, if it deems it necessary in the interest of the 
city, to require an additional bond in such amount as it may believe 
to be proper, whereupon said corporation or company shall give such 
bond with sureties to be approved in like manner, and said corpora- 
tion or association shall have no authority to open or hold any fair 
or exposition upon the site so selected, and no machine^ or improve- 
ments of any kind shall be removed from the premises of said world's 
fair site until said bond in the sum so demanded shall have been so 
filed and approved. 

Approved May 16, 1901. 

Considerable correspondence ensued between the Commission and 
the Exposition Company in reference to the proposed site, the Com- 
mission particularly insisting upon an adequate water supply and 
proper drainage and grading of the property. On June 28, 1901, 
the site was formally approved by the Commission and, according to 
section 9 of the act authorizing the exposition, the President of the 
United States was duly notified. 

Prior to August 15, 1901, the National Commission having ascer- 
tained that due provision had been made for grounds and buildings 
for the uses contemplated by the act of Congress, so certified to the 
President of the United States, who did thereafter, to wit, on the 
20th day of August, 1901, in behalf of the Government and the 
people, invite foreign nations to take part in said exposition, and to 
appoint representatives thereto, the President's proclamation reading 
as follows: 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 9 

Whereas notice has been given me by the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Commission, in accordance with the provisions of section 9 of 
the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1901, entitled "An act to pro- 
vide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase 
of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an inter- 
national exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the prod- 
ucts of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the 
State of Missouri," that provision has been made for grounds and 
buildings for the uses provided for in the said act of Congress : 

Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United 
States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said act, do hereby 
declare and proclaim that such international exhibition will be 
opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, not later 
than the first day of May, nineteen hundred and three, and will be 
closed not later than the first day of December thereafter. And in 
the name of the Government and of the people of the United States, 
I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the com- 
memoration of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of 
great interest to the United States and of abiding effect on their de- 
velopment, by appointing representatives and sending such exhibits 
to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as will most fitly and fully 
illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in civi- 
lization. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, this twentieth day of August, 
one thousand nine hundred and one, and of the Independence of the 
United States the one hundred and twenty-sixth. 

[seal.] William McKinley. 

By the President : 
John Hay, 

Secretary of State. 

At a meeting of the Commission held on October 15, 1901, the fol- 
lowing resolution relative to the lamented death of President McKin- 
ley was unanimously adopted by the Commission : 

Resolution. 

Since this Commission last convened the President of the United 
States has met a tragic death. 

The manner of his death was a blow at republican institutions and 
felt by every patriotic American as aimed at himself. It can truly 
be said that of all our Presidents William McKinley was the best 
beloved ; no section of the country held him as an alien to it. Parti- 
san differences never led to partisan hatred of him; party faction 
did not touch him. Nearly half the people differed with him on pub- 
lic questions, but his opponents accorded to him the same honesty of 
purpose which he always accorded to them. He was the President of 
the whole people, and was received by them as such with the honors 
due his great office and his splendid manhood, from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Pure of life, loftv of 



10 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

purpose, and patriotic in every endeavor, he was the highest type of 
our American citizenship. 

The prayers of an united people were wafted on high to spare our 
President, but " God's will, not ours " was done, and the pain of per- 
sonal grief was felt in every American home. 

Resolved by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 

First. That in the death of President McKinley, the United States 
have lost a President who fulfilled the best ideals of the Republic. 

Second. That in every walk of life, in peace and in war, in private 
and in public station, he was faithful to every trust and did his duty 
as God gave him light to see it. 

Third. That these resolutions be spread upon our record and a copy 
thereof sent, with an expression of our tenderest sympathy, to Mrs. 
McKinley. 

Certain rules and regulations governing foreign exhibitors, which 
had been formulated by President Carter of the Commission and 
President Francis of the Exposition Company at a meeting held in 
Chicago, 111., on August 14, 1901, were approved by the National 
Commission on October 15, 1901. The rules are as follows : 

Adopted under, and in pursuance of an act of the Congress of the 
United States, entitled, 

"An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary 
of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, by 
holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, 
and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of Saint 
Louis, in the State of Missouri," 

approved March 3, 1901, a copy of which said act is hereunto at- 
tached. As provided by law the Louisiana Purchase Exposition will 
be held in the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, U. S. A., and will 
be opened on the 30th day of April, A. D. 1903, and will be closed on 
the 1st day of December of that year. The exposition will be closed 
on Sundays. 

This exposition will embrace an exhibition of arts, industries, manu- 
factures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea. It will 
be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of 
the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France. 

The exposition will be international in character, as contemplated 
by section 9 of the act of Congress, which reads as follows : 

" That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified 
by the National Commission that provision has been made for grounds 
and buildings for the uses herein provided for, he shall be authorized 
to make proclamation of the same, through the Department of State, 
setting forth the time at which said exposition will be held, and the 
purposes thereof, and he shall communicate to the diplomatic repre- 
sentatives of foreign nations copies thereof, together with such regu- 
lations as may be adopted by the Commission, for publication in their 
respective countries, and he shall in behalf of the Government and 
the people invite foreign nations to lake part in the said exposition 
and appoint representatives thereto, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. H 

Rules and regulations have been adopted by the National Commis- 
sion to be communicated to the diplomatic representatives of foreign 
nations for publication in their respective countries as follows : 

Article 1. All communications relating to the exposition should be 
addressed to Hon. David R. Francis, president of the Exposition 
Company, St. Louis, U. S. A. 

Art. 2. All applications for space for buildings must be filed with 
the company on or before July 1, 1902. 

Art. 3. Applications for space for exhibits in the buildings of the 
Exposition Company must be filed on or before the respective dates 
following, to wit : 

(A) For machinery and mechanical appliances intended for exhibi- 
tion, in operation, October 1, 1902. 

(B) For machinery and mechanical appliances not intended for 
exhibition, in operation, November 1, 1902. 

(C) For works of art, natural and manufactured, products, and all 
productions not herein expressly classified, December 1, 1902. 

Art. 4. Applications for special concessions to individuals, associa- 
tions, or corporations, December 1, 1902. 

All applications must be in writing and should be presented on 
forms which will be furnished by the Exposition Company. 

Art. 5. No charge will be made for space allotted for buildings or 
exhibits of foreign governments. Allotments of space to exhibitors 
from countries whose governments have appointed commissioners to 
the exposition will be made by or through such commissioners. 

Art. 6. No exhibit shall be removed in whole or in part until the 
close of the exposition. 

Immediately after the close of the exposition exhibitors shall re- 
move their effects and complete such removal before January 1, 1904. 

Art. 7. Exhibits from foreign countries will be admitted free of 
customs duties, as provided in the law and the regulations of the 
Treasury Department. 

Art. 8. The Exposition Company may from time to time, with the 
approval of the National Commission, promulgate a classification 
and such additional rules and regulations, not in conflict with the law 
or regulations herein announced, as may be necessary to facilitate the 
success of the exposition and to serve the interest of exhibitors. 

On October 15, 1901, the Commission was notified that the Exposi- 
tion Company had, by a resolution dated October 8, 1901, of which 
the Secretary of the Treasury had been duly notified, authorized the 
Commission to disburse the sum of $10,000 per annum for contingent 
expenses, in accordance with the act of Congress therein referred to. 
Following is a copy of the resolution : 

Resolved, That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission be, 
and is hereby, authorized to disburse out of the $5,000,000 appro- 
priated under the provisions of the act approved March 3, 1901, in 
aid of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the sum of $10,000 an- 
nually for contingent expenses of said Commission under such rules 



12 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
and upon vouchers to be approved by him. 

D. R. Francis. 
Attest : 

W. B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 

The question of appointing a board of lady managers, authorized 
by section 6 of the act of Congress, was considered by the National 
Commission and the Exposition Company at a meeting held on 
October 16, 1901. 

After giving the matter due and careful consideration, the Com- 
mission and the company decided to create a board of lady managers 
of 21 members. The membership of the board was subsequently 
increased to 24. The names of the board of lady managers are as 
follows : 



Miss Helen Miller Gould. 
Mrs. John A. McCall. 
Mrs. John M. Holcombe. 
Miss Anna L. Dawes. 
Mrs. W. E. Andrews. 
Mrs. Helen-Boice Hunsicker. 
Mrs. James L. Blair. 
Mrs. Fannie L. Porter. 
Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger. 
Mrs. Jennie Gilmore Knott. 
Mrs. Emily Warren Roebling. 
Mrs. M. H. De Young. 
Mrs. Belle L. Everest. 



Mrs. Margaret P. Daly. 

Mrs. W. H. Coleman. 

Mrs. C. B. Buchwalter. 

Mrs. Louis D. Frost. 

Mrs. Finis P. Ernst. 

Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery. 

Mrs. John Miller Horton. 

Mrs. Annie McLean Moores. 

Mrs. A. L. Von Mayhoff. 

Mrs. Daniel Manning. 

Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan. 

Miss Lavinia H. Egan. 



Rules and regulations for the classification of exhibits at the expo- 
sition, which had been presented for the consideration of the Com- 
mission by the Exposition Company, and which had been discussed 
at length, were finally approved on October 17, 1901, and the Expo- 
sition Company was notified of that fact. 

The matter of formulating rules and regulations for the govern- 
ment of the exposition was one of the first questions to be considered 
by the Commission. The matter was taken up at the various meet- 
ings of the Commission, and conferences were held with the officers 
of the Exposition Company from time to time. The Commission 
contended that in the event of a disagreement between the representa- 
tive of any foreign government and the Exposition Company the 
representative of such foreign government should be allowed to refer 
the matter to the National Commission for joint consideration and 
adjustment, with the company. With that end in view the Commis- 
sion insisted that the following provision should be incorporated in 
the rules and regulations governing the exposition: 

Should disagreement arise between the Exposition Company and 
the representative of any Government, State, Territory, or District, 
such representative shall have the privilege, under such rules of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 13 

procedure as the National Commission may from time to time 
promulgate, of referring the matter in disagreement between such 
representative and the company to the National Commission for 
joint consideration and adjustment with the company. 

The company objected to the insertion of this clause. 

Thereupon the Commission and the company agreed to submit the 
matter in dispute to arbitration, in accordance with law. The Com- 
mission notified the company that the members of the arbitration 
board appointed by the Commission were prepared to meet the 
arbitrators of the company when such last-named arbitrators should 
be appointed. But owing to the fact that the arbitrators on behalf 
of the company had not yet been appointed, it was impossible at the 
time to submit the matter in controversy to arbitration. 

In November, 1901, it became evident that the success of the expo- 
sition demanded the immediate promulgation of the rules and regu- 
lations for the guidance of intending competitors. The Exposition 
Company communicated with the National Commission to that effect 
and requested that it be allowed to promulgate the rules and regula- 
tions so far as agreed upon, and that the matter in dispute should be 
left to subsequent arbitration. On November 22, 1901, the Commis- 
sion consented to the promulgation of the rules and regulations, so 
far as modified, with the understanding that the provision in dis- 
pute, hereinbefore stated, should thereafter be incorporated and 
given due publicity, provided it was adopted by the board of arbi- 
tration. On December 1, 1901, the rules and regulations were pub- 
lished, and a copy thereof, as approved by the National Commission, 
is as follows : 

An act to provide for celebrating the one hundreth anniversary of 
the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, by 
holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, 
and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea, in the city of St. 
Louis, in the State of Missouri, approved March 3, 1901, a copy of 
which said act is hereto attached. 

As provided by law, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition will be 
held in the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, U. S. A., and will be 
opened on the 30th day of April, A. D. 1903, and will be closed on 
the 1st day of December of that year. The exposition will be closed 
on Sundays. 

This exposition will embrace an exhibition of arts, industries, 
manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea. 
It will be held to celebrate the one hundreth anniversary of the pur- 
chase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France. 

The exposition will be international in character, as contemplated 
by section 9 of the act of Congress, which reads as follows : 

" That whenever the President of the United States shall be noti- 
fied by the National Commission that provision has been made for 



14 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

grounds and buildings, for the uses herein provided for, he shall be 
authorized to make proclamation of the same, through the Depart- 
ment of State, setting forth the time at which said exposition will 
be held, and the purposes thereof, and he shall communicate to the 
diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies thereof, together 
with such regulations as may be adopted by the Commission, for 
publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of 
the Government and the people, invite foreign nations to take part 
in the said exposition and to appoint representatives thereto." 

Rules and Regulations. 

The following general rules and regulations are promulgated by the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, having been approved by 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission : 

Article I. 

Section I. Under a proclamation of the President of the United 
States, signed August 20, 1901, all nations and peoples are invited to 
and may participate in this exposition. 

Sec. II. The site of the exposition will be the west portion of Forest 
Park and adjacent territory, and will comprise, approximately, 1,000 
acres. 

Sec. III. The executive of the exposition is the president of the 
board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. 
There are four principal executive divisions presided over by the fol- 
lowing officers : Director of exhibits, director of exploitation, director 
of works, director of concessions and admissions. 

Under the officers subordinate departments for the supervision of 
exhibits, of construction, and of maintenance may be created, each 
department having its individual chief. 

Sec. IV. The bureau of transportation shall have entire charge of 
all matters relating to the transportation of passengers and freight 
to and from the exposition grounds from all parts of the world. It 
will quote rates and classifications, remedy delays, and be constituted 
in such a manner as to extend practical assistance and information to 
all exhibitors and the public at large. This bureau has for its chief 
officer a traffic manager, who will report direct to the president. 

Article II. 

Section I. For the development of the exposition to the full extent 
of the general plan as outlined, provision will be made for the instal- 
lation and care of exhibits, and for the construction of exhibition 
palaces, ample and adequate to the theoretical and physical scope of 
the exposition. 

Sec. II. For the purposes of installation and review of exhibits a 
classification has been adopted. The classification heretofore adopted 
has been divided into a number of departments, each o\' whion is 

again divided into groups and subdivided into classes. Under this 
Scope and plan the exposition will be constructed, the installation 
perfected, and the system of awards conducted. In conformity there- 
with the following exhibit, departments are created: Department 
A—Education; Department 13— Art; Department C— Liberal Arts; 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 15 

Department D — Manufactures ; Department E — Machinery ; Depart- 
ment F — Electricity; Department G — Transportation; Department 
H — Agriculture ; Department J — Horticulture ; Department K — For- 
estry ; Department L — Mines and Metallurgy ; Department M — Fish 
and Game; Department N — Anthropology; Department O — Social 
Economy ; Department P — Physical Culture. 

Exhibits shall be classified into 15 departments, in 144 groups, and 
in 807 classes. 

Akticle III. 

Section I. The directors of the four executive divisions, and the 
chief of the different departments thereunder, may promulgate spe- 
cial rules and regulations governing the more minute and technical 
details of the operation of the respective departments. 

Sec. II. The director of exhibits shall have general charge of 
the installation of all exhibits and the control and management of 
the same. 

Akticle IV. 

Section I. The general classification is hereby made a part of 
these rules and regulations. 

Sec. II. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company reserves 
the right, subject to the approval of the Commission, to amend or 
correct the classification at any time before the opening of the expo- 
sition by giving thirty days' public notice. 

Akticle V. 

Section I. The price of admission will be 50 cents. 

Sec. II. While the broadest construction will be placed upon the 
rights of exhibitors and their agents to free admission to the grounds 
for the purpose of caring for their respective exhibits, it is intended 
to restrict these courtesies within reasonable limits. 

Article VI. 

Section I. No charge will be made for space allotted for exhibits. 

Sec. II. No charge will be made for space allotted for buildings 
of foreign governments, or the United States Government, or of the 
State, Territorial, or District governments of the United States. 

Article VII. 

Section I. Exhibitors of manufactured articles must be the manu- 
facturers or producers thereof. 

Sec. II. The country where an exhibit is produced, and not the 
citizenship of the exhibitor, will determine the nationality of an 
exhibit. 

Sec. III. Each foreign nation participating in the exposition will 
be accorded an official representative, to be accredited to the president 
of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, through the Sec- 
retary of State of the United States, or otherwise. 

Sec. IV. Allotment of space to exhibitors from countries where 
governments have appointed official representatives to the exposition 
will be made by or through such representatives. 



16 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Sec. V. While it is expected, as far as possible, to confine nego- 
tiations in the United States to the official representatives of the 
respective States, Territories, and Districts, the right is reserved to 
confer directly with individuals. 

Article VIII. 

Section I. All applications for space for buildings must be filed on 
or before July 1, 1902. 

Sec. II. Application for space for exhibits in the buildings of the 
exposition must be filed on or before the respective dates following, 
to wit : 

(a) For machinery and mechanical appliances intended for exhi- 
bition in operation October 1, 1902. 

(h) For machinery and mechanical appliances not intended for 
exhibition in operation, November 1, 1902. 

(c) For works of art, natural and manufactured products not 
herein expressly classified, December 1, 1902. 

(d)- For special concessions to individuals, associations, or corpo- 
rations, December 1, 1902. 

Sec. III. All applications for space must be in writing, addressed 
to the president of the exposition, and should be presented on forms 
which will be furnished by the Exposition Company. 

Sec. IV. Each application for space for exhibits must be accom- 
panied by a sketch, drawn to a scale of one- fourth of an inch to the 
foot, showing the ground floor plan, and, if possible, the front ele- 
vation and general outlines. These installation plans and schemes 
must receive the indorsement of the chief of the department in which 
the exhibit is to be located, and the approval of the director of 
exhibits, and must conform to the general architectural design for 
the treatment of the interior of the building as prepared by the 
director of works. 

Sec. V. Permits for space will not be transferable, and exhibitors 
will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in their applications. 

Article IX. 

Section I. All communications relating to the exposition should 
be addressed to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Company, St. Louis, U. S. A. 

Sec. II. All packages containing exhibits must be addressed to the 
president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. 

Sec. III. Direction labels will be furnished by the Exposition 
Company to be attached to each package. This label must be filled 
out so as to convey the following information: 

(a) The department in which the exhibit is to be installed. 

(b) The country, State, or Territory from which the package is 
consigned. 

(c) The name and address of the exhibitor and the total number 
of packages sent by such exhibitor. 

Sec. IV. In boxing or casing any material intended for exhibition, 
screws should he employed in preference to nails or steel hoops, and 
packages should be addressed on two or more sides. Each package 
should contain a list, of the goods therein. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 17 

Sec. V. Consignments intended for different buildings should be 
in separate packages, and not be included in the same box, crate, or 
barrel. 

Sec. VI. Freight and express charges and all charges appertaining 
to the transportation of material belonging to individuals, such as 
exhibits, building material, concession material and supplies, etc., 
must be prepaid at the point of shipment, and the goods delivered 
at the exposition clear of all charges of any description incident to 
the transportation. 

Article X. 

Section I. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of an 
exhibit within reasonable time after its arrival at the exposition 
buildings said exhibit will be removed and stored at the cost and risk 
of whosoever it may concern. 

Sec. II. The installation of heavy articles, requiring foundation, 
may, by special agreement with the director of works, begin as soon 
as the progress of the construction of the buildings will permit. 

Sec. III. No exhibits shall be removed in whole or in part until the 
close of the exposition. 

Sec. IV. Immediately after the close of the exposition exhibitors 
shall remove their exhibits and construction, and complete such re- 
moval before March 1, 1904. Any exhibit or material not removed 
on March 1, 1904, will be considered to have been abandoned by the 
exhibitor, and will be subject to removal at the cost of the exhibitors, 
or to such disposition by the Exposition Company as may be deemed 
advisable. 

Article XI. 

Section I. All show cases, cabinets, shelving, counters, etc., re- 
quired in the installation of an exhibit, must be provided at the 
expense of the exhibitor, and all countershafts, steam pulleys, belt- 
ing, etc., and all compressed-air connections, and all water and sewer- 
age connections must be paid for by the person applying for the same. 

Sec. II. All decorations and designs to be constructed in connection 
with the installation must conform to the rules and regulations pro- 
mulgated by the director of exhibits, and receive the approval of the 
chief of the department interested. 

Sec. III. No exhibitor will be permitted to install an exhibit so as 
to obstruct the light or occasion any inconvenience to or disadvan- 
tageously affect the display of other exhibitors. 

Sec. IV. The flooring of an exposition building must not be cut or 
removed, or its foundation disturbed, and no part of the construction 
of a building shall be employed for installation purposes, except upon 
the recommendation of the director of exhibits, approved by the 
director of works. 

Sec. V. Special rules regulating the height of platforms, parti- 
tions, rails, cases, cabinets, counters, and any special trophy or feature 
will be issued by the chiefs of the different departments, with the 
approval of the director of exhibits. 

Sec. VI. All designs for the treatment of exhibition spaces must 
be in accordance with the foregoing limitations. The material used 
for covering counters, screens, partitions, or floors will be subject to 
the approval of the director of exhibits, upon the recommendation of 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 2 



18 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the chiefs of the department, and must be in accordance with the 
general color scheme of the director of works. 

Sec. VII. Special rules and regulations in addition to and not in 
conflict with the general rules and regulations of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition Company may be promulgated by the different 
departments. 

Article XII. 

Section I. All articles which shall be imported from foreign coun- 
tries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said exposition, upon which 
there shall be a tariff or customs duty, will be admitted free of pay- 
ment of duty, customs fees, or charges, under such regulations as the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe under an act of the Con- 
gress providing for the exposition. 

Sec. II. It will be lawful at any time during the exposition to sell 
for delivery at the close thereof any goods or property imported for 
and actually on exhibition in the exposition buildings or on the 
grounds, subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue 
and for the collection of import duty as the Secretary of the Treasury 
shall prescribe. Such articles when sold or withdrawn for consump- 
tion in the United States will be subject to the duty, if any, imposed 
upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of the 
importation, and all penalties prescribed by the laws of the United 
States will be applied and enforced against such articles and against 
the person who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal. 

Sec. III. Such arrangements will be made with the Government 
of the United States as will permit the transportation of foreign 
exhibits in bond direct to the exposition grounds, which will be 
designated as a United States bonded warehouse. 

Article XIII. 

Section I. While the Exposition Company will provide every pos- 
sible protection for exhibits and for the property of exhibitors, it will 
not be responsible in any case for loss by fire, accident, vandalism, or 
theft, through which objects placed upon exhibition may suffer, 
whatever may be the cause or the amount of the damage. 

Sec. II. Any object or article of a dangerous or detrimental char- 
acter, or that is incompatible with the object or decorum of the exposi- 
tion or the comfort or safety of the public, will be refused admission 
to the grounds or removed from any building or any part of the 
grounds upon the recommendation of the director of exhibits, ap- 
proved by the president. 

Sec. III. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also 
patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose ingre- 
dients are concealed, will not be admitted to the exposition. The 
director of exhibits, with the approval of the president, has the 
authority to order the removal of any article he may consider danger- 
ous, detrimental to, or incompatible with the object or decorum of 
the exposition or the comfort and safety of the public. 

Sbo. IV. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company will carry 
no insurance on exhibits, but favorable terms will be secured by the 
Exposition Company under which exhibitors may insure their own 
goods in responsible companies. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 19 

Article XIV. 

Section I. Advertisement by means of posters, prints, handbills, 
etc., will not be permitted within the exposition grounds except upon 
the recommendation of the proper authorities, approved by the presi- 
dent of the Exposition Company, and then to a restricted degree only. 

Sec. II. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars 
only may be conveniently placed within such exhibition space for 
distribution ; but the right is reserved to the chief of the department, 
upon the approval of the director of exhibits, to restrict or discon- 
tinue this privilege whenever it is carried to excess or becomes an 
annoyance. 

Article XV. 

Section I. Exhibitors will be held responsible for the cleanliness 
of their exhibits and the space surrounding same. 

Sec. II. All exhibits must be in complete order each day at least 
thirty minutes before the buildings are open to the public. No 
janitor or other work of this character will be permitted during the 
hours the buildings are open to the public. In case of failure on 
the part of any exhibitor to observe these rules, the chief of the 
department, with the approval of the director of exhibits, may 
adopt such means to enforce the same as circumstances may suggest. 

Article XVI. 

Section I. No crates, barrels, or packing cases will be permitted 
to remain upon the exhibition space after their contents have been re- 
moved, except upon the recommendation of the chief of the department 
where the exhibit is installed, approved by the director of exhibits. 

Sec. II. The Exposition Company will provide a storage ware- 
house for crates, barrels, and packing cases, under a reasonable sched- 
ule of charges based upon those levied by similar warehouses, which 
it will be optional for exhibitors to use. 

Sec. III. Facilities for the conveyance of empty crates, barrels, or 
packing cases to storage places will be provided at a moderate price. 

Article XVI I. 

Section I. No exhibit or object upon exhibition may be sketched, 
copied, or reproduced in any way whatever without the permission 
of the exhibitor, approved by the director of exhibits, except that 
the president of the company may give such permission. 

Article XVIII. 

Section I. Exhibitors desiring to contract for service of electricity, 
steam, compressed air, power from shafting, gas, or water, must 
make application to the chief of the department in which their ex- 
hibits are installed. No application for service will be entertained 
unless made upon a blank furnished by the director of works, which 
may be obtained from a chief of a department, and when an applica- 
tion for service has been approved by the director of exhibits the 
contract will be executed on the part of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company by the director of works on terms and condi- 
tions that will be stated in each case. The director of exhibits and 



20 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the director of works, in their discretion, are authorized to furnish 
gratuitously to exhibitors a limited amount of power for the opera- 
tion of machines and processes. The character of the exhibit re- 
quiring power for its operation will have much to do with determin- 
ing the amount of power that will be furnished gratuitously. 

Article XIX. 

Section I. Concessions may be granted for private exhibitions 
for which a charge for admission may be made; for restaurants, 
for places of amusement, for merchandising, and for other purposes 
not incompatible with the scope and dignity of the exposition, 
under terms and conditions to be determined upon by the proper 
authorities in each case. 

Article XX. 

Section I. An official catalogue of all exhibits will be published 
in English by the Exposition Company. Foreign governments and 
the governments of the States, Territories, and Districts of the United 
States, making a collective exhibit, may publish separate catalogues 
of their own exhibits when recommended by the director of exhibits 
to the president and approved by him. 

Sec. II. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusively by the 
Exposition Company. 

Article XXI. 

Section I. The Exposition Company will organize, equip, and 
maintain an efficient police system for the protection of property 
and the preservation of peace and good order. 

Sec. II. The exposition will maintain a corps of janitors and 
scavengers, whose duty it will be to properly care for and clean the 
roadways, approaches, paths, etc., in general of the exposition and 
the aisles within the exhibit buildings ; but their duties and responsi- 
bilities will not extend to exhibit spaces, to the subsidiary aisles, or 
to the buildings of foreign or domestic governments or individuals. 

Sec. III. Exhibitors may employ watchmen and janitors of their 
choice to guard and care for their material during the hours the 
exposition is open to the public. Such watchmen will be subject to 
the rules and regulations governing employees of the exposition; 
but no exhibitor will be permitted to employ attendants for service 
of this character except upon the written consent of the chief of 
the department, approved by the director of exhibits. 

Sec. IV. Each country, commission, organization, corporation, 
and individual, by becoming an exhibitor, agrees to conform to all 
the rules and regulations established for the government and conduct 
of the exposition. 

Article XXII. 

AWARDS. 

Suction I. The system of awards will be competitive. The merit 
of exhibits as determined by the jury of awards will be manifested 

by the issuance of diplomas, which will be divided into four classes; 
a grand prize, a gold medal, a silver medal, and a bronze medal. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 21 

Sec. II. No exhibit can be excluded from competition for award 
without the consent of the president of the Exposition Company, 
after a review of the reasons or motives by competent authorities 
hereafter to be provided. 

Sec. III. In a fixed ratio to the number of exhibits, but reserving to 
the citizens of the United States approximately 60 per cent of the jury 
membership, the construction of the international jury will be based 
upon a predetermined number of judges allotted to each group of the 
classification and upon the number and importance of the exhibits in 
such group. 

Sec IV. A chairman of the group jury will be elected b}^ his col- 
leagues in each group, this chairman to become, by right of his 
position, a member of the department jury, which department jury 
shall in turn elect its chairman, who shall thereupon become a member 
of the superior jury. 

Sec V. Special rules and regulations governing the system of 
making awards and determining the extent to which foreign countries 
may have representation on the juries will be hereafter promulgated. 

Sec VI. Allotment of space for exhibitors, the classification of 
exhibits, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposi- 
tion, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done and 
performed by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject, 
however, to the approval of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Commission. 

David R. Francis, President. 

Attest : 

Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 

On February 7, 1902, the Commission, subject to the approval of 
the Exposition Company, which approval was thereafter given, 
adopted the following general rules, prescribing the general scope of 
the duties to be performed by the board of lady managers, to wit : 

First. To appoint one member of all committees authorized to 
award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole 
or in part by female labor. 

Second. To exercise general supervisory control over such features 
of the exposition as may be specially devoted to woman's work. 

Third. To take part in the ceremonies connected with the dedica- 
tion of the buildings of the exposition, and in all official functions in 
which women may be invited to participate, and in other official 
functions upon the request of the company and the Commission. 

Fourth. To elect such officers, appoint such committees, and to make 
and promulgate such rules and regulations as may be deemed neces- 
sary for the efficient discharge of the duties aforesaid ; provided, that 
said board shall not make any expenditures nor incur any financial 
obligation except under authority previously obtained from the 
company and the Commission. 

The members of the board of lady managers voluntarily proposed 
to serve without compensation, and in view of such proposal, at a 
conference between the Commission and the president of the Exposi- 



22 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

tion Company, it was decided to remunerate them for their traveling 
and other expenses while attending meetings of the board by an allow- 
ance of 5 cents per mile for travel and a per diem allowance of $6 in 
lieu of subsistence during the sessions of the board. 

It was decided, also, that the membership of the board be increased 
to a maximum of 24 members. 

Early in 1902 it became evident that it would be necessary to post- 
pone the exposition for one year, and the Exposition Company con- 
sequently notified Congress to that effect. 

In the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the 
Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, and for other 
purposes, approved June 28, 1902, provision was made for the post- 
ponement of the Exposition until 1904 in terms as follows : 

Provided, further: That sections eight and twelve of an act en- 
titled " An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniver- 
sary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States 
by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufac- 
tures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city 
of Saint Louis, in the State of Missouri," approved March third, nine- 
teen hundred and one, be, and the same are hereby, amended so as to 
read as follows : 

Sec. 8. That said Commission shall provide for the dedication of 
the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in said city of 
Saint Louis not later than the thirtieth day of April, nineteen hun- 
dred and three, with appropriate ceremonies, and thereafter said ex- 
position shall be opened to visitors at such time as may be designated 
by said company, subject to the approval of said Commission, not 
later than the first day of May, nineteen hundred and four, and shall 
be closed at such time as the National Commission may determine, 
subject to the approval of said company, but not later than the first 
day of December thereafter. 

Sec. 12. That the National Commission hereby authorized shall 
cease to exist on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and five. 

On July 1, 1902 the following proclamation, announcing the post- 
ponement of the exposition, was issued by the President of the United 
States : 

Whereas the President on August 20, 1901, issued his proclamation 
stating that he has been advised by the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 9 of the act 
of Congress approved March 3, 1901, entitled " An act to provide for 
celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the 
Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an international 
exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the 
soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in (he State of Mis- 
sou ri," that provision had been made for grounds and buildings for 
the uses speciiied in the said mentioned act of Congress; 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 23 

Whereas it was declared and proclaimed by the President in his 
aforesaid proclamation that such international exhibition would be 
opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, not later 
than the 1st- day of May, 1903, and be closed not later than the 1st 
day of December thereafter; 

And whereas section 8 of the act of Congress approved June 28, 
1902, entitled "An act making appropriations for sundry civil ex- 
penses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, 
and for other purposes," fixes a subsequent date for the holding of 
the said international exhibition, and specifically states that said 
Commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition in said city of St. Louis not later 
than the 30th day of April, 1903, with appropriate ceremonies, and 
thereafter said exposition shall be opened to visitors at such time as 
may be designated by said company, subject to the approval of 
said Commission, not later than the 1st day of May, 1904, and shall 
be closed at such time as the National Commission may determine, 
subject to the approval of said company, but not later than the 1st 
day of December thereafter ; 

Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United 
States, do hereby declare and proclaim the aforesaid provision of 
law to the end that it may definitely and formally be known that 
such international exhibition will be opened in the city of St. Louis, 
in the State of Missouri, not later than May 1, 1904, and will be closed 
not later than December 1 of that year. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington the 1st day of July, 1902, and of 
the independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty- 
sixth. 

[seal.] Theodore Roosevelt. 

By the President: 
David J. Hill, 

Acting Secretary of State. 

On April 30, 1903, the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition were dedicated in the city of St. Louis under the direction of 
the Commission. 



Programme 
CENTENNIAL DAY, APRIL 30, 1903 

GRAND MARSHAL, 

Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin, United States Army. 



A T 10 o'clock a. m. the freedom of the city was tendered to 

/\ the President of the United States by the mayor of St. 

/ \ Louis. 
JL a. The military parade, composed of United States troops 
and the National Guard in attendance, assembled under direction of 
the grand marshal and moved from the junction of Grand avenue 
and Lindell boulevard promptly at half-past 10 o'clock, preceded 
by the President of the United States and official guests in carriages, 
through Forest Park to the exposition grounds, where the Presi- 
dential salute was fired, and the parade was reviewed by the Pres- 
ident of the United States. 

At 1.30 p. m. a grand band concert took place, the doors of the 
Liberal Arts Building, where the dedication exercises were held, were 
thrown open, and the audience seated under direction of the guards 
and ushers. 

Promptly at 2 o'clock the assembly was called to order by Hon. 
David E. Francis, president of the Exposition Company, and the 
following programme was carried out: 

First. Invocation by his eminence Cardinal James Gibbons, as 
folloAvs: 

We pray Thee, O God of might, wisdom, and justice, through 
Whom authority is rightly administered, laws are enacted, and judg- 
ment decreed, assist with the Holy Spirit of counsel and fortitude the 
President of the United States, that his Administration may be con- 
ducted in righteousness and be eminently useful to Thy people over 
whom he presides, by encouraging due respect for virtue 1 and religion, 
by B faithful execution of the laws in justice and mercy, and by 
restraining vice and immorality. 

24 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 25 

By the light of Thy divine wisdom direct the deliberations of Con- 
gress and shine forth in all their proceedings and laws framed for 
our rule and government, so that they may tend to the preservation of 
peace, the promotion of national happiness, the increase of industry, 
sobriety, and useful knowledge, and may perpetuate to us the bless- 
ings of equal liberty. 

We pray for his excellency, the governor of this State, for the 
members of the legislature, for all judges, magistrates, and other 
officers who are appointed to guard our political welfare, that they 
may be enabled by Thy powerful protection to discharge the duties 
of their respective stations with honesty and ability. 

We pray for the president and directors of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, that their arduous labors may be crowned with success, 
and may redound to the greater growth and development of this 
flourishing city on the banks of the Father of Waters. 

May this vast territory which was peacefully acquired a hundred 
years ago be for all time to come the tranquil and happy abode of 
millions of enlightened, God-fearing, and industrious people engaged 
in the various pursuits and avocations of life. As this new domain 
was added to our possessions without sanguinary strife, so may its 
soil never be stained by bloodshed in any foreign or domestic warfare. 

May this commemorative exposition to which the family of nations 
are generously contributing their treasures of art and industry bind 
together the governments of the earth in closer ties of fellowship and 
good will, and of social and commercial intercourse. May it hasten 
the dawn of the reign of the Prince of Peace, when national conflicts 
will be adjusted, not by hostile armies, but by permanent courts of 
arbitration. 

May this international exposition, inaugurated in the interests of 
people and commerce, help to break down the walls of dissension, of 
jealousy, and prejudice that divides race from race, nation from 
nation, and people from people, by proclaiming aloud the sublime 
gospel truth that we are all children of the same God, brothers and 
sisters of the same Lord Jesus Christ, and that we are all aspiring to 
a glorious inheritance in the everlasting kingdom of our common 
Father. 

Second. Address by Mr. Thomas H. Carter, of the National Com- 
mission, president of the day. 

One hundred years ago to-day the Government of the United States 
acquired sovereignty over the vast territory west of the Mississippi 
River, which has since been known to the geographical nomenclature 
of the world as the " Louisiana Purchase." Beyond the river the 
boundaries and the resources of the territor} 7 were ill defined and 
but vaguely comprehended. The purchase price of $15,000,000 was 
pronounced exorbitant, the free navigation of the Mississippi being 
the only part of the property deemed worthy of serious consideration. 
The transaction was regarded by many as a violation of the Consti- 
tution and a menace to our form of government. The grave doubts 
of President Jefferson were only resolved into action by his patriotic 
desire for national supremacy over the river and his prophetic faith 
in the possibilities of the mysterious country beyond it. The revela- 
tions of a century most amply justified his faith. 



26 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

When the treaty of cession was concluded, President Jefferson rep- 
resented less than 6,000,000 people. During these ceremonies, Presi- 
dent Roosevelt, the Executive of over 80,000,000 of freemen, will 
dedicate the buildings. 

The magical story of local development puts to shame the creations 
of fiction. The contented and prosperous inhabitants of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase to-day substantially equal in numbers three times the 
total population of the United States in 1800. The conquest of space, 
forests, streams, and deserts and the founding of cities and States in 
waste places within this territory mark an advance unsurpassed in 
the history of human endeavor. 

In conformity with a special act of Congress, the President has in- 
vited all the nations to cooperate with us in properly commemorating 
the masterful achievements of a century in this new country. 

It is fitting that the celebration should be international, for you 
will in vain attempt to name a civilized country whose sons and 
daughters have not contributed to the glorious triumphs of peace 
recorded here. In vain will you seek a more cosmopolitan and at the 
same time a more homogeneous population than that of the Louisiana 
territory. The purchase facilitated by the exigencies of European 
war, and made in a season of darkness and peril, has proven a boon 
not only to the grantor and the grantee, but to humanity at large, for 
here the nations have commingled, and the brotherhood of man has 
become a demonstrated possibility. 

As a means of giving expression to the universal appreciation of 
what has been accomplished for humanity within this field during the 
century, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was organized under 
authority of an act of Congress. With the aid of the United States 
Government and the city of St. Louis, the Exposition Company, 
through its officers, agents, and employees, has erected the majestic 
exposition buildings whose massive proportions and classical outlines 
excite the wonder and admiration of the vast multitude assembled 
within and about their walls. 

To everyone present is accorded the privilege of assisting in the 
dedication of these buildings to their intended use. The President of 
the United States honors us by being present to extend his greetings 
and to voice the approving sentiments of his countrymen. 

Moved by a broad and generous spirit, the nations of the earth, 
from the empire of most ancient origin to the republic of twentieth- 
century creation, dignifies the occasion by the presence of their ac- 
credited representatives. Our home folks from all the States, Ter- 
ritories, and districts betoken by their numbers and enthusiasm 
the interest of the body of the people in the exposition and the great- 
historic event it is intended to commemorate. 

In the name of the National Commission, directed by Congress to 
provide for the dedication ceremonies, I extend to you all a cordial 
welcome, and as responsive to this inspiring scene of peace and gen- 
erous feeling, I call upon the chorus to favor us with Beethoven's 
Creation hymn. 

Those best informed will, by unanimous consent, yield to Hon. 
David R. Francis, president of the company, the highest measure of 
praise for the organization of (ho exposition and the construction of 
the buildings he will now present to the President of the United 
Stales tor dedication. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 27 

Third. Grand chorus : " The Heavens Proclaiming." 
Fourth. Presentation of the buildings by Hon. David R. Francis, 
president of the Exposition Company : 

The people of the Louisiana Purchase are proud of their member- 
ship in the Federal Union. 

They are grateful for the benefits that have flowed from a life under 
the enduring institutions framed by the founders of the Republic. 
They congratulate their brethren on the position our country occu- 
pies among the nations of the earth, and felicitate themselves on the 
part they have performed toward raising it to its present prestige 
and power. 

They felt it a patriotic duty to fittingty commemorate the comple- 
tion of the first century of their connection with the American Repub- 
lic, and the rounding out of an important epoch in the life of the 
Republic. In the discharge of that duty this exposition was con- 
ceived. The inhabitants of the fourteen States and two Territories 
comprised within the purchase selected St. Louis as the scene of the 
celebration. 

The people of this city, grateful for the honor conferred, promptly 
accepted it and cheerfully assumed the immense responsibility it 
entailed. The century just closed, unequaled as it was in every line 
of progress, furnishes no more striking evidence of the advance of 
civilization than the development of the Louisiana territory. A 
celebration in such an age and in such a country, to be fit, should be 
upon a scale in keeping with the best and the highest, and should be 
planned upon lines broad enough to take in every people and every 
clime. 

A scheme so ambitious in its inception naturally had comparatively 
few advocates and encountered many antagonists and more doubters. 
It could not be accomplished without the recognition and the aid of 
the General Government, which, for a time, it seemed impossible to 
enlist. It was decided that the amount required to launch an under- 
taking so comprehensive should be the same as that paid for the 
empire which Jefferson purchased — $15,000,000. The Congress said 
to St. Louis, " When you have secured two-thirds of that sum, we 
will provide the remaining third." The conditions were accepted and 
fulfilled. 

After three years of struggle the sinews had been secured — the first 
step accomplished. Two years have since elapsed. During that 
period the work has been pushed in every State and Territory and 
possession of the United States, and in every civilized country on the 
earth. The disappointments experienced and the obstacles encoun- 
tered have but served to spur to renewed effort those who, from the 
inception of the movement, had determined to carry it to a successful 
consummation. 

The further encouragement of the General Government on the pro- 
vision for its own exhibit, the cooperation of 41 States and Terri- 
tories and possessions of the United States, the pledged participation 
of 32 foreign countries are the results of vigorous domestic and 
foreign exploitation. That, and what you behold here to-day in 
physical shape, we submit as the product of five years of labor, 
nearly four of which were devoted to propaganda and appeal and 
organization. 



28 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

The plan and scope, comprehensive as they were in the beginning, 
have never diminished at any stage of the progress ; rather have they 
been amplified and enlarged. 

St. Louis, with an ever-widening sense of the responsibility, and an 
ever-growing appreciation of the opportunity, has, up to this moment, 
risen to the full measure of the duty assumed. The management of 
the exposition has never despaired, but with a realizing sense of the 
mighty task it has undertaken, and mindful of the limitations of 
human capabilities, with singleness of purpose and with personal 
sacrifice for which it neither asks nor deserves credit, has striven to 
meet the expectations of those whose trust it holds. 

The Exposition Company makes its acknowledgments to those faith- 
ful and efficient officials whose intelligent service have contributed so 
much toward bringing the enterprise to its present stage. The com- 
pany expresses its obligation to the artists and artisans who have 
reared these graceful and majestic structures and whose labors have 
been inspired more by pride in the end to be achieved than by hope of 
material reward. 

The Universal Exposition of 1904, when the date of opening rolls 
around one year from to-day, will, with its buildings completed, its 
exhibits installed, be thoroughly prepared to receive the millions 
of visitors who will enter its gates. The distinguished assemblage 
which honors us with its presence to-day can come nearer forming 
an adequate conception of the scope of the work by personal inspec- 
tion than through the writings or illustrations of authors and design- 
ers, however great their talent may be. 

To the President of the United States, to the accomplished repre- 
sentatives of foreign countries, to the chief executives of the sover- 
eign States, to the Senators and Representatives of the National 
Congress, to the great concourse of visitors here congregated, we 
extend greeting. If you are pleased with what has been accom- 
plished, your approval is abundant reward for the labor we have 
performed. 

We bear in mind and trust you do not overlook that this celebration 
is of no section, but of the entire country. It is our hope and our 
expectation that every section and every commonwealth, and in fact, 
every community, will cherish a proprietary interest and lend hopeful 
aid to this undertaking, to the end that it may prove as nearly as may 
be commensurate with the country and the century whose achieve- 
ment and advancement it is designed to commemorate. 

The beautiful picture whose outlines you now behold will, to adopt 
the simile of the chief designer, when completed, compose a song that 
will reverberate around the globe. 

And now, Mr. President, it is my pleasing privilege and high honor 
to present to you for dedication the buildings of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition. May a high standard of citizenship and broader 
humanity and the mission of the country whose worthy representa- 
tive you arc be sustained and fostered and promoted by the uses to 
which these structures are devoted. May the happiness of mankind 
be advanced and broadened by the lofty purposes that inspired this 
undertaking and moved our own and sister countries to unite in its 
accomplishment. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 29 

Fifth. Dedication address by the President of the United States: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : At the outset of my ad- 
dress let me recall to the minds of my hearers that the soil upon 
which we stand, before it was ours was successively the possession of 
two mighty empires — Spain and France — whose sons made a death- 
less record of heroism in the early annals of the New World. 

No history of the Western country can be written without paying 
heed to the wonderful part played therein in the early days by the 
soldiers, missionaries, explorers, and traders who did their work for 
the honor of the proud banners of France and Castile. 

While the settlers of English-speaking stock and those of Dutch, 
German, and Scandinavian origin, who were associated with them, 
were still clinging close to the eastern seaboard, the pioneers of Spain 
and of France had penetrated deep into the hitherto unknown wild- 
ness of the West and had wandered far and wide within the bounda- 
ries of what is now our mighty country. The very cities them- 
selves — St. Louis, New Orleans, Santa Fe, N. Mex. — bear witness by 
their titles to the nationalities of their founders. It was not until 
the Revolution had begun that the English-speaking settlers pushed 
west across the Alleghanies, and not until a century ago that they 
entered in to possess the land upon which we now stand. 

We have met here to-day to commemorate the hundredth anni- 
versary of the event which more than any other, after the founda- 
tion of the Government, and always excepting its preservation, ' de- 
termined the character of our national life — determined that we 
should be a great expanding nation instead of relatively a small 
and stationary one. 

Of course, it was not with the Louisiana Purchase that our career 
of expansion began. In the middle of the Revolutionary war the 
Illinois region, including the present States of Illinois and Indiana, 
was added to our domain by force of arms, as a sequel to the adven- 
turous expedition of George Rogers Clark and his frontier riflemen. 

Later the treaties of Jay and Pinckney materially extended our 
real boundaries to the west. But none of these events was of so 
striking a character as to fix the popular imagination. The old 
thirteen colonies had always claimed that their rights stretched 
westward to the Mississippi, and vague and unreal though these 
claims were until made good by conquest, settlement, and diplomacy, 
they still served to give the impression that the earliest westward 
movements of our people were little more than the filling in of 
already existing national boundaries. 

But there could be no illusion about the acquisition of the vast 
territory beyond the Mississippi, stretching westward to the Pacific, 
which in that day was known as Louisiana. This immense region 
was admittedly the territory of a foreign power, of a European 
kingdom. None of our people had ever laid claim to a foot of it. 
Its acquisition could in no sense be treated as rounding out any 
existing claims. When we acquired it, we made evident once for 
all that consciously and of set purpose we had embarked on a career 
of expansion; that we had taken our place among those daring and 
hardy nations who risk much with the hope and desire of winning- 
high position among the great powers of the earth. As is so often 



30 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the case in nature the law of development of a living organism 
showed itself in its actual workings to be wiser than the wisdom of 
the wisest. 

This work of expansion was by far the greatest work of our people 
during the years that intervened between the adoption of the Con- 
stitution and the outbreak of the civil war. There were other ques- 
tions of real moment and importance, and there were many which 
at the time seemed such to those engaged in answering them; but 
the greatest feat of our forefathers of those generations was the deed 
of the men, who with pack train or wagon train, on horseback, on 
foot, or by boat upon the waters pushed the frontier ever westward 
across the continent. 

Never before had the world seen the kind of national expansion 
which gave our people all that part of the American continent lying 
west of the thirteen original States — the greatest landmark in which 
was the Louisiana Purchase. Our triumph in this process of expan- 
sion was indissolubly bound up with the success of our peculiar kind 
of Federal Government, and this success has been so complete that 
because of its very completeness we now sometimes fail to appre- 
ciate not only the all importance but the tremendous difficulty of 
the problem with which our nation was originally faced. 

When our forefathers joined to call into being this nation, they 
undertook a task for which there was but little encouraging prece- 
dent. The development of civilization from the earliest period 
seemed to show the truth of two propositions: In the first place, it 
had always proved exceedingly difficult to secure both freedom and 
strength in any Government; and in the second place, it had always 
proved well-nigh impossible for a nation to expand without either 
breaking up or becoming a centralized tyranny. With the success 
of our effort to combine a strong and efficient national union, able to 
put down disorder at home and to maintain our honor and interest 
abroad, I have not now to deal. This success was signal and all 
important, but it was by no means unprecedented in the same sense 
that our type of expansion was unprecedented. 

The history of Rome and of Greece illustrates very well the two 
types of expansion which had taken place in ancient times, and which 
had been universally accepted as the only possible types up to the 
period when, as a nation, we ourselves began to take possession of 
this continent. The Grecian states performed remarkable feats of 
colonization, but each colony as soon as created became entirely inde- 
pendent of the mother state, and in after years was almost as apt to 
prove its enemy as its friend. Local self-government, local independ- 
ence was secured, but only by the absolute sacrifice of anything re- 
sembling national unity. 

In consequence, the Greek world, for all its wonderful brilliancy 
and extraordinary artistic, literary, and philosophical development, 
which has made all mankind its debtor for the ages, was yet wholly 
unable to withstand a formidable foreign foe, save spasmodically. 
As soon as powerful permanent empires arose on its outskirts, the 
Greek states in the neighborhood 01 such empires fell under their 
sway. National power and greatness were completely sacrificed to 
local liberty. 

With Koine the exact opposite occurred. The imperial city rose 
to absolute dominion over all the people of Italy, and then expanded 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 31 

her rule over the entire civilized world, by a process which kept the 
nation strong and united, but gave no room whatever for local liberty 
and self-government. All other cities and countries were subject to 
Rome. In consequence, this great and masterful race of warriors, 
rulers, road builders, and administrators stamped their indelible 
impress upon all the after life of our race, and yet let an over-cen- 
tralization eat out the vitals of their empire until it became an empty 
shell, so that when the barbarians came they destroyed only what had 
already become worthless to the world. 

The underlying viciousness of each type of expansion was plain 
enough, and the remedy now seems simple enough. But when the 
fathers of the Republic first formulated the Constitution under which 
we live, this remedy was untried, and no one could foretell how it 
would work. They themselves began the experiment almost immedi- 
ately by adding new States to the original thirteen. Excellent peo- 
ple in the East viewed this initial expansion of the country with great 
alarm. Exactly as during the colonial period many good people in 
the mother country thought it highly important that settlers should 
be kept out of the Ohio Valley in the interest of the fur companies, 
so after we had become a nation many good people on the Atlantic 
coast felt grave apprehension lest they might somehow be hurt by 
the westward growth of the nation. 

These good people shook their heads over the formation of States 
in the fertile Ohio Valley, which now forms part of the heart of our 
nation, and they declared that the destruction of the Republic had 
been accomplished when through the Louisiana Purchase we acquired 
nearly half of what is now that same Republic's present territory. 
Nor was their feeling unnatural. Only the adventurous and the far- 
seeing can be expected heartily to welcome the process of expansion, 
for a nation which expands is a nation which is entering upon a great 
career, and with greatness there must of necessity come perils which 
daunt all save the most stout-hearted. 

We expand by carving the wilderness into Territories, and out of 
these Territories building new States when once they had received as 
permanent settlers a sufficient number of our own people. Being a 
practical nation, we have never tried to force on any section of our 
new territory an unsuitable form of government merely because it 
was suitable for another section under different conditions. Of the 
territory covered by the Louisiana Purchase, a portion was given 
statehood within a few years. Another portion has not been admit- 
ted to statehood, although a century has elapsed, although doubtless 
it soon will be. In each case we showed the practical governmental 
genius of our race by devising methods suitable to meet the actual 
existing needs, not by insisting upon the application of some ab- 
stract shibboleth to all our new possessions alike, no matter how incon- 
gruous this application might sometimes be. 

Over by far the major part of the territory, however, our people 
spread in such numbers during the course of the nineteenth century 
that we were able to build up State after State, each with exactly the 
same complete local independence in all matters affecting purely its 
own domestic interests as in any of the original thirteen States, each 
owing the same absolute fealty to the Union of all the States which 
each of the original thirteen States also owes, and, finally, each hav- 
ing the same proportional right to its share in shaping and directing 



32 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the common policy of the Union which is possessed by any other 
State, whether of the original thirteen or not. 

This process now seems to us part of the natural order of things, 
but it was wholly unknown until our own people devised it. It seems 
to us a mere matter of course, a matter of elementary right and justice, 
that in the deliberations of the national representative bodies the 
representatives of a State which came into the Union but yesterday 
stand on a footing of exact and entire equality with those of the com- 
monwealth whose sons once signed the Declaration of Independence. 

But this way of looking at the matter is purely modern and in its 
origin purely American. When Washington, during his Presidency, 
saw new States come into the Union on a footing of complete equality 
with the old, every European nation which had colonies still admin- 
istered them as dependencies, and every other mother country treated 
the colonists not as a self-governing equal, but as a subject. 

The process which we began has since been followed by all the 
great people who were capable both of expansion and of self-govern- 
ment, and now the world accepts it as the natural process, as the rule ; 
but a century and a quarter ago it was not merely exceptional — it was 
unknown. 

This, then, is the great historic significance of the movement of 
continental expansion, in which the Louisiana Purchase was the most 
striking single achievement. It stands out in marked relief even 
among the feats of a nation of pioneers, a nation whose people have, 
from the beginning, been picked out by a process of natural selection 
from among the most enterprising individuals of the nations of 
western Europe. 

The acquisition of the territory is a credit to the broad and far- 
sighted statesmanship of the great statesmen to whom it was imme- 
diately due, and, above all, to the aggressive and masterful character 
of the hardy pioneer folk to whose restless energy these statesmen 
gave expression and direction, whom they followed rather than led. 
The history of the land comprised within the limits of the Purchase is 
an epitome of the entire history of our people. Within these limits 
we have gradually built up State after State, until now they many 
times over surpass in wealth, in population, and in many-sided devel- 
opment the original thirteen States as they were when their delegates 
met in the Continental Congress. 

The people of these States have shown themselves mighty in war 
with their fellow-man and mighty in strength to tame the rugged 
wilderness. They could not thus have conquered the forest, the 
prairie, the mountain and the desert, had they not possessed the great 
fighting virtues, the qualities which enable a people to overcome the 
forces of hostile men and hostile nature. 

On the other hand they could not have used aright their conquest 
had they not in addition possessed the qualities of self-mastery and 
self-restraint, the power of acting in combination with their fellows, 
the power of yielding obedience to the law and of building up an 
orderly civilization. Courage and hardihood are indispensable vir- 
tues in a people, but the people which possess no others can never rise 
high iu the scale either of power or of culture. Great peoples must 
have in addition ihe governmental capacity which comes only when 
individuals fully recognize their duties to one another and to the 
whole body politic and are able to join together in Teals of construc- 
tive statesmanship and of honest and effective administration. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 33 

The old pioneer days are gone with their roughness and their hard- 
ship, their incredible toil and their wild, half-savage romance. But 
the need for the pioneer virtues remains the same as ever. The 
peculiar frontier conditions have vanished; but the manliness and 
stalwart hardihood of the frontiersman can be given even freer scope 
under the conditions surrounding the complex industrialism of the 
present day. 

In this great region acquired for our people under the presidency 
of Jefferson, this region stretching from the Gulf to the Canadian 
border, from the Mississippi to the Rockies, the material and social 
progress has been so vast that alike for weal and for woe, the people 
share the opportunities and bear the burdens common to the entire 
civilized world. The problems before us are fundamentally the 
same east and west of the Mississippi, in the new States and in the 
old, and exactly the same qualities are required for their successful 
solution. 

We meet here to-day to commemorate a great event, an event which 
marks an era in statesmanship no less than in pioneering. It is fit- 
ting that we should pay our homage in words ; but-we must in honor 
make our words good by deeds. We have every right to take a just 
pride in the great deeds of our forefathers; but we show ourselves 
unworthy to be their descendants if we make what they did an excuse 
for our lying supine instead of an incentive to the effort to show 
ourselves, by our acts, worthy of them. In the administration of 
city, State, and nation, in the management of our home life and 
conduct of our business and social relations, we are bound to show 
certain high and fine qualities of character under penalty of seeing 
the whole heart of our civilization eaten out while the body still lives. 

We justly pride ourselves on our marvelous material prosperity, 
and such prosperity must exist in order to establish a foundation 
upon which a higher life can be built; but unless we do in very fact 
build this higher life thereon, the material prosperity itself will go 
but for very little. Now, in 1903, in the altered conditions, we must 
meet the changed and changing problems with the spirit shown by 
the men who in 1803 and in subsequent years, gained, explored, con- 
quered, and settled this vast territory, then a desert, now filled with 
thriving and populous States. 

The old days were great because the men who lived in them had 
mighty qualities ; and we must make the new days great by showing 
the same qualities. We must insist upon courage and resolution, 
upon hardihood, tenacity, and fertility in resource; we must insist 
upon the strong virile virtues; and we must insist no less upon the 
virtues of self-restraint, self-mastery, regard for the rights of others; 
we must show our abhorrence of cruelty, brutality, and corruption, in 
public and private life alike. 

If we come short in any of these qualities we shall measurably 
fail; and if, as I believe we surely shall, we develop these qualities 
in the future to an even greater degree than in the past, then in the 
century now beginning we shall make of this Republic the freest 
and most orderly, the most just and most mighty nation which has 
ever come forth from the womb of time. 

Sixth. Grand chorus : " Unfold Ye Portals." 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 3 



34 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Seventh. Address by Hon. Grover Cleveland : 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: The impressiveness of 
this occasion is greatly enhanced by reason of an atmosphere of 
prophecy's fulfillment which surrounds it. The thought is in our 
minds that we are amid awe-inspiring surroundings, where we may 
see and feel things foretold a century ago. We are here in recogni- 
tion of the one hundreth anniversary of an event which doubled the 
area of the young American nation, and dedicated a new and wide do- 
main of American progress and achievement. The treaty whose com- 
pletion we to-day commemorate was itself a prophecy of our youth- 
ful nation's mighty growth and development. At its birth prophets 
in waiting joyously foretold the happiness which its future promised. 
He who was the chief actor in the United States in its negotiations, 
as he signed the perfected instrument, thus declared its effect and 
far-reaching consequences: "The instrument which we have just 
signed will cause no tears to be shed. It prepares ages of happiness 
for innumerable generations of human creatures. The Mississippi 
and the Missouri will see them succeed one another, truly worthy of 
the regard and care of Providence in the bosom of equality under just 
laws, freed from the errors of superstition and the scourges of bad 
government." 

He who represented the nation with whom we negotiated, when he 
afterwards gave to the world his account of the transactions, declared : 
" The consequences of the cession of Louisiana will extend to the 
most distant posterity. It interests vast regions that will become by 
their civilization and power the rivals of Europe before another 
century commences," and warmed to enthusiasm by the developments 
already in view and greater ones promised, he added : " Who can con- 
template without vivid emotion this spectacle of the happiness of the 
present generation and the certain pledges of the prosperity of num- 
berless generations that will follow ? At these magnificent prospects 
the heart beats with joy in the breasts of those who were permitted 
to see the dawn of these bright days, and who are assured that so 
many happy presages will be accomplished." 

There was another prophet, greater than all — prophet and priest — 
who, higher up the mountain than others, heard more distinctly the 
voice of destiny, whose heart and soul were full of prophecy and 
whose every faculty was tense and strong as he wrought for our 
nation's advancement and for the peace and contentment of his fel- 
low-countryman. From the fullness of gratitude and joy, he thus 
wrote to one who had assisted in the consummation of this groat 
treaty : 

" For myself and my country, I thank you for the aid you have 
given in it; and I congratulate you on having lived to give these aids 
in a transaction replete with blessings to unborn millions of men, 
and which will mark the face of a portion of the globe so extensive 
as thai which now composes the United States of America;" and 
when, as President, he gave notice in a message to Congress of the 
actual occupancy by the Government of its new acquisition, he 
happily presaged the future ami gave 1 assurance of his complete faith 
and confidence in (lie beneficent result of our nation's extensions, in 
these words: "On this important acquisition, so favorable to the 
immediate interests of our western citizens, so auspicious to the peace 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 35 

and security of the nation in general, which adds to our country 
territories so extensive and fertile and to our citizens new brethren 
to partake of the blessings of freedom and self-government, I offer 
Congress and our country my sincere congratulations." 

Our prophets do not live forever. They are not here to see how 
stupendously the growth and development of the American nation, 
or the domain newly acquired in their day, have, during a short 
century, outrun their anticipations and predictions. 

Almost within the limits of the territory gained by the Louisiana 
purchase, we have already carved out twelve great States, leaving still 
a large residue whose occupants are even now loudly clamoring for 
statehood. 

Instead of the 50,000 white settlers who occupied this domain in 
1803, it now contains 15,000,000 of industrious, enterprising, intelli- 
gent Americans, constituting about one-fifth of the population of 
all our States; and these are defiantly contesting for premiership in 
wealth and material success with the oldest of our States, and are 
their equals in every phase of advanced intelligence and refined 
civilization. 

The States which composed the Union when its possessions were so 
greatly extended have since that time seen the center of the nation's 
population carried more than 500 miles westward by the swift and 
constant current of settlement toward this new domain ; and the citi- 
zens of these States have been flocking thither, " new brethern to 
partake of the blessings of freedom and self-government," in mul- 
titudes greater than even Jefferson would have dared to foretell. 

I shall not enter the field of statistics for the purpose of giving de- 
tails of the development of the territory acquired under the treaty 
we commemorate. I have referred to such development in some of 
its general features by way of suggesting how distinctly the century 
just ended gives assurance of a startling and superabundant final 
fulfillment of the prophecies of its beginners. 

The supreme importance of the Louisiana purchase and its value 
as a national accomplishment, when seen in the incidents of its short 
history and in the light of its present and prospective effects, and 
judged solely by its palpable and independent merits, can not be 
better characterized than by the adoption of the following language 
from the pen of a brilliant American historian : " The annexation 
of Louisiana was an event so portentious as to defy measurement. 
It gave a new face to politics and ranked in historical importance 
next to the Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the 
Constitution, events of which it was the logical outcome. But as 
a matter of diplomacy it was unparalleled because it cost almost 
nothing." 

How fitting on every ground it is that the centennial of this stu- 
pendous event should be joyously and appropriately celebrated; and 
that it should be celebrated here in the most populous of the States 
created from the territory which the Louisiana purchase gave to us. 
And how in keeping it is with the character of this acquisition and 
with its purpose and mission that our celebration should not waste 
itself on the pomp and pageantry that belongs to the triumphs and 
spoils of war, or to the rapacious dispossessions of ruthless conquest. 
Every feature of our celebration should remind us that we memo- 
rialize a peaceful acquisition of territory for truly American uses 



36 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and purposes; and we should rejoice not only because this acquisition 
immediately gave peace and contentment to the spirited and deter- 
mined American settlers who demanded an outlet of trade to the sea, 
but also because it provided homes and means of livelihood for the 
millions of new Americans whose coming tread fell upon the ears 
of the expectant fathers of the Republic, and whose stout hearts 
and brawny arms wrought the miracles which our celebration should 
interpret. 

We are here at this hour to dedicate beautiful and stately edifices 
to the purposes of our commemoration, but as we do this let us 
remember that the soil whereon we stand was a century ago dedicated 
to the genius of American industry and thrift. For every reason, 
nothing could be more appropriate as an important part of the 
centennial commemoration we have undertaken than the gathering 
together on this spot of the things that are characteristic of Ameri- 
can effort and which tell the story of American achievement; and 
how happily will this be supplemented and crowned by the generous, 
magnanimous, and instructive contributions from other and older 
lands, which, standing side by side with our exhibits, shall manifest 
the high and friendly regard our Republic has gained among the 
governments of the earth, and shall demonstrate how greatly advanc- 
ing civilization has fostered and stimulated the brotherhood of 
nations. 

I can not, however, rid myself of the feeling that the inspiration 
and value attending such an exposition may be anticipated and in- 
creased if on this dedicatory occasion we promote appropriate reflec- 
tions by a retrospection of some of the incidents which accompanied 
the event we celebrate. 

We all know that long before the negotiations of the treaty of 
1803 our Government had a keen appreciation of the importance 
to American settlers in the valle}^ of the Mississippi of an arrange- 
ment permitting their products to be deposited and exported at the 
entrace of that river to the sea. It will be remembered that this need 
of our settlers had been met in a limited and not altogether secure 
manner by a treaty with Spain, allowing such deposits and exports 
to be made at the city of New Orleans. This privilege was entirely 
withdrawn in October, 1792, the territory appurtenant to such privi- 
lege having been in the meantime transferred to France. The situ- 
ation thus created was extremely delicate. There was presented to the 
Government on the one hand the injury to western settlers through 
the loss of their trading outlet, and on the other the perplexing 
question of affording them relief by means of diplomatic agreement, 
or in some other method. The abandonment of our settlers to their 
disheartening fate was of course not contemplated. 

It can not be denied that the conditions plainly pointed to cautious 
and deliberate negotiations as the way of prudence and safety. It 
very soon became apparent, however, that delay and too much delib- 
eration did not suit the temper and spirit of sturdy Americans chafing 
under a sense of wrong and convinced that they were entitled to 
prompt assistance. The inhabitants of our territory bounding on the 
east side of the Mississippi, in a memorial addressed to the President, 
Senate, and House of Representatives, after reciting their discourag- 
ing conditions and expressing their faith in the Government's dis- 
position to extend the necessary aid, closed their memorial with these 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 37 

significant words: "And so far as may depend on ourselves, we 
tender to our country our lives and fortunes in support of such meas- 
ures as Congress may deem necessary to vindicate the honor and 
protect the interests of the United States." 

The settlers in the States " west of the Allegheny Mountains " 
also, in a memorial to the Government, clearly indicated their im- 
patience and readiness for extreme action, declared that prompt and 
decisive measures were necessary, and referred to the maxim that 
protection and allegiance are recriprocal as being particularly appli- 
cable to their situation. They concluded their statement with these 
solemn words : " Without interfering in the measures that have been 
adopted to bring about the amicable arrangement of a difference which 
has grown out of the gratuitous violation of a solemn treaty, they 
desire that the United States may explicitly understand that their 
condition is critical; that the delay of a single season would be 
ruinous to their country, and that an imperious necessity may con- 
sequently oblige them, if they receive no aid, to adopt themselves the 
measures that may appear to them calculated to protect their com- 
merce, even though those measures should produce consequences un- 
favorable to the harmony of the Confederacy." 

These representations emphasized the apprehension of those charged 
with governmental affairs that the course of deliberate caution and 
waiting, which up to that time had appeared to be the only one 
permissible, might be insufficient to meet the situation, and that 
whatever the result might be, a more pronounced position and more 
urgent action should be entered upon. President Jefferson wrote to 
a friend on the 1st of February, 1803 : " Our circumstances are so 
imperious as to admit of no delay as to our course, and the use of the 
Mississippi so indispensible that we can not hesitate one moment to 
hazard our existence for its maintenance." He appointed an addi- 
tional envoy to cooperate with our representative already at the 
French capital in an attempt to obtain a concession that would cure 
the difficulty, and, in a communication to him, after referring to the 
excitement caused by the withdrawal of the right of deposit, he thus 
characterizes the condition which he believed confronted the nation : 
" On the event of this mission depend the future destinies of this 
Republic. If we can not by a purchase of the country insure to our- 
selves a course of perpetual peace and friendship of all nations, then, 
as war can not be far distant, it behooves us immediately to be prepar- 
ing for that course, though not hastening it." 

I have not recited these details for the purpose of claiming that 
this accelerated speed and advanced position on the part of our Gov- 
ernment had any important effect in hastening final results. I have 
sethought it not amiss, however, to call attention to the fact that a cen- 
tury ago the people of this country were not seeking to gain govern- 
mental benefit by clandestine approach and cunning pretense, but 
were apt to plainly present their wants and grievances, and to 
openly demand such consideration and care from the General Gov- 
ernment as was their due under the mandate of popular rule, and 
that in making their demands they relied on the mutual obligation of 
the relationship between the governed and those invested with au- 
thority, and invoked the reciprocity in political duty which enjoins 
that for the people's obedience and support of government, there 
shall be given in exchange, by the Government to the people, defense 



38 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

of their personal rights and the assurance that in safety and peace 
they shall surely reap the fruits of their enterprise and labor. 

It may also be well to note the efficacy of the people's call upon the 
Government in those early days, and how quickly the response came ; 
not by yielding to gusts of popular whim and caprice; not by con- 
ferring benefits upon the few at the expense of the many; but by a 
quick observation of the fact that the withdrawal of certain rightful 
privilege by another nation from American settlers had caused them 
distress, and by a prompt determination to relieve their distress, even 
if the unwelcome visage of war frowned in opposition. 

Another incident which, it seems to me, we may recall to-day with 
profit and satisfaction, grew out of the conduct of the President 
when the treaty of 1803 had been formulated and was returned to 
him for ratification and final completion. He was, as is well known, 
originally quite firm in his belief that the Constitution as it stood did 
not authorize such an extension of our limits by purchase as the treaty 
for the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory contemplated. Hold- 
ing this opinion, and at the same time confronted with the clear con- 
viction that the treaty, with all its stupendous advantages, could not 
be allowed to fail without positive peril, if not to our national life, at 
least to its most vital object and aspirations, his perplexity was 
increased by the receipt of an authoritative intimation that any delay 
in final action on the treaty might open the way to a recession on the 
part of France. In these circumstances, not daring to risk the delay 
of an amendment to the Constitution prior to such final action, he 
proposed reconciling consistency with duty by procuring confirmation 
of the treaty by the Senate and compassing its unquestionable valida- 
tion by a subsequent constitutional amendment. 

In view of the conclusive statement, since that time of this con- 
stitutional question by every branch of the Government against Mr. 
Jefferson's original opinion and in favor of the nation's power to 
acquire territory, as was done under the treaty of 1803, and consider- 
ing the fact that we have since that time immensely increased our 
area by the acquisition, not only of neighboring territory, but of dis- 
tant islands of the sea, separated by thousands of miles from our home 
domain, we may be inclined to think lightly of President Jefferson's 
scruples concerning the acquisition of lands, not only next adjacent 
to us, but indisputably necessary to our peace and development. 

There were wise men near our President in 1803 who differed with 
him touching the nation's power to acquire new territory under the 
original provisions of the Constitution; and these men did not fail 
to make known their dissent. Moreover, in the Senate, to which the 
treaty was submitted for confirmation, there was an able discussion of 
its constitutional validity and effectiveness. The judgment of that 
body on this phase of the subject was emphatically declared, when 
out of 31 votes 24 were cast in favor of confirmation. An amendment 
to the Constitution was afterwards presented to Congress, but its first 
appearance was its last. It does not appear that the President inter- 
ested himself in its fate, and it died at the moment of introduction. 

While in this day and generation we may wonder at the doubts 
which so perplexed Jefferson in 1803 and at his estimate of the limi- 
tation of our fundamental law, and may be startled when we reflect 
that if they had been allowed to control his action we might have 
lost the greatest national opportunity which has been presented to our 



LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 39 

people since the adoption of the Constitution, we can not fail at the 
same time to be profoundly grateful that these doubts and this esti- 
mate were those of a man sincere enough and patriotic enough to 
listen to wise and able counselors and to give his country the benefit 
of his admission of the fallibility of his judgment. 

Thomas Jefferson never furnished better evidence of his greatness 
than when, just before the submission of the treaty to the Senate, he 
wrote to a distinguished Senator who differed with him on this 
question : " I confess that I think it important in the present case to 
set an example against broad construction by appealing for new 
power to the people. If, however, our friends shall think differently, 
certainly I shall acquiesce with satisfaction, confiding that the good 
sense of our country will correct the evil of construction when it shall 
produce ill effects." 

A recent writer on American diplomacy, who is not suspected of 
partiality for Jeffersonian political doctrine, gave in strong and 
graceful terms a good reason for our gratitude to-day, when, in refer- 
ring to this subject, he wrote : " It was fortunate for the future of 
America that we had at the head of affairs a man of such broad 
views of our country's future. A less able President, with the same 
views as entertained by Jefferson as to the constitutionality of the 
measure would have put aside the opportunity. Jefferson put aside 
his preconceived views as to the fundamental law, or subordinated 
them to the will of the nation and welcomed the opportunity to open 
up the continent to the expansion of American democracy and free 
institutions." 

We are glad at this hour that Jefferson was wrong in his adverse 
construction of the Constitution and glad that he was liberal minded 
enough to see that he might be wrong. And yet may we not profit- 
ably pause here long enough to contrast in our thoughts the careful 
and reverent manner in which the restrictions of our fundamental 
law were scrutinized a hundred years ago with the tendency often 
seen in later times to flippantly attempt the adjustment of our Con- 
stitution to the purposes of interest and convenience? 

In conclusion, I hope I may be permitted to suggest that our 
thoughts and surroundings on this occasion should lead us to humble 
recognition of the providence of God in all that has made us a great 
nation. From our beginning as a people our course has been marked 
by concurrences and incidents so striking, so significant, and so con- 
stant, that only superstitious dullness or intellectual blindness will 
place them to the credit of luck or chance. 

In the midst of our rejoicing to-day it is peculiarly fitting that we 
recall with soberness and meekness some of the happiness in connec- 
tion with the great event we celebrate, which impressively illustrate 
the interposition of Divine Providence in our behalf. We sought 
from a nation ruled by one whose ambition was boundless and whose 
scheme for aggrandizement knew neither the obligations of public 
morality nor the restraints of good faith, the free navigation of the 
Mississippi River, and such insignificant territory as would make 
such navigation useful. While our efforts toward the accomplish- 
ment of this slight result languished and were fast assuming a hope- 
less condition, the autocrat of France suddenly commanded one of 
his ministers to enter into negotiations with our waiting and dis- 
pirited representatives and exclaimed : " I renounce Louisiana. It is 
not only New Orleans I cede. It is the whole colony without reserve." 



40 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

It was only nineteen days thereafter that the treaty transferring to 
us the magnificent domain comprised within the Louisiana Purchase 
was concluded. 

This astonishing change in our prospects, which dissipated the 
fears and apprehensions of our Government and revived the promise 
of our perpetuity and happy destiny, came at the very moment that 
Bonaparte was organizing a force to occupy the Louisiana Territory 
in the prosecution of colonial occupation and development, which, 
if consummated, would probably have closed the door even to the 
slight acquisition which we originally sought. The French colony 
of Santo Domingo was, however, a prime factor in this scheme of 
occupation, and it was essential to its success that this colony and 
Louisiana should both be included and should supplement each other. 
A serious revolt then raging in Santo Domingo delaying proceedings, 
the occupation of Louisiana was postponed until this revolt should be 
overcome. The troops sent from France to accomplish this appar- 
ently easy task were so stubbornly resisted by hundreds of thousands 
of freed blacks fighting against their reenslavement, and they suffered 
so terribly from climatic conditions and deadly fever, that after the 
sacrifice of 25,000 soldiers, many of whom were intended for the sub- 
sequent occupation of Louisiana, Bonaparte's plan for the occupation 
of both colonies miscarried. The disappointment and the conception 
of new schemes of war and conquest by the restless dictator of France, 
and his need of money to carry out these schemes, were controlling 
circumstances in leading him to throw in our lap the entire Louisiana 
Territory. None of these circumstances were within our procurement 
or knowledge ; but who shall say that God was not accomplishing His 
designs in our behalf amid the turmoil and distressing scenes of 
Santo Domingo's revolt? And how can it be said that there was no 
Providence in the unexpected unyielding and successful fight for con- 
tinued freedom on the part of the negroes of Santo Domingo, or in 
the fatal pestilence that vied with bloody warfare in the destruction 
of the army of subjugation, or in the fever of war and aggression 
which heated the blood of Bonaparte, all combining to turn him away 
from the occupation of the Louisiana Territory ? All these things, so 
remote and so far out of sight, pointed with the coercion that belongs 
to the decrees of God to a consummation which restored to our people 
peace and contentment, and secured to our nation extension and devel- 
opment beyond the dreams of our fathers. 

Thus we may well recall in these surroundings the wonderful 
measure of prophecy's fulfillment within the span of a short century, 
the spirit, the patriotism, and the civic virtue of Americans who lived 
a hundred years ago, and God's overruling of the wrath of man and 
His devious ways for the blessing of our nation. 

We are all proud of our American citizenship. Let us leave this 
place with this feeling stimulated by the sentiments born of the occa- 
sion. Let us appreciate more keenly than ever how vitally necessary 
it is to our country's weal that everyone within its citizenship should 
be clean minded in political aim and aspiration, sincere and honest in 
his conception of our country's mission, and aroused to higher and 
more responsive patriotism by the reflection that it is a solemn thing 
to belong (o a people favored of God. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 41 

Eighth. " America," with full chorus and band accompaniment. 
Ninth. Prayer by Bishop E. R. Hendrix : 

Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, we devoutly thank and 
worship Thee, the Author of our being, and the gracious source of all 
our blessings. We are because Thou art ; and Thou hast made us in 
Thy image capable of fellowship with Thee and delighting in a fel- 
lowship with one another as we resemble Thee. Thou hast given us 
our reason and the power of cooperation with one another in all worthy 
ends looking to the well-being of our race. Civilization with its con- 
quests over the material world is possible only with Thy aid. Chris- 
tianity with its conquests over evil is the work of God and man, as 
Thou dost call us to be Thy fellow-workers and dost inspire us with 
courage and faith. 

This wonderful achievement of human effort and skill which we 
dedicate this day is possible only by Thy help and as we have imitated 
Thy example. Thou art the great Architect and Builder. Thou art 
the great Mathematician and Engineer. Thou art the great Chemist 
and Electrician. Thou art the great Thinker and Artist. Our works 
are but pale and feeble copies of Thine, and are possible only because 
Thou workest until now and dost bless our works. The uniformity 
of Thy laws bids us work in confidence, and the unity of nature bids 
us work intelligently, because we work with Thee. We praise Thee 
for thy growing confidence in man, as Thou dost place in his hand the 
keys of every laboratory and dost trust him with the secrets of nature 
that have been hid from the foundation of the world. Again Thou 
dost give man dominion, whether in science, or art, or government, 
nor wilt Thou remove his scepter if he wield it for the betterment of 
his kind and for Thy glory. As the high priest and interpreter of 
nature may he prove worthy of his great trust. 

We thank Thee for this great exposition, whose stately and noble 
exterior gives promise of being the home of a mighty spirit of world- 
wide fellowship of the nations. It is not only another milestone of 
progress, it is a timekeeper of civilization. We thank Thee for the 
pioneers and the prophets, the statesmen and the patriots who secured 
for us this great inheritance, and for their sons who have cultivated 
and developed it. Help us that we may realize the high ideals of 
our fathers who sought to establish and maintain good and righteous 
government, and to reap the harvests of patient industry. May no 
evil occurrence mar the happiness and good will which we invoke for 
the council of nations which shall here be held. May the commerce 
of ideas no less than of products be borne by favoring tides around 
the globe. To this end we implore Thy blessings upon the rulers of 
the nations of the earth which may be presented here. Grant peace 
in our time, O Lord, and may the victories of peace abound. 

And now, O Lord, our God, we dedicate to Thee and to the welfare 
of our common humanity these buildings and grounds which Thy 
providence has made possible. Bless with Thy presence and favor 
this great festival of the nations that it may help to make stronger 
the bonds of human brotherhood in all the world. And all this we 
ask in the name of Christ, our Lord. Amen. 



42 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Tenth. Benediction by Right Eev. Henry C. Potter: 

May the blessing of the Lord God Almighty, without whom all our 
labor "is but vain, rest upon this work, and all who are or shall be 
engaged in it. 

May He take these buildings under His gracious keeping and crown 
this great undertaking with His enduring favor, making it the school 
of truth and beauty and so a revelation of His infinite mind working 
in and through the mind of man. And to Him be glory and honor 
and power now and always. 

The Lord bless us and keep us ; the Lord make His face to shine upon 
us and be gracious unto us; the Lord lift up the light of His coun- 
tenance upon us and give to us and to all the people of this land 
peace, purity, and prosperity, both now and forevermore. Amen. 

Eleventh. Centennial saiute or ±00 guns. 

At & o'clock p. m. a grand pyrotechnic display took place on the 
open grounds south of the Administration Building. 




Programme 
DIPLOMATIC DAY, MAY 1, 1902. 



AT 10.30 a. m. the members of the Diplomatic Corps, the repre- 
sentatives of the foreign governments to the exposition, and 
other official guests assembled at the St. Louis Club, and 
^ they were then conducted by military escort to the Liberal 
Arts Building. 

At 12 o'clock m. the assembly was called to order by Mr. Corwin H. 
Spencer, chairman of the committee on ceremonies of the Exposition 
Company, and the following programme was carried out : 
First. Invocation by Rev. Carl Swenson : 

Great God, the God of our fathers and of their children, accept our 
heartfelt worship and gratitude. We bless Thy holy name for that 
wonderful providence of bountiful love and inspiring benevolence 
by which Thou hast made us a great and mighty nation out of an 
insignificant, struggling, and sorrow-laden beginning. 

We render willing and adoring worship to Thee for that divine 
guidance and wisdom so admirably exhibited in the wide-visioned 
policy in the nation's most inspired leaders a hundred years ago, and 
to-day the policy which in one brief century has created an empire of 
a dozen magnificent Commonwealths of an unknown expanse of 
uninhabited wilderness and desert. 

Vouchsafe ever to us as a people leaders of prophetic understanding, 
who in an uncertain present fathom the true inwardness of conditions 
pregnated with the greatest possibilities- for a future of ever increas- 
ing proportions and realizations. 

We thank Thee for the wealth of hope and promise implied in the 
dedication and completion of this unparalleled congress of peace, good 
will, and universal fraternity, made possible not only by the enter- 
prise, patriotism, and gratitude of this splendid Commonwealth and 
our own entire people, but also by the responsive, generous, and help- 
ful cooperation of the nations of the whole world. 

We pray for Thy blessing, guidance, and love upon every national 
life here represented. May, in Thy beneficent providence, the inspir- 
ing competitions and tournaments so necessary between one people 
and another become an ennobling race for a higher culture of the 
human heart and mind; a more universal usage of the forces of 
nature for the best interests of man and for the full fruition for each 
and every one of the unexampled industrial and commercial activities 
which has taken possession of the civilized world. 

43 



44 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

We pray Thee that the forces ever jointly employed in producing 
the advance of a free people may learn better to understand their 
mutual relationship. 

Liberate and save capital from every alleged and real form of a 
grasping, destructive, and disloyal selfishness, which may turn even 
the present midday of national prosperity and contentment into the 
threatening deepening gloom of an advancing cyclone of unavoidable 
loss- and destruction. 

Give to the possessors of our fabulous wealth an ever-increasing 
philanthropy, devoting a surplus of possessions unheard of by our 
fathers to education, literature, arts, and mercy, thereby making 
themselves the beloved and blessed favorites of a happy and grateful 
people. 

We pray Thee that labor and toil may ever be held in due honor 
and respect in our broad land. Help us to realize that labor, be it 
of hand or brains, is the sinews and backbone alike of our past, 
present, and future as a free people. 

Grant, O God, to the leaders in the world of labor the highest and 
most patriotic ideals of citizenship — ideals and purposes commending 
themselves to the intelligence and justice of the entire people. 

And as neither capital alone, nor labor alone, could have built this 
wonderful exposition, grant, O God, that capital and labor all over 
our glorious land may learn to join hands in fair-minded cooperation 
for the upbuilding of such conditions of society which will prove an 
inspiration to ourselves and a worthy example to others, ending all 
forms of illegal coercion by one party or the other, and calling into 
permanent existence that truest and greatest America which is ever 
the dream of loyal and patriotic hearts. 

We pray Thee help us to realize and profess, amidst the justifiable 
joy of a happy people, that Thou art God alone, and that there is 
salvation only in the name of the Blessed Redeemer. Grant that we 
may continually see in the cross on Calvary the tested emblem of a 
new life for time and eternity, a life of insight, energy, and the 
power of universally recognized leadership ever characterizing the 
nation whose boon is the Bible and whose master is Christ. Bless 
and protect the President of our nation, the governor of the State, 
the mayor of this city, and the president of this exposition, with all 
their associations. God of our fathers, give unto us all that sincerity 
of purpose, that rectitude of action so necessary for the preservation 
of our rights and privileges. Make us the toiling means for pro- 
mulgating for Thee, and ever more successfully, the divine message 
of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and to Thee, 
the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost, shall be glory now and 
forevermore. Amen. 

Second. The following is a brief outline of the sentiments ex- 
pressed by Mr. Thurston, president of the day : 

We are here to welcome the ambassadors, ministers, and repre- 
sentatives of friendly foreign nations. 

Here we gather to commemorate an event which changed the 
whole history of America, for the acquisition of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase extended the boundaries of the young Kepublic, which up to 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 45 

that time had no seacoast, except that of the Atlantic Ocean on the 
east, and gave us a continental domain extending from ocean to 
ocean. 

We come here to celebrate, through this magnificent exposition, the 
centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. This is not an 
exposition of a city or of a State, or even of the United States ; it is 
an exposition of and for the world. 

Gentlemen, our visitors and our friends, in this temple of peace, 
dedicated to the progress of man, your presence is significant of the 
friendliness to us and toward each other of the nations of the world. 
May we not hope that in the electric splendor of the twentieth cen- 
tury there will come to all peoples a living exemplification of the 
words of the Master, " Peace on earth, good will toward men." 

Third. Greeting to the representatives of foreign governments, 
from the Universal Exposition of 1904, by Hon. David R. Francis, 
president of the Exposition Company : 

The Universal Exposition of 1904 extends a cordial greeting to the 
distinguished representatives of foreign countries who favor us with 
their presence on this memorable occasion. 

An assembling of envoys of organized governments, however lim- 
ited in their number and whatever its object may be, is characteristic 
of a high civilization; but when that convening is as general in its 
character as this, it indicates marked progress in the establishment 
of a better understanding between interests and policies long antago- 
nistic and at variance. 

And when the object of such a meeting is, as in this case, to estab- 
lish and cement friendly relations between people who differ in form 
of government, in religion, and in race, it means a distinct step 
toward the organization of a parliament, an accomplishment worthy 
of highest endeavor, because its consummation would result in uni- 
versal peace. 

When the civilized nations of the earth meet in friendly rivalry, 
their better acquaintance engenders increased respect. The closer 
commercial relations that follow are conducive to mutual benefit. 
They efface prejudice, they broaden sympathies, they deepen and 
widen the foundations of human progress. 

The civilization of past ag-es would have experienced no overthrows 
if they had been based on intelligence of the masses and had been 
imbued with broader humanity which distinguishes and ennobles the 
fraternal spirit of the twentieth century. 

The cycle of one hundred years, whose close we have just passed, 
incomparable as it was in the discovery and the invention and the 
application of forces and methods in the physical world, and remark- 
able as it was for an advancement in every line of thought and 
research, will be surpassed and distanced by the new century upon 
which we have entered if the material potentialities and the intellec- 
tual faculties of mankind can be utilized and trained toward a 
common end, and that end the uplifting of the human race and the 
promotion of its happiness. 

Concomitant with industrial progress is social development. The 
policy of engaging in foreign wars in order to prevent or to pacify 



46 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

domestic unrest may have been wise if not humane, but the time for 
such a policy has passed. That government is strongest whose sub- 
jects are intelligent and contented. Contentment follows the employ- 
ment of intellectual faculties, in the development of natural resources, 
and in the production of those activities that result in greater com- 
forts of living and higher planes of thought. The bringing together 
in a Universal Exposition of the best that all civilized countries have 
produced, opens to all who participate new lines of thought, better 
methods and better appliances, and, therefore, conduces to the mate- 
rial benefit of every country participating. It promotes universal 
economy of human endeavor by enabling the countries taking part 
to determine through a comparison of their exhibits the lines in which 
they can produce the best results. 

The economy of the world for saving time and energy by the 
adaptation of physical and intellectual forces to pursuits in which 
they are most effective, is a profitable study for nations, as it is for 
individuals. Hand in hand, however, with such occupation should 
go the cultivation of the taste for the beautiful, and an abounding 
conviction that man is his brother's keeper and has an inalienable 
obligation to better the condition of his fellows. 

The International Exposition whose dedication you honor by your 
presence, was conceived in an effort to commemorate a great achieve- 
ment which has proven a potent factor in increasing our wealth and 
sustaining our institutions and perpetuating our independence. 

The interest manifested by the governments and people whom you 
represent in pledges of participating has been encouraging and help- 
ful in the highest degree, and we are glad of the opportunity to 
express our deep gratitude. Your coming enables us to show you 
the scope of the undertaking we have launched. Our plans are ambi- 
tious and our hopes high, but we are energetic and untiring, and with 
your recognition and assistance we expect to carry to a successful 
consummation an enterprise which will not only assemble the natural 
resources of the earth and bring together the best products of human 
skill, but will be the occasion for eliciting the expression of the best 
thought and for classifying and systematizing all human knowledge. 

We hope this exposition will be an epitome of the progress of the 
world from the beginning of history. The nineteenth century was 
characterized by unprecedented and almost incomprehensible indus- 
trial advancement. The earth was made to reveal its hidden treas- 
ures. The unknown forces of nature were harnessed and utilized. 
Lines of commerce were established which encircle the earth. 

Sections of the globe remote and almost unknown to each other 
were brought into close communication and friendly relation. It 
would seem that there is little to be done in the field of scientific 
effort. But every discovery and every advance opens a broader plane 
for the exercise of human ingenuity. 

The problems, however, that seem to confront us most prominently 
to-day, and that require for their solution not only experience and 
intelligence, but fraternal sentiment as well, are those of a social 
character. The aggregation that we call society is bound together 
by lies of sympathy j strengthened it may be by culture, but often 
strained by selfishness and pride. The relation of man to nature 
and her physical forces commands the highest functions of the mind, 
but the relation of man to his fellows not only enlists the highest 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 47 

intellectual effort, but requires that it be tempered by impulses of 
human kindness. Those who have as the mainspring of their actions 
the elevation of their fellows live and move upon a higher plane and 
are better members of society than those who subordinate sentiment 
and sympathy to gain and power. 

The earth in its fertility and resourcefulness furnishes material 
sufficient to maintain in comfort all of its sons. If their genius and 
energy could be devoted to the utilization of that material instead 
of to a continuous struggle between themselves for occupation and 
possession, the destiny of the human race would be higher and nobler 
and nearer in accord with the immortal principles enunciated by 
Him whose life and teachings have for nearly two thousand years 
been a rule of conduct for man, while broadening his usefulness and 
enhancing his happiness. 

That this exposition may be a powerful aid in the elevation and 
advancement of the human race is the prayer of those who organized 
and have brought it to its present stage of progress. That the coun- 
tries for which you stand may unite with us in promoting an under- 
taking fraught with much good to humanity is the earnest wish of 
the local management and the sincere hope of every right-thinking 
citizen of the American Republic. 

Again, I welcome you as guests whom we delight to honor for your 
personal worth, as well as for what you represent. 

Fourth. Music, United States Marine Band, " Marseillaise Hymn 
of Liberty." . 

Fifth. Address by the French ambassador, M. Jean J. Jusserand: 

When the treaty signed in Paris one hundred years ago, and by 
which the area of the United States was to be more than doubled, 
stood for ratification before Congress, there were, contrary to what 
we might suppose, protracted discussions and objections of many 
sorts. Some thought that the title to the new acquisition was not 
a sufficient one; others were anxious on account of the very magni- 
tude of the new territories, and expressed the fear that the fed- 
eral tie would be loosened if extended to such remote and partially 
unknown regions. Many were the criticisms and long the speeches. 

Senator Jackson, of Georgia, rose and turning toward one of the 
hostile parties, said : "In a century, sir, we shall be well populated 
* * * and instead of the description given of it by the honorable 
gentleman, instead of howling wilderness where no civilized foot 
shall ever tread, if we could return at the proper period, we should 
find it the seat of science and civilization." 

Senator Jackson's time has come the very year he named; one 
century has just elapsed since he spoke. If he could return among 
us, he would see no howling wilderness, but one of the most brilliant 
gatherings which this country has ever beheld, including the Chief of 
the State and a former Chief of the State, representatives of all the 
powers of the globe, soldiers and sailors, priests, magistrates, savants, 
artists, tradesmen, and agriculturists, workmen and citizens innumer- 
able, all bent upon consecrating by their presence and homage the 
work done during the hundred years. Good work indeed; nay, 
stupendous. 



ii 



48 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Sanguine as he was, Senator Jackson would, I think, scarcely 
believe his eyes and ears if he saw the matchless sight we presently 
behold, and the preparation for the pending exhibition of the produce, 
all the discoveries, all the art of the wide earth. 

He would scarcely believe his ears if he heard that we came in 
twenty-seven hours from the place where he had delivered his proph- 
ecy and which had become only two years before the seat of Govern- 
ment. No less would be his surprise, if he learned that the supposed 
" howling wilderness " had been turned into an immense garden, 
dotted with wealthy towns ; that all the land called in his days Loui- 
siana produces yearly now millions of bushels of various kinds of 
grain, and that the private belongings of the successors of the scat- 
tered settlers of his time are valued in ours at many millions of 
dollars. 

But he would not be surprised if he learned that the federal tie has 
not been loosened; that the number of States has increased, their 
wealth, too, the number of their inhabitants, their importance in every 
respect, and that they consider as more and more sacred the bond 
which unites them to the older part of the community. Such are the 
,j effects of liberty and just laws. 

In this trumphal day, amid the shouts of joy, the reports of the 
guns and ringing of the bells, considering the splendid results, it is 
only natural that we carry our look backward to the past and have a 
thought for the lonely pioneers of long ago, who came one by one to 
this then unknown land, and who tried among incredible difficulties 
to make it less unknown, to make it more productive and easier to 
reclaim for you, their distant inheritors. No one, I am sure, will 
think it amiss that I, a compatriot of theirs and a representative of 
their country, shall recall at this day their efforts, and express 
to-day's gratitude for yesterday's work. For they were hardy men, 
those children of distant France ; they were plucky, enterprising, and 
courageous; they led strenuous lives indeed; all qualities for which 
you ever had a special regard. To say that they did not fear danger 
is to slander them ; they loved it. 

Soldiers, missionaries, governors of cities, explorers came year after 
year from the time of Louis XIV, attracted by the chances or the 
beauty of the unknown and the opportunity of increasing their coun- 
try's dominions, or of becoming famous, or of instructing souls, and 
of dying, if death was to be met, bravely and honorably. Very 
French they were, with all the qualities of their race, and something 
else, perhaps, some of them, than the qualities. 

As they went down the great rivers from the regions of the Can- 
adian lakes to the Mexican sea they gave them French names, and 
the reading of a map of that epoch reminds one of the century of the 
Sun King. There he is with all his court, figured in lands, cities, 
lakes, and rivers. Louisiana bears his own name; Lake Pontchar- 
train the name of his minister for marine; Fort Duquesne, the name 
of his famous sailor. There were also the rivers Colbert and Soigne- 
ley, better known nowadays as Mississippi and Illinois. One of the 
Great Lakes had been named after the Duke of Orleans; another, the 
great Conde, the winner of Roerov : another after his brother, Prince 
de Conti; but (his last inland sea, as indeed most of the others, soon 
resumed its Indian name, the homely name of Lake Erie, the Lake 
of the Cat. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 49 

Very French they were, those men — this Father Marquette, who, 
with Joliet, first beheld the magnificent water that washes your walls, 
the vast existence of which was then unknown, and who explored it 
down to the country of the Arkansas ; this Robert Cavalier Sieur de 
la Salle, who had, long before our days, our days' notions of the im- 
portance of great commercial routes ; whose purpose was to open one 
to China across this continent at the very spot where your northern 
lines of railways have opened theirs; who called his first house on 
American soil La China in order that he might never forget his 
initial purpose. He died in the quest, but not before he had explored 
the Mississippi down to its mouth; not before he had ascertained 
that its source was to the West, and that the river therefore could 
be used as a guiding thread toward the Pacific; not before he had 
made the first French settlement in this, your county, and given it 
a- name, which has not been replaced by another, and is its present 
name of Louisiana. 

Long is the roll and great were the hardships. To the same region, 
with the same object of discovering and improving, came that typical 
cadet De Gascogne, the Chevalier Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who, 
on the 21st of July, 1701, unfurled the French flag at a certain spot 
where he began the building of a town, now the town of Detroit. He 
became afterwards governor of Louisiana. Then such men came as 
Du Tissnet, as the brothers Le Moine de Iberville and Le Moine de 
Bienville, this last the founder of New Orleans ; as Father de Charle- 
voix, who gave the best account we have of the country, and spoke 
most wisely about its future; as La Clede, worthier than anyone to 
be remembered at this day and this place, as he was the founder of 
your town. 

The exploration of the coasts had been comparatively easy, and 
thousands had attempted it. Settlers from France were the first to 
try their chance inland; they traveled across a huge continent more 
unknown then to the civilized world than was in our time the Africa 
of Livingstone and Stanley. They did it in a cheerful, optimistic 
spirit that nothing daunted but death. Living as they did in truly 
" howling wildernesses," there remained yet with them something 
of the mother country; and that appeared not only in their speech 
and manners, but in their very attitudes. Charlevoix meets figures 
of dead men fabricated by Indians. He was glad to find that they 
were represented with falling arms, from which he concluded that the 
authors of the trophies had massacred some of their own kin. When 
Indians killed French people, the figures represented men with their 
fist on their hip, Versailles fashion. 

How could it be otherwise when they lived, some of them, on a set- 
tlement owned by a gentleman called d'Artagnan and managed, as 
was appropriate, by two musketeers. One almost expects the names 
of those two to have been Porthos and Aramis; but they were 
d'Artiguidres and De Benac. 

And these men recalled their country in more important things 
than names and attitudes. Cadillac had scarcely given a name to the 
spot where he meant to create a town than he sent for his wife and 
younger son. It was to be a town, indeed, with wives and children 
and family life, and it was so, and it has ever been so since Cadillac 
willed it. When La Salle was killed in his second journey to the Mis- 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 4 



50 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sissippi in 1687, he had with him his brother and two nephews. The 
newcomers soon discovered that the region was not the metallic eldo- 
rado they had heard of it in Europe, but that it was a matchless agri- 
cultural country, and they began cutting the trees and tilling the 
ground, with none of the modern instruments and helps, no harvest- 
ing machines from " Chicago," as the then desert spot was called in 
their days; no horses, no horned cattle. They led, indeed, not in 
fiction, but in truth — and long before the famous " Mariner of York " 
was wrecked by the Orinoco River — the life of Robinson Crusoe. Un- 
known to Europe, far from any neighbors, by the shade of the path- 
less forest, they tried their best. They died, many of them obscurely, 
leaving no name to be engraved on the bronze tables of history, but 
leaving better than a mere name — families, many of which still sub- 
sist; better than families — examples of earnestness and endurance, 
creating a tradition which will never die out, " Rien ne se perd." 

The greatness of their difficulties, the scantiness of their means, the 
wisdom of many of their views are equally striking. More than one 
did their utmost to teach and improve their Indian neighbor. They 
forbade at an early date the selling to them of the destructive " fire 
water." Cadillac did so from the first; the Marquis de Vaudreuil 
reissued the same orders later. They soon discovered that the north- 
ern regions alone could produce wheat enough to feed the whole coun- 
try, " though it should be quite peopled down to the sea." The ques- 
tion of labor was one of prominent difficulty and importance. Should 
it be hired labor of freemen or the compulsory labor of the imported 
negro? On this, one of those early French explorers, Charlevoix, 
summed up his opinion in the following memorable sentence: 
" Hired servants should be preferred. When the time of their service 
is expired they become inhabitants and increase the number of the 
King's natural subjects, whereas the slaves are always strangers. And 
who can be assured that by continually increasing in our colonies they 
will not one day become formidable enemies? Can we depend upon 
slaves who are only attached to us by fear and for whom the very 
land where they are born has not the dear name of mother country?" 

More striking than all was the observation of a Frenchman who 
never visited America, except in thought, but saw distinctly its future. 
When no one yet believed it, that great economist and statesman, 
Turgot, said : "America one day will be free." 

Years went on. The dark shadows and splendid rays of light with 
which French history is interwoven shone and vanished in their 
grand and awful alternance. One day the French flag was lowered in 
Louisiana ; that was at the close of the Seven Years' War. Another 
day the same flag was seen on the mast of a small vessel leaving the 
harbor at Bordeaux and sailing for America. The ship happened to 
bear the auspicious name of La Victoire, and it bore Lafayette. 
Then it was the alliance of 1778, and the coming on the same year of 
the first envoy accredited by any nation to this country, my prede- 
cessor, Gerard de Rayneval, a staunch friend of America; then the 
peace of 1783, when, with the assent of the whole world, to the joy 
of every French heart, 13 stars shone on the American flag. 

France recovered, then, neither Louisiana nor Canada, nor anything. 
But she never in! ended it. She won a friend, and such a friend is 
better than any province. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 51 

She was very happy, having exactly fulfilled without change, bar- 
gain, or extenuation the task she had mapped out for herself in 1778, 
when she declared in the alliance treaty that the " direct and essential 
object of the same was efficaciously to maintain the freedom, sov- 
ereignty, and absolute and illimited independence of the United 
States." The joy was such in Paris at the news of American inde- 
pendence that performances in the theaters were interrupted; the 
great event was announced, and audiences rose to their feet to cheer 
the new-born Republic. Festivities were given and colored prints 
were scattered all over France for the benefit of those who could not 
be present. Such souvenirs were proudly kept in families. One such 
came to the remote house of my own parents in the mountains, and it 
was carefully preserved and I possess it at this day. 

France followed her destinies; in 1800 Louisiana was French 
again; three years later on the spontaneous proposal of the French 
Republic, not New Orleans alone, not a mere strip of land, but the 
whole country became forever American. 

The treaty signed one hundred years and a day ago had little pre- 
cedent in history ; it dealt with territories larger than the Empire of 
Alexander; it followed no war; it was preceded by no shedding of 
human blood; the new possessions got a hundred times more than 
they even thought of demanding, and the negotiations were so simple, 
the good faith and mutual friendship so obvious, that all was con- 
cluded in a fortnight. The simplest procotol on postal or sanitary 
questions takes nowadays more time. Each party found its interest 
in the transaction, but something more than interest led the affair to 
a speedy conclusion and that was the deep-rooted sympathy of the 
French and American nations. 

The French were simply continuing what they had begun; they 
had wished America to be free and they were glad to think that she 
would be great. Money was paid, it is true ; had this, been the main 
consideration, Louisiana would have been preserved, for the money 
was not by far the equivalent of the buildings and lands belonging to 
the State. Part of the money was employed in satisfying American 
claims. " Those," says the French negotiator, Marbois, " who knew 
the importance of a good understanding between these two countries, 
attached more importance to the $4,000,000 set apart for American 
claims than to the $12,000,000 offered to France." 

An impending war in Europe, the possibilities of an occupation of 
Louisiana by a foreign power was not, either, the main motive. In 
the council held at the Tuileries on Easter day, 1803, the Marshal and 
Prince of Wagram, Berthier, whose first war had been the war of 
American independence, said, as to this : " If Louisiana is taken from 
us by our rivals what does it matter? Other possessions would soon 
be in our hands, and by means of an exchange, we should quickly 
obtain a restitution." He concluded, " No navy without colonies, no 
colonies without a navy." 

Add again that the value of Louisiana was much better understood 
than it had been before. " I know the worth of what I give up," said 
Bonaparte ; and the French Government knew it indeed. They acted 
with open eyes, for they had taken care from the year 1800 to gather 
all available information. One of the memoirs with which they en- 
lightened themselves had been asked of Louis Vilemont, former cap- 
tain in the regiment of Louisiana. It is still unpublished; and it 



52 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

informed the Government that " from various reports of Canadian 
and Indian hunters it is possible to walk from Missouri to the sea in 
less than two months and a half." 

An access to the Pacific was not so easy as now, but yet an 
access was practicable, and the wealth of the country was extraor- 
dinary. Warming at the souvenir of what he knew, the retired 
officer exclaimed, " What sources of wealth can we not expect to find 
in those parts! At each step made from east to west all produce, 
all things increase tenfold. It seems as if nature had made this 
corner of the globe the most favored one of our immense empire. 
The samples of all reigns have more beauty and majesty than any- 
where else. The men born there look more like the descendants of 
Alcides than the kinsmen of the tribes who worship Manitou." 

The main motive power, without which all the others would have 
been of no avail, was, indeed, mutual sympathy. When the treaty 
was signed the three negotiators, Barbe-Marbois, Monroe, and Liv- 
ingston, who had known each other in America at the time of the 
war of Independence, rose, and, what is rare on such occasions, one 
of them was able to express in a single sentence the intimate feelings 
of the three. " The treaty which we have just signed," said Liv- 
ingston, " will cause no tears ; they prepare centuries of happiness to 
innumerable generations of human beings ; from this day the United 
States take their place among the powers of the first rank." 

I do not think that there is another example in the history of the 
world of a cession of such vast territories thus obtained by the repre- 
sentatives of one of the parties to the applause and with the heartfelt 
consent of the representatives of the other. 

The treaty giving away in full possession and forever Louisiana 
to the United States, allowing them to spread without meeting any 
foreign neighbors from one ocean to the other, adding fourteen 
States to the original thirteen, was signed one hundred years ago, 
" au nom du peuple Francais " in the year XI of the French Ee- 
public. The results have passed the most sanguine hopes, but they 
have not gone beyond the extent of our friendly wishes for the sister 
Eepublic of America. The representative of France comes to this 
spot that was French in former times with a feeling of admiration 
for what you have done, and no feeling of regret. He sees splendid 
development, arts, sciences, trade, and agriculture equally prosper- 
ous ; he applauds your success, and expresses from his heart his good 
wishes for your grand exhibition of next year. 

As for his own country, if she no longer holds those immense do- 
mains, she has, on the other hand, found other territories for the peace- 
ful employment of her inexhaustible energy, with results which will 
forever redound to the praise of the Government of the Eepublic. 
And as for Louisiana itself, France rests satisfied with remembering 
that she could not have more friendly nor more sympathetic intentions. 
She remembers also, not without pride, that her sons first discovered 
and tilled the soil, first described it, and first drew a map of it; 
that one of her most famous writers first revealed to the world the 
springs of poetry that lay concealed as much under the fir trees of 
the Mississippi Valley asunder the plane trees of Tempe; the diplo- 
mat and Literary artist who made all those who had a mind and heart 
weep for the fate of Atala. 

Seeing the results, my countrymen have never ceased to approve of 
the treaty signed a hundred years ago " au nom de peuple Frangais." 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 53 

Eighteen hundred and three is the third memorable date in the rela- 
tions between France and America. In giving the United States, 
according to the words of your negotiator, its place among the great- 
est powers in the world, 1803 did nothing but perfect what had been 
gloriously begun in 1778 and 1783. 

Sixth. Music by the Marine Band, playing the Spanish " Himno 
de Riego." 

Seventh. Address by the Spanish minister, Senor de Ojeda: 

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : I greatly regret my 
inability to respond to the very flattering recognition of the part 
played by Spain in the early history of this territory. I wish I were 
endowed with the same eloquence displayed by previous orators, 
which it has been our privilege to listen to and admire. Still, had not 
the national glories of Spain been so brilliantly alluded to, were I able 
to recall them now with colors as glowing as the warmth their mem- 
ory brings to my Spanish heart, I feel I could not raise to them a 
loftier or more eloquent monument than has been raised by those 
immortal works of Washington Irving, Prescott, Lowell, and Tick- 
nor, which have made of Spanish tradition a familiar household 
patrimony of this nation. 

I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that I could do no 
better, that I could not pay a higher nor more honorable nor lasting 
tribute to our share in the history of this continent than by invoking 
the testimony of your own literary genius and by referring now to 
that grateful recognition which moved the founders of this Republic 
to associate the revered memory of Isabella, the soul-stirring deeds of 
Pizarro, Cortez, and Ojeda, with the temple of your nationality. 

If ever the engrossing conclusions of your wonderful actual pros- 
perity, the intensity of } 7 our life, made one of your strenuous citizens 
forget what your present owes to your past, let him ascend the steps 
of your national capitol, let him pause before its majestic gates, and 
there he will behold, carved in bronze on the threshold of your proud- 
est monument, the effigies and the names of those Spanish heroes who 
discovered, conquered, and pointed to you the way in which path you 
have so successfully followed. 

As a guest, sitting now for the first time at the hearth of the Ameri- 
can nation, I feel bound to respond to that high tribute made to Spain 
by publicly acknowledging here the enviable kindness shown by all 
classes of your people since I landed on your shores. 

As the representative of the nation whose ancient and honored flag 
was the first to be reflected in the majestic course of the father of 
American rivers, I am happy to feel that my first official appearance 
before an American audience is associated in both your minds and 
mine with the commemoration of an event which, although involving 
far-reaching issues in the respective histories of three great nations, 
has not and never was darkened by the rankling memories which war 
and international strife always leave in their wake. 

For, Mr. President, Spain, exclusively devoted to-day to the task of 
developing her immense resources, is happy to be associated with you 
in this peaceful celebration of a peaceful event. Believe me, Mr. 
President, the Spanish people will enter into this noble competition 
for the prizes of progress and civilization with that same stubborn- 



54 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ness with which during seven centuries they maintained the heroic 
struggle which saved Europe and the Christian world from the bane- 
ful invasion of African hordes. 

Spain will apply to the arts of peace, to the conquests of progress, 
that same and indomitable spirit which enabled her to enrich the Old 
World with a new one, over whose brilliant destinies she watches and 
ever will watch with intense and undying interest. 

Spain hails with pleasure an opportunity like your future exposi- 
tion will afford of showing her peaceful conquests in the domains of 
labor, and is especially bent on attracting toward her the benefits to 
be derived from this growing tendency of her people to an everlasting 
commercial, agricultural, and industrial interchange. She, more than 
ever anxious to cultivate and strengthen her friendly relations with the 
world, could not but welcome with sympathy the announcement of this 
vast enterprise as a right step toward that blending of her material 
and moral interests with those of other nations, to that better under- 
standing among them which she will indefatigably strive to attain. 

You can therefore rest assured, Mr. President, that my country will 
contribute to the World's Fair and enhance with its varied exhibits 
its universal and historical features. I am, in fact, authorized to 
inform you that His Majesty's Government has decided to ask for the 
requisite appropriation as soon as Parliament assembles. Spain will 
appear before you, if not in all the splendor that the requirements of 
her wise, economical programme now forbid, at least in the manly garb 
of a nation meaning to show you and to show the world that her 
gloriously checkered career, instead of impairing our vitality, has 
retempered the ever-elastic steel of our national fiber and concentrated 
and directed all its latent energies toward the modern conquests of 
progress, labor, and civilization to which the city of St. Louis is now 
erecting a temple worthy of the city itself and of the auspicious event 
we are now commemorating. 

And now, Mr. President, in wishing success to your noble under- 
taking, in thanking you and this city for its cordial hospitality, I beg 
to acknowledge also my gratitude for the numerous tokens and ex- 
pressions of good will toward Spain which have been uttered during 
this solemn celebration and which I so fully appreciate. 

I beg to salute reverently in that new-born flag of your exhibition 
and august emblem of peace and labor, a touching appeal to fraternity 
among nations. In that flag are blended the past and the present with 
the glorious colors of the three nations representative of St. Louis's 
early and contemporary history. Let us welcome its appealing and 
eloquent symbolism like the herald of an ever-cloudless future. 

Eighth. "Hallelujah Chorus" from The Messiah. 
Ninth. Benediction by Rev. Samuel J. Niccolls : 

Almighty God, Heavenly Father, whose all- wise Providence did 
lead our fathers across the seas to this land, and Who hath given 
their children a goodly heritage, let Thy blessing rest upon their child- 
ren. Let Thy Blessings rest upon all the nations represented here 
to-day and upon i\w representatives. May we continue in the bonds 
of pence for all time. May the grace of God, mercy, and peace be with 
US. Amen. 

Tenth. Centennial salute of LOO eruns. 



Programme 

STATE DAY, MAY 2, 1903 



THE civic parade assembled at 10.30 a. m. under direction 
of Col. Eugene J. Spencer, marshal of the day, and moved 
from the junction of Grand avenue and Lindell boulevard 
through Forest Park to the exposition grounds, where the 
parade was reviewed by the governors of the States. 

At 1.30 p. m. the audience assembled in the Liberal Arts Building. 
The assembly was called to order by Mr. William H. Thompson, 
chairman of the committee on grounds and buildings, and the follow- 
ing programme was carried out : 

First. Invocation by Rev. William E. Harper : 

Our Father which art in Heaven, whose work for man no man 
knows, whose heart is full of wisdom, to Thee be our prayers directed. 
Hallowed be Thy name. Thou art the pure and the very great. May 
Thy peace be manifested to us in all Thy work. 

Give us this day our daily bread, and for the following day. For- 
give us our sins, as well as forgive them that sin against us. Take 
away all hatred and strife and whatever prejudice may hinder us 
from union and concord. Let us be under one bond of faith and 
peace. 

Show us Thy kindness and so fill us with Thy goodness that our 
souls may be filled with the manifold delights of charity and good 
will. Let nations abide under Thy law, for Thine is the kingdom, 
the power, and the glory. Amen. 

Second. Address by Mr. William Lindsay, of the National Commis- 
sion, president of the day, as follows : 

Me. President and Ladies and Gentlemen : This is the last day 
of the interesting and memorable ceremonies with which the great 
exposition has been inaugurated. We have had with us the chief 
representative of the people. The next day we had with us the 
diplomats, the representatives of foreign climes. To-day we have 
with us the toilers. We have had the governors of the sovereign 
States which make up this great Union. When I beheld the great 
cavalcade I felt that the time had almost come when the industries 

55 



56 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

will solely be confined to working for peace and divorced from 
devotion to the implements of war. 

It is not merely a question of a fair profit upon money that is 
uppermost before the people to-day. It is not the question of a fair 
return for labor. But it is the question of equitable distribution of 
the products of labor and of the surplus of capital. This is the 
great question ; that is what involves the happiness of mankind, and 
the man who solves that question will rise in greatness to such a point 
that other statesmen, or even Presidents, will pale into insignificance. 

This is labor day, and as such we should honor it. 

And the governors. We had governors before ever we had a Presi- 
dent. Each State represents yet a great residuum of power. In 
the hands of State are the life and liberty of the people. We must 
remember that the governors, representing the unit of the national 
power, have the first place in national precedence. 

There is on the right of me the governor of the great Empire State 
of the Atlantic. There is on the left of me the governor of the great 
Empire State of the Louisiana Purchase. I need not introduce to 
you the governor of Missouri, but it is upon the programme, and 
hence I will say the words — I beg to introduce Governor A. M. 
Dockery, who will now address you. 

Third. Address of welcome by Hon. A. M. Dockery, governor of 
Missouri, as follows: 

The pleasing duty devolves upon me of extending a cordial greet- 
ing in behalf of the people of Missouri to you as the chief magistrates 
and representatives of sister States, who come with kindly messages 
and substantial evidence of the nation's interest in our stupendous 
undertaking. The work already completed and yet to be done could 
only be accomplished by a people known and respected as the incar- 
nation of intelligent, ennobling enterprise. 

The occasion which will bring us together is the precursor of the 
most marvelous exhibition the world has ever seen. The wealth, 
the ingenuity, the forethought, and the ability of all nations will 
contribute to this magnificent result. The masterful statesmanship 
of Thomas Jefferson builded better than even he could know when he 
purchased from the Emperor Napoleon this vast domain — the con- 
necting link between the fair country skirting the Atlantic coast, 
which had only been recently emancipated from despotic rule, and 
the rich possession on our west, extending to the Pacific Ocean. 

The Mississippi River marks the eastern limit of this priceless 
acquisition. Sweeping away to the west, the south, and the north, 
its area of 14 States and Territories embraces great cities, beautiful 
towns and villages, farms and gardens, mighty waterways, vast 
railway systems, and a wealth of gold, silver, and other resources 
which a wise Providence provided for His people. Can the mind of 
man conceive a more resplendent territory? And when it is remem- 
bered that the Louisiana Purchase States are only a part of the still 
more, glorious whole, is it any wonder that the American people are 
proud of their country and true to their Government? 

Nature, with regal prodigality, has Lavished gifts on (his fair land, 

and its people are especially endowed with (hose qualifications which 

can not fail to produce (he greatest excellence in everything. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 57 

But to return to the coming exposition. Everywhere during this 
pageant of entertainment have we seen evidences of the progress of 
this enterprise so mighty in its conception as to be astounding. Sites 
have been assigned to each State and foreign country, and the result 
already accomplished is spread out before you in brilliant panorama. 
There is no longer any question about anything but the magnitude of 
the success of the undertaking. This has been made possible only 
by the intelligent cooperation of all the people, and to you, as repre- 
sentatives of sister States, I extend most grateful acknowledgment. 

The selection of our own metropolitan city as the proper place in 
which to hold this exposition seems peculiarly fitting. Its very name 
breathes the spirit of its French ancestry to whom we are so greatly 
indebted, and its geographical situation is preeminently satisfactory. 

To guard our shores, to make impregnable our southern border 
against foreign assault, and to enlarge the scope of our commerce and 
liberty was the controlling thought of Thomas Jefferson and his com- 
patriots when the " Purchase Territory " was added to the American 
Union. Fifteen millions of dollars represented the purchase price, 
and by a happy coincidence which may not have been altogether 
accidental, $15,000,000 represented the basic sum by which this ex- 
position first became possible — $5,000,000 contributed by the city of 
St. Louis, $5,000,000 raised by popular subscription, and $5,000,000 
given by the National Government. Missouri has since appropriated 
$1,000,000, that her resources may be fittingly exploited, while your 
States have in turn liberally set apart amounts which will lend the 
magnificence of their products to the scene. 

To-day closes the celebration incident to the dedicatory exercises of 
the exposition, and in the hour of greeting we are reminded that soon 
we must part for a time. The panoply of war in the execution of 
our regular and citizen soldiery has joined with the pomp and 
pageantry of civil life. Their commingling is further proof of the 
pride of the people in all the institutions of our country. Civilian 
and soldier have given the weight of their influence to make more 
impressive the scenes attendant on this display, and will be equally 
enthusiastic when the gates of the great exhibition are formally 
opened. Months will pass before that event, but in the meantime an 
army of the employed will perfect the scheme which, in its full frui- 
tion, will herald abroad the triumph of this wonderful exposition. 

In conclusion, permit me to say, the welcome of every true Missou- 
rian is yours, and in parting a cordial adieu is wafted with the hope 
expressed for a safe return to your homes and to your people. 

Fourth. Music by the Marine Band. 

Fifth. Response by Hon. Benj. B. Odell, jr., governor of New 
York, as follows: 

The past, with all of its achievements, with all its successes, is to 
us but an incentive and guide for the future progress of our country. 
America still beckons to the oppressed of all lands and holds out the 
gifts of freedom, and we at this time and upon this occasion should 
renew our adherence to those policies which have made us a great 
nation. The future is before us, and the patriotism and self-sacrifice 
of those who made the country's history so glorious should be an 
inspiration to us for all higher ideals of citizenship. Through the 



58 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

golden gates of commerce pours an unceasing stream of immigration 
which must be amalgamated with American ideas and American 
principles. 

The battles of the past have been for freedom and liberty, and the 
struggle of the future will be for their preservation, not, however, 
by force of arms, but through the peaceful methods which come 
through the education of our people. The declaration which brought 
our Republic into existence has insured and guaranteed that liberty 
of conscience and that freedom of action which does not interfere 
with the prerogatives or privileges of a man's neighbors. 

Capital and labor are the two great elements upon which the pros- 
perity and happiness of our people rest, and when, therefore, aggre- 
gations of the one are met by combinations of the other, it should be 
the aim of all to prevent the clashing of these great interests. The 
products of toil are worthless unless there be some means by which 
they can be substituted or transferred for that which labor requires. 
The concrete form in which these transactions are conducted is the 
money power or the capital of the land. 

Without work all of these fertile fields, these teeming towns, would 
have been impossible; and without a desire to benefit and elevate 
humanity, its onward progress would have been useless. To work, 
to labor, is man's bounden duty, and in the performance of the tasks 
which have been placed upon him he should be encouraged, and his 
greatest incentive should be the knowledge that he may transmit to 
his children and his children's children a higher civilization and 
greater advantages than he himself possessed. 

Trade conditions which would permit to the toiler but a bare sus- 
tenance, the bare means of a livelihood, would be a hindrance to 
human progress, a hindrance not to be removed by all of the maxims 
of the philosopher or the theories of the doctrinaire. 

Promise without fulfillment is barren, but when you can place 
before the mechanic the assured fact that the performance of his 
duty means success in life, and that his nonperformance means fail- 
ure; when you can show him that this law is immutable, you have 
made of him a useful citizen and have instilled into his mind a firm 
belief that the freedom and liberty of which we boast is not an 
inchoate substance to be dreamed of and not enjoyed. 

But this desired result can not be secured if combinations of capi- 
tal, which produce the necessaries of life cheaper and better, are 
assailed as the enemies of mankind. There is always a mean between 
those who seek only a fair recompense and return for that which they 
produce and those who seek undue advantages for the few at the 
expense of the many. The laws which have been enacted, if prop- 
erly executed, are sufficient in their force and effort to encourage the 
one and to punish the other, but in our condemnation let us not forget 
that with the expansion that has come to our country an expansion 
of our business relations is also necessary. 

This growth has brought us into intimate contact with the markets 
of the world, and in the struggle that is always before us the com- 
petition of trade, if we are to hold our own among the world's pro- 
ducers, we should encourage, not hinder, those who, by their energy, 
their- capital, and their labor, have banded together for the purpose 
of meeting these new conditions — problems which our individual 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 59 

efforts alone can not solve, but which require the concentrated force 
and genius of both capital and labor. 

Incentive for good citizenship would indeed be lacking if these 
were taken from us — the opportunities for development, the opportu- 
nities for the young man to follow in the footsteps of those who have 
written their names in the history of our country as the great cap- 
tains of industry. 

Success will always follow perseverance and genius. Every heresy, 
every doctrine which would teach the young man of this country dif- 
ferently, is an insult to the intelligence of our people, and is in the 
direction of building up a dangerous element in American society 
which in time would threaten not only the peace and prosperity we 
enjoy, but our very institutions themselves. 

When you have placed before the young man all of his possibili- 
ties, you have made it impossible to make of our Republic a plutocracy 
controlled by the few at the expense of the man}^. The individual 
should count for as much as the aggregation of individuals, because 
an injury to the one will lead to the destruction of the many. 

The question of adjusting and harmonizing the relations of capital 
and labor is the problem before us to-day, and is one which will 
become more urgent in the future. Its solution must be along those 
lines of constitutional right which every citizen has been guaranteed. 

Every man is entitled, in the prosecution of his work, to the broad- 
est posible liberty of action and the protection of law — of that 
law which is the outgrowth of necessity and which seeks to encourage 
and not to oppress. Such recognition can always be secured if there 
is a determination upon the part of those charged with the responsi- 
bility of government to have it. And who is not ? 

Every man possessed of a ballot is responsible and has the power 
not only to formulate, but to criticise and punish as well. If the 
right be properly exercised, an honest and efficient administration of 
our affairs can always be secured. 

The greatest solvent for political heresies, for doctrines which are 
antagonistic to popular government, is education. To the educated 
mind there comes a conception of duty which is not possible to the 
ignorant. 

Sixth. Grand chorus. 

Seventh. Benediction by Rabbi Leon Harrison: 

Unto Thee, Almighty God, the God of Moses, the God of Jesus, the 
God of Mohammed, and the God of every living creature, God of the 
church, of the mosque, and of the synagogue, unto Thee we bring 
homage and praise. 

We worship Thee in this temple of labor, reared by faithful hands, 
and implore Thy benediction on the work, for, unless the Lord blesses 
the house, the labor is in vain. May it be dedicated to the enlighten- 
ment of humanity that brotherhood may be increased and patriotism 
deepened. 

Bless this august assembly. Bless this great cause, its tireless 
leaders, and faithful workers, and above all bless our beloved country, 
the haven of the oppressed and the home of liberty. Bless its rulers 
and its people. 



60 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

May it go on as from the beginning, from strength to strength, that 
the nation and the Government may increase in power and in the end 
be a union of all mankind, all races, all nations, proclaiming one God, 
one law of righteousness, one humanity, and saying Thy God shall 
reign from generation to generation. Amen. 

Eighth. Centennial salute of 100 guns. 

A grand display of daylight fireworks took place at the conclusion 
of the exercises in the building. 

Immediately after the close of the ceremonies in the Liberal Arts 
Building, the governors present proceeded to the building sites se- 
lected for their respective States, where corner stones were laid and 
State colors were raised with appropriate ceremonies. 

The lady managers of the exposition were conducted by military 
escort in advance of the parade each day to the reviewing stand. 
They were accompanied by the wives of the members of the Diplo- 
matic Corps, members of the Supreme Court of the United States, 
members of the Cabinet, members of the Joint Committee of Con- 
gress, the Admiral of the Navy, the Lieutenant-General of the Army, 
the grand marshal, the governors of the States, the officiating clergy- 
men, and members of the National Commission. 

Receptions were held each day by the board of lady managers dur- 
ing the progress of the dedication ceremonies. 

The magnificence of the spectacle will live long in the memories of 
the hundreds of thousands of people who witnessed the ceremonies. 

All the nations were present by their diplomatic and accredited 
representatives. 

The presence of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, 
and of Grover Cleveland, his only living predecessor in office, intensi- 
fied the interest of the vast concourse of people at the dedication 
ceremonies. Their addresses were listened to by 80,000 persons assem- 
bled in the Liberal Arts Building. 

The committees appointed by the respective Houses of Congress to 
attend the dedication ceremonies consisted of the following Senators 
and Representatives : 

Committee of the Senate. — Messrs. Burnham, New Hampshire; 
Depew, New York; Penrose, Pennsylvania; Dolliver, Iowa; Hans- 
brough, North Dakota; Mitchell, Oregon; Teller, Colorado; Berry, 
Arkansas; Martin, Virginia; Foster, Louisiana. 

Committee of the House of Representatives. — Messrs. Jas. A. 
Tawney, Jas. S. Sherman, Thad. M. Mahon, Richard Bartholdt, H. C. 
Van Voorhis, Richard W. Parker, Jesse Overstreet, Jas. R. Mann, 
Walter I. Smith, Jas. M. Miller, E. J. Burkett, S. M. Robertson, C. L. 
Bartlett, John F. Shafroth, Jas. Hay. 

Special rules and regulations providing for an international jury 
and governing the system of awards, which had been in course of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 61 

preparation by the Commission and the Exposition Company for 
some time, were finally drafted and sent to the Commission for ap- 
proval on May 2, 1902. As approved by the Commission and subse- 
quently promulgated the rules read as follows : 

Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904, Commemorating the Acquisi- 
tion of Louisiana Territory. 

1. The total number of jurors in the international jury of awards 
shall be approximately 2 per cent of the total number of exhibit- 
ors, but not in excess of that number, and each nation having 50 ex- 
hibitors or more shall be entitled to representation on the jury. The 
number of jurors from each art or industry and for each nationality 
represented shall, as far as practicable, be proportional to the num- 
ber of exhibitors and the importance of the exhibits. 

Of this selected body of international jurors three graded juries 
will be constituted: One, the general organization of group juries; 
two, department juries; three, a superior jury. 

2. Each group jury shall be composed of jurors and alternates. 
The number of alternates shall in no case exceed one- fourth of the 

number of jurors, and they shall have a deliberative voice and vote 
only when occupying the places of absent jurors. 

3. The United States jurors and alternates of the group juries 
shall be nominated by the chiefs of departments to which the respec- 
tive groups belong. The jurors and alternates of the group juries 
representing foreign countries and the United States insular posses- 
sions shall be nominated by the commissioners of such countries. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall certify to the 
board of lady managers the number of groups in which the exhibits 
have been produced in whole or in part by female labor ; to each of 
the groups so certified the board of lady managers may appoint one 
juror and one alternate to that juror; such appointees, when con- 
firmed, shall have the privileges and be amenable to the regulations 
provided for other jurors and alternates. 

All the above nominations shall be made not later than August 1, 
1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at 
any subsequent time. 

Jury nominations made by commissioners of foreign countries shall 
be forwarded to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Company. 

Nominations made by chiefs of departments and by the board of 
lady managers shall be submitted to the director of exhibits, and 
when approved he shall transmit them to the president of the Expo- 
sition Company. 

The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved 
by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the presi- 
dent of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for the 
approval of that body. 

These nominations having been considered and confirmed by the 
authorities, as provided by section 6 of the act of Congress relating 
to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the appointments to 
the international jury shall be made in accordance with section 6 of 



62 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Article XXII of the official rules and regulations of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company. 

4. Each group jury shall choose its own officers, consisting of a 
chairman, a vice-chairman, and a secretary. 

Of the two first-named officers one shall be a citizen of the United 
States and the other shall be from a foreign country represented 
in the division of exhibits. 

5. The chief of each department shall have general charge of the 
organization and direction of the group of juries in his department 
for the purpose of securing the proper examinations of all exhibits 
and to see that the work laid out for the juries is conducted strictly 
in accordance with the official rules and regulations. 

He shall be admitted to all sessions of these juries for the purpose 
of directing their attention to matters relating to the judging of 
exhibits. 

6. The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, 
and shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter. 

Examinations or other work not completed in the time specified 
herein will be transferred to the department jury. 

7. Group juries may, on the recommendation of the chiefs of their 
respective departments, and with the approval of the director of 
exhibits, have authority to appoint, as associates or experts, one or 
more persons especially skilled in matters submitted for examination. 
These experts shall participate only in such special work as they are 
selected to perform and shall have no vote on the question of the 
merit of the exhibit under consideration. 

8. Each group jury shall carefully examine all exhibits pertaining 
to the group to which it has been assigned. It shall also consider 
and pass upon the merits of the collaborators whose work may 
be conspicuous in the design, development, or construction of the 
exhibits. 

The jury shall prepare separate lists presenting the names of such 
exhibitors as are out of competition, awards recommended to ex- 
hibitors in order of merit, awards recommended to collaborators in 
order of merit, a report giving an account of the most important 
objects exhibited, and a general account of the group as a whole. 

These papers shall be certified to the chief of the department to 
which the group belongs, and the chief of the department shall 
certify the same, with such recommendations as he may deem advis- 
able, to the department jury. 

9. In order to expedite their work group juries may be divided 
into committees for the examination of exhibits. 

These committees shall be governed by paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of 
rule 8, just cited; when they have completed the work assigned 
them they shall report to the full jury, which shall review the 
findings after an inspection of all the exhibits in the group. 

10. When the exigencies of the work require such procedure, and 
when recommended by a chief of a department and approved by the 
director of exhibits, two or more group juries may be combined. 

11. In the case of temporary exhibits and such other exhibits as 
are developed through a considerable period of time, or which for 
other reasons can not be governed by the time limits prescribed, the 
juries of such groups may continue in service throughout the entire 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 63 

period of the exposition. Special juries may be formed when ur- 
gently needed for special occasions. 

At the close of each temporary exhibit or competition the jury 
having the same in charge shall prepare a list of awards proposed in 
order of merit and shall certify the same to the chief of the depart- 
ment to which the exhibit pertains. 

Special awards for such temporary exhibits or competitions may 
be provided by the chief of the department to which the exhibits 
belong, on the approval of the director of exhibits and the president 
of the Exposition Company. 

12. Each department jury shall be composed of the chairman and 
vice-chairman of the group juries of the respective departments, with 
one member of the directory of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Company, to be named by the president of the companj^, and one 
person appointed by the board of lady managers. 

The department juries shall choose their own officers, consisting of a 
chairman, three vice-chairmen, and a secretary. 

The chairman and first vice-chairman shall be, one a citizen of the 
United States, and the other a citizen of a foreign country. 

The secretary may be selected by the members of the jury from a 
list of persons recommended by the director of exhibits. 

13. Each department jury shall complete its organization and begin 
its work on September 20, 1904. 

The duties of these juries shall be to consider carefully and review 
the reports of the group juries; to harmonize any differences that 
may exist between the recommendations of the several group juries 
as to awards, and to adjust all awards recommended so that they 
will be consistent with the rules and regulations. 

No more than ten days may be devoted to this work, and when the 
awards recommended by the group juries have been adjusted, the 
department juries shall, through the chiefs of their respective depart- 
ments, submit their findings to the director of exhibits, who shall, 
within five days after the receipt thereof, certify the same to the 
superior jury, including such work as may have been left incomplete 
by the department jury. 

14. The officers and members of the superior jury shall be as fol- 
lows : President, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Company; first vice-president, the director of exhibits; second vice- 
president, a citizen of the United States to be named by the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Commission. The members of the jury shall 
further consist of the commissioners-general of the nine foreign 
countries occupying with exhibits the largest amounts of space in 
the exhibit palaces; the chairman and first vice-chairman of the 
department juries; the chiefs of the exhibit departments, and one 
person appointed by the board of lady managers. 

Two additional vice-presidents and such other officers as may be 
required shall be elected by the superior jury from the members 
herein provided for. 

No chief of a department shall represent more than a single depart- 
ment. The president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany shall appoint from the United States membership of the 
department juries such other members as may be necessary to give 
to each exhibit department of the exposition a representative on the 
superior jury. 



64 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

There shall also be a secretary of the superior jury, who may be 
selected by the members of the jury from a list of persons recom- 
mended by the president of the jury. 

15. The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards 
to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are form- 
ally presented for its consideration. 

Formal notification of the awards shall, in each case, be sent by the 
president of the jury to the exhibitors at the place of their respective 
exhibits. 

If, for any reason, an award is not satisfactory to an exhibitor, he 
may file written notice to that effect with the president of the jury 
within three days after the date of the official notification of the 
award; and this notice shall be followed, within seven days after 
said date, by a written statement setting forth at length his views as 
to wherein the award is inconsistent or unjust. 

In the adjustment of differences and in considering the recom- 
mendations of the department juries, the superior jury may provide 
for hearings of members of the department jury and of exhibitors, 
but in no case shall it be required to consider matters which have not 
been regularly presented as heretofore provided. 

16. The work of the superior jury shall be completed on October 15, 
1904, and, as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public announce- 
ment of the awards shall be made. A final complete list of awards 
shall be published by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 
in accordance with the provisions of section 6 of the act of Congress, 
and section 6, Article XXII, of the rules and regulations. 

17. A committee, consisting of the president and the four vice- 
presidents of the superior jury, shall continue the work of the 
superior jury as long as may be found necessary after that jury has 
disbanded. 

This committee shall have charge of the preparation, collection, 
and publication of the official list of awards and shall make the 
necessary provisions for the proper distribution of the awards. 

18. The deliberations of all juries shall be strictly secret. 

The president of the Exposition Company, the director of exhibits, 
and the chiefs of departments shall have the privilege of attending 
any sessions of the several juries. 

A majority of any jury shall, in all cases, render and confirm a 
decision. 

19. The exhibits of persons serving as jurors or alternates over 
groups embracing their exhibits shall be classed as noncompetitive 
and shall not be examined by the juries. This rule applies to mana- 
gers, agents, or others representing a company or corporation which 
is entered as an exhibitor. It does not, however, apply to the officers 
or representatives of governments which are entered as exhibitors. 

20. Each regular exhibitor may receive an award, although his 
exhibit be joined with that of others in a single installation. 

Only one award shall be given to a collective exhibit, but the names 
of all the contributors to such collective exhibit may be entered on 
the diplomas awarded, and each participant shall receive a copy. 

If so desired by a group of exhibitors, a single award may be 
made to an individual representing such group. 

21. An exhibit shall receive only one award in any group. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 65 

The same object, shown in several groups and adjudged by more 
than one jury, shall be entitled only to the highest award accorded 
to it. 

An exhibitor who has different objects entered as exhibits in dif- 
ferent groups may be given an award in each group. 

22. Exhibitors who desire to have their exhibits excluded from 
competition shall notify. the chief of department as to their wishes 
when making application for space, giving their reasons at length 
for their request and objections to a competitive exhibit; and these 
papers shall be transmitted through the directory of exhibits to the 
president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company with such 
recommendations as may be deemed necessary. Exhibits thus ex- 
empted from competition shall not be examined by the juries, and 
shall not be entitled to official recognition in connection with the 
system of awards. 

23. In addition to the awards prescribed for exhibitors, an award 
may also be made to the inventor, designer, or artisan, who, as col- 
laborator, has, in the judgment of the jury, shown more than ordinary 
skill in connection with an exhibit. A collaborator is a person who 

* has distinguished himself as the designer or producer of remarkable 
objects shown at the exposition. He is not a person who has merely 
aided in the arrangement or installation of exhibits. 

In order that this may be equitably accomplished, each exhibitor 
who has received an award may furnish the chief of his respective 
department, for transmission to the proper jury, a list of the names 
of his collaborators, arranged in order of merit, based on skill, ability, 
magnitude and value of work, and length of service. It will then 
remain for the jury of awards to determine whether the assistance 
rendered by the persons named in the manner described has been 
sufficient to entitle them, or any of them, to the rank of collaborator, 
and to name the award which may be conferred therefor. 

24. Whenever it is applicable, a decimal scale system shall be used 
in judging the merits of exhibits, 100 representing perfection; and 
as a suggestion to juries, for instance, in commercial exhibits, the 
following is offered : 

(a) Value of the product, process, machine or device, as measured 
by its usefulness, its beneficent influence on mankind in its physical, 
mental, moral, and educational aspects. Counting not to exceed 25. 

(b) Skill and ingenuity displayed in the invention, construction, 
and application. Counting not to exceed 25. 

(c) Merits of the installation as to the ingenuity and taste dis- 
played, the cost and value as an exposition attraction. Counting not 
to exceed 10. 

(d) Magnitude of the business represented, as measured by the 
gross sales during the calendar year preceding the opening of the 
exposition. Counting not to exceed 10. 

(e) Quality or cheapness, with reference to the possession by the 
exhibit of the highest possible quality, or the fact that the article is 
sold at so low a price with reference to its quality as to make it a 
valuable acquisition to the purchaser. Counting not to exceed 10. 

(/) For completion of installation within required time and for 
excellence of maintenance. Counting not to exceed 10. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 5 



66 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

(g) Length of time exhibitor has been in business as showing 
whether exhibit is a development of original invention or is an 
improvement on the work of some prior inventor. Counting not to 
exceed 5. 

(h) Number and character of awards received from former expo- 
sitions. Counting not to exceed 5. 

25. A special award, consisting of a gold medal in each department, 
may be recommended by the department jury for the best, most com- 
plete, and most attractive installation. 

26. The following scale of markings shall be used in determining 
the final merits of an exhibit and fixing the award that should be 
made, 100 being used as indicating perfection: 

Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 60 to 74 inclusive, 
bronze medal. 

Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 75 to 84 inclusive, 
silver medal. 

Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 85 to 94 inclusive, 
gold medal. 

Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 95 to 100 inclusive, 
grand prize. 

27. The diplomas or certificates of award for exhibitors shall be 
signed by the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commis- 
sion, the secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 
the director of exhibits, and the chief of the department to which the 
exhibit pertains. 

28. Special commemorative medals and diplomas may be issued to 
the officers of the exposition, to the United States, State, and foreign 
commissioners, to the members of the international jury of awards, 
and to such other persons as may be deemed worthy of special 
recognition. 

29. The compensation of foreign jurors shall be fixed and paid by 
the countries which they respectively represent. 

30. United States jurors, except such as are officers and employees 
of the exposition, shall receive actual cost of necessary transportation, 
and compensation at the rate of $7 per day for such time as they are 
actually engaged in the work assigned them at the exposition. 

David R. Francis, 

President. 
Frederick J. V. Skiff, 

Director of Exhibits. 
Approved. 

Thomas H. Carter, 
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. 
Attest : 

Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

The Commission early experienced great inconvenience in prepar- 
ing and submitting its monthly reports, as required by law, to the 
President of the United States, of the financial condition of the expo- 
sition, owing to delay in receiving monthly statements from the 
company and the incomplete nature of such statements when received. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 67 

From an examination of the reports furnished by the Exposition 
Company, it will be observed that they were at all times deficient 
in that they did not show the outstanding liabilities of the company. 
The Commission assiduously endeavored to secure such amendment 
to the books of account kept by the company as would secure the 
incorporation of a statement of such outstanding liabilities. 

The following correspondence between the Commission and the 
Exposition Company shows the repeated efforts of the Commission 
to obtain the information essential to the preparation of the monthly 
reports referred to : 

October 3, 1902. 

Dear Sir : I am directed by the Commission to refresh your mem- 
ory as to our conversation yesterday with regard to furnishing a 
statement of all outstanding liabilities of the Exposition Company. 

Section 11 of the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1901, requires 
the Commission to furnish the President of the United States a sum- 
mary of the financial condition of the Exposition Company, and this 
can not be done in a satisfactory manner without a statement of 
outstanding liabilities under contract, expressed or implied. 

It is the desire of the Commission to furnish the President with 
detailed information of the character indicated, in connection with 
the report for the current month, to the end that he may have com- 
plete data available for consideration in connection with his message 
to Congress. 

It will greatly oblige the Commission to have the statement referred 
to furnished in duplicate. 

Yours, very truly, Thomas H. Carter, 

President. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, City. 



St. Louis, U. S. A., October 15, 1902. 
Dear Sir: In reply to your letter of October 3 with respect to a 
summary of the financial condition of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion Company, I desire to say that the attention of the proper officers 
of the company has been called to this request of your part, and I 
may assure you that the desired information will be prepared and 
furnished at an early date. 

Yours, truly, D. R. Francis, 

President. 
Hon. Thomas H. Carter, 

President National Commission, St. Louis, Mo. 



St. Louis, U. S. A., November 1, 1902. 
Dear Sir: I am directed by President Francis to transmit to you 
the following information of the total receipts and disbursements of 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to November 1, 1902 : 



68 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

As shown by the report of the treasurer, the collections on account 
of subscriptions to the capital stock to November 1, 1902, amount to 
$2,478,030.83. 

The treasurer has received from the city of St. Louis the proceeds 
of the sale of $5,000,000 in bonds, said sale having been made in 
June, 1902, at a price slightly above par. 

The total disbursements to November 1, 1902, as shown by the 
books of the treasurer, amount to $21,284,141.01. 

The outstanding obligations and contracts, including disbursements 
to November 1, 1902, amount to $6,931,853.41. 

There is in the hands of the treasurer, November 1, 1902, the sum 
of $5,193,889.82. 

Eespect fully, W. B. Stevens, 

Secretary, 

Mr. Joseph Flory, 

Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. 



St. Louis, U. S. A., November 26, 1902. 

Dear Sir : By direction of the Commission I respectfully call your 
attention to the following entry in the minutes of the proceedings at 
a meeting of the Commission held on October 2, 1902, as follows: 

" President Francis was requested by the Commission to furnish 
a detailed statement of all outstanding contract obligations and other 
liabilities of the exposition for transmission to the President of the 
United States with the monthly report for the current month. He 
said the statement would be furnished the Commission as requested." 

The statement referred to was not furnished to the Commission for 
transmission to the President of the United States with the monthly 
statement for the month of October. Presumably this default oc- 
curred because of your inability to have the statement prepared in 
season for transmission with that report. It is deemed by the Com- 
mission absolutely essential that the statement should be transmitted 
with the report for the month of November, to the end that it may be 
on file and available for examination by the President or by Congress. 

You are, therefore, respectfully requested to furnish such detailed 
statement to the Commission at the earliest practicable date, to the 
end that it may be examined during the present meeting of the 
Commission. 

The Commission desires that the statement should show the contract 
obligations for the several buildings, the names of the contractors, 
the dates fixed for payment, the amounts heretofore paid, and the date 
for final completion of each structure. Also all contracts existing 
requiring the payment of money for the acquisition of grounds and 
improvements to be made thereon, and for services rendered, or to be 
rendered, together with the amounts heretofore paid on the respective 
contracts, and the names of the contractors to whom payments have 
been or arc to be made. In short, it is the desire of the Commission 
that the statement should give the substance of each and every contract 
for the payment of money made by the Exposition Company prior to 
November 1. 

The Commission also desires that the statement should embrace an 
approximate estimate of the cost of all contemplated construction, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 69 

improvements, and necessary expenditures connected with the expo- 
sition as contemplated by the plan and scope thereof heretofore 
approved. 

The Commission deems the statement referred to necessary under 
the requirements of section 11 of the act of Congress approved March 
3, 1901, which requires the Commission to give a general summary of 
the financial condition of the exposition. 

The Commission will appreciate the courtesy of the statement in 
duplicate. 

Very respectfully, Thos. H. Carter, 

President. 
Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 

St. Louis, Mo. 



St. Louis, November 26, 1902. 
Dear Sir : I beg to acknowledge receipt of a communication dated 
November 26, signed by President Carter, requesting a detailed state- 
ment of the financial obligations and expenditures of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company up to and including October 31, 1902. 
Respectfully, 

W. B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 
Hon. Joseph Flory, 

Secretary National Commission, City. 



St. Louis, U. S. A., November 26, 1902. 
Dear Sir: I send herewith a statement of the disbursements and 
liabilities of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, which, I 
think, meets the request made by the National Commission. 
Respectfully, 

D. R. Francis, 

President. 
Hon. Thomas H. Carter, 

President National Commission, St. Louis. 



St. Louis, November 29, 1902. 
Dear Sir: I send herewith the financial statement and duplicate 
duly certified in accordance with the request of the National 
Commission. 

Respectfully, W. B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 



February 5, 1903. 
Dear Sir: Referring to conversation had with you this morning, 
relative to the detailed statement of disbursements and liabilities 



70 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

transmitted this Commission each month, I wish to say that the state- 
ment does not furnish all the information requested. 

By reference to letter addressed President Francis by President 
Carter under date of November 26, 1902, on the second page of which 
you will note this Commission desires a statement showing the 
contract obligations for the several buildings, the name of the con- 
tractors, the dates fixed for payment, the amounts heretofore paid, 
and the date for final completion of each structure. Also all con- 
tracts existing requiring the payment of money for the acquisition of 
grounds and improvements to be made thereon, and for services ren- 
dered or to be rendered, together with the amounts heretofore paid 
on the respective contracts, and the names of the contractors to whom 
payments have been or are to be made, giving the substance of each 
and every contract for the payment of money made by the Exposition 
Company prior to November 1. If you could have the statement 
include the months of November, December, and January it would 
be appreciated. 

You will also note that it is desired that the statement should em- 
brace an approximate estimate of the cost of all contemplated con- 
struction, improvements, and necessary expenditures connected with 
the exposition, as contemplated by the plan and scope thereof hereto- 
fore approved. 

This Commission will meet on March 10, and I will appreciate it 
if you will have the statement furnished at your earliest convenience. 

Thanking you in advance for your kindness, I beg to remain, 
Yours, very truly, 

Joseph Flory, 

Secretary. 

W. B. Stevens, Esq., 

Secretary Exposition Company, Building. 

St. Louis, U. S. A., February 19, 1903. 
Dear Sir: The information asked for in your letter of the 5th 
instant, namely, "A statement showing contract obligations for the 
several buildings, names of contractors, dates fixed for payment, 
amount heretofore paid, and dates for final completion of each struc- 
ture," is being prepared and will be forwarded to you. 
Eespectfully, 

W, B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 
Mr. Joseph Flory, 

Secretary. 

The statements furnished by the Exposition Company following 
this correspondence did not seem to the Commission to be sufficiently 
explanatory of the financial condition of the exposition, and with a 
view of obviating this difficulty, and of insuring better results in the 
future, the Commission on March 13, 1903, appointed a special 
auditing committee, consisting of Messrs. Scott, Thurston, and Miller, 
to audit the books and accounts of the Exposition Company up to 
April 1, 1903. Mr. Scott, as chairman, was authorized by the follow- 
ing resolution to make the audit: 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 71 

Copy of Resolution. 

Resolved, That the special auditing committee heretofore ap- 
pointed be, and said committee is hereby, directed to inquire into and 
report to the Commission at its earliest convenience the true situation 
concerning the financial condition of the Exposition Company in 
the matter of cash receipts from different sources, including receipts 
for admissions and concessions and other sources; also all disburse- 
ments of any nature made by the Exposition Company. They will 
also examine all advertisements for bids; also all competitive bids 
submitted by contractors under each advertisement, and compare 
the accepted bids with the rejected bids, and determine if the ac- 
cepted bids are reasonable in comparison with the material and 
service rendered. They will also prepare a comparative statement 
showing all bids submitted, and a copy of all contracts as finally 
awarded. 

It is the wish of the Commission that you, as chairman of the 
special auditing committee, proceed with as much expedition as pos- 
sible to make the examination and secure the information as set forth 
in above resolution. 

Owing to the magnitude of the work of auditing the books of such 
an immense enterprise, Mr. Scott engaged the services of Jones, 
Caesar & Co., expert accountants, of St. Louis, to make the investiga- 
tion under supervision of the committee. 

On June 23, 1903, the special auditing committee made a report to 
the Commission, and at various times thereafter submitted other 
reports of the financial standing of the Exposition Company, based 
upon the findings of the above-named firm of expert accountants, all 
of which are in the files of the Commission. 

The last report of the expert accountants employed by the Com- 
mission, containing a statement of receipts and disbursements of the 
Exposition Company from date of its incorporation to date of April 
30, 1905, together with a condensed statement compiled by said expert 
accountants, showing their estimate of the financial result of the 
exposition, which they state has been prepared from the accounts 
of the company to May 3, 1905, and from an estimate of future 
receipts and expenditures, furnished by the president of the Exposi- 
tion Company, is herewith submitted as a part of this report as 
"Appendix No. 1." 

The Commission was compelled from time to time to call the atten- 
tion of the Exposition Company to the apparently excessive number 
of free admissions in comparison with the total attendance at the 
exposition. 

On May 10, 1904, the Commission wrote to the Exposition Com- 
pany, pointing out that for the first seven days of the exposition, with 
the exception of the opening day, the number of free admissions com- 
pared with paid admissions was in the ratio of 7 to 6. On several 
subsequent occasions the Commission insisted that prompt action 
should be taken to check the indiscriminate use of passes. 



72 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

On May 24, 1904, the Commission adopted the following resolution : 

Resolved, That Mr. Thurston, as a member of the judiciary com- 
mittee present, call upon Judge Ferris, general counsel for the Expo- 
sition Company, and indicate to him the condition of correspondence 
with reference to free admissions to the fair grounds, and to suggest 
to him that in the absence of any disposition on the part of the Expo- 
sition Company to take notice of the protests of the Commission, he 
has been authorized to prepare the case for submission to the Attor- 
ney-General of the United States, with request that action be taken 
in the courts to prevent further violation of the law and rules as 
agreed upon by the joint action of the company and the Commission. 

On the same day Mr. Thurston, in a conference with Judge Ferris, 
general counsel of the Exposition Company, brought the said action 
of the Commission to his attention and insisted that the Exposition 
Company should at once take immediate steps to put an end to the 
excessive and improper issuance of free passes. Mr. Thurston was 
assured by Judge Ferris that he would immediately consult with the 
exposition officials and endeavor to secure such action on their part as 
would meet the views and wishes of the Commission. 

As there was no apparent cessation in the distribution of passes, the 
president of the Commission, on May 31, addressed the following 
communication to the president of the Exposition Company : 

May 31, 1904. 

Sir: Under date of May 26 Secretary Stevens transmitted to the 
National Commission what he denominated " The rules and regula- 
tions governing and restricting the issuance and use of passes," as 
adopted by the company and now in operation. This communica- 
tion, with the rules referred to attached, was obviously intended as 
an answer to the communication of the Commission to the company 
on that subject under dates of May 10 and May 19. 

I am directed by the Commission to call your attention to the fol- 
lowing sentence contained in my letter of 19th, above referred to, 
to wit : 

" Persons not entitled to admission to the grounds under article 5 of 
the rules and regulations can only be legally and properly admitted 
by the Exposition Company with the approval of the National 
Commission." 

With that proposition the answer of the executive committee of 
your company takes issue by submitting what you evidently deemed 
a sufficient answer through rules and regulations adopted by the 
company and now in operation, without the approval of the 
Commission. 

The Commission understands that the following issues arise from 
this letter and the correspondence to which it refers, to wit: 

First. That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company asserts 
and is exercising the asserted right to formulate and put into opera- 
tion rules and regulations governing and restricting the issuance and 
use of free passes to the exposition grounds, without submitting such 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 73 

rules and regulations to the Commission and obtaining its approval 
thereof. 

Second. That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company asserts 
and is acting upon the assertion of its alleged right, through its offi- 
cers and agents, to issue free passes to the exposition grounds without 
the concurrence or approval of the National Commission, expressed 
through general rules or regulations or otherwise. 

In reply to these asserted rights, and the exercise thereof by the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Commission denies the right of the company to promulgate 
and put into operation rules and regulations governing and prescrib- 
ing the issuance and use of free passes to the exposition grounds 
without submitting such rules and regulations to the Commission, 
and without obtaining its approval thereof, and denies the right of 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to issue free passes to 
the exposition grounds without the concurrence or approval of the 
National Commission, expressed through general rules and regula- 
tions, or otherwise. 

Upon the two issues here presented the Commission invokes the 
judgment of the board of arbitration, provided for in section 4 of the 
act of Congress, entitled : 

u An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary 
of the purchase of the Louisiana territory by the United States by 
holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, 
and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea, in the city of St. 
Louis, in the State of Missouri, approved March 3, 1901." 

For convenience a copy of the correspondence referred to is here- 
unto attached. 

Hon. John M. Allen and Hon. John M. Thurston, the members of 
the Commission appointed to act for this body on the board of arbi- 
tration, will hold themselves in readiness to meet the members of that 
board appointed by the company at their pleasure. 
Yours, very respectfully, 

Thos. H. Carter. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. 

On June 14 the Exposition Company submitted certain rules and 
regulations governing the issuance of passes. The Commission gave 
due consideration to the proposed rules, and on June 25 returned them 
to the Exposition Company with certain modifications, which the 
executive committee of the Exposition Company refused to adopt. 
Whereupon, on July 7, the Commission, by resolution, demanded 
immediate arbitration on the matter and protested against the issu- 
ance of free admissions pending a decision by the board of 
arbitration. 

Mr. Joseph Flory, secretary of the Commission since its organiza- 
tion, resigned from that office on July 1, 1904. Mr. Lawrence H. 
Grahame, of New York, assistant secretary, was elected as secretary 
to succeed Mr. Flory. 



74 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

On July 13, 1904, the board of arbitration of the Commission and 
the Exposition Company finally met, and the question of free passes 
was discussed. Another meeting of the arbitrators was held on July 
18, and rules and regulations governing the use of passes were drafted. 

These rules were subsequently adopted by the company and 
approved by the Commission on July 20, 1904. The rules read as 
follows : 

Resolved, That the rules and regulations governing free admission 
to the exposition grounds, prepared by the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Company, governing the corporation are fixed and established 
by said company to read as follows : 

The official badges of the officers and directors of the company, 
directors of divisions, and chiefs of departments of the exposition, 
duly approved by the board of directors of the company ; the official 
badges of the officers and members of the National Commission, duly 
approved by said Commission ; and the official badge of the board of 
lady managers, duly approved by said board, shall entitle the officers 
and members wearing the same to free admission to the exposition 
grounds. 

Card passes for the entire period of the exposition will be issued to 
the following officials and their wives, to wit : 

The President of the United States. 

The Vice-President of the United States. 

Members of the Cabinet. 

Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States. 

The Secretary to the President of the United States. 

Members and officers of the National Commission. 

The directors and officers of the Exposition Company. 

The mayor of the city of St. Louis. 

Card passes for the entire period of the exposition will be issued 
to the following persons, to wit : 

Members of both Houses of Congress, and the chief officers thereof. 

The Diplomatic Corps. 

The diplomatic representatives of the United States abroad. 

The governors of States, Territories, Districts, and dependencies 
of the United States, and the Commissioners of the District of 
Columbia. 

Commissioners of foreign countries accredited to the exposition. 

Commissioners of States, Territories, Districts, and dependencies 
of the United States accredited to the exposition. 

Directors of divisions and chiefs of the departments and bureaus 
of the exposition. 

The widows of deceased directors of the Exposition Company. 

The members of the board of lady managers. 

Members of the United States Government board. 

The commander of the Jefferson Guards and his official aides. 

The members and chief officers of the municipal assembly of the 
city of St. Louis. 

The heads of departments of the municipal government of the city 
of St. Louis. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 75 

The chief of police and the chief of the detective force of St. Louis. 

Limited admission passes will be granted, under such rules and reg- 
ulations as the Exposition Company may prescribe, to the following 
classes of persons whose duties require their presence upon the ex- 
position grounds, to wit : 

The judges and jurors of awards. 

Employees of the Exposition Company. 

Employees of the National Commission. 

Employees of the board of lady managers. 

Officers and employees of the United States actually in charge of 
or connected with the Government exhibits, or otherwise officially 
engaged within the exposition grounds. 

Agents and emplo}^ees of foreign governments actually in charge 
of or connected with their exhibits or buildings. 

Duly accredited press representatives. 

Private exhibitors and their employees. 

Concessionaires and their employees. 

The term " employee " as herein used shall be construed as mean- 
ing only such persons as are actually and necessarily employed 
within the exposition grounds, and when in any case such employ- 
ment ceases the pass shall be taken up and canceled. 

A vehicle may be admitted to the grounds upon payment of 50 
cents, but the driver and occupants thereof shall be subject to the 
general rules governing admissions. 

Provided, That all official vehicles and the vehicles of officers and 
directors of the Exposition Company, of officers and members of 
the National Commission, and the members of the board of lady 
managers shall, with the driver thereof, be admitted free upon 
presentation of official permit. 

Any person entering the grounds upon a badge or card pass shall 
be required to deposit with the gate keeper a personal card with pass 
number thereon. 

In exceptional cases the president of the Exposition Company may 
issue passes to persons not included in the foregoing classification, 
when such action is deemed for the best interest of the exposition. 

Passes will not be replaced during the period for which same may 
have been issued. When a pass is lost, prompt notice should be 
given to the department of admissions in order that notice of same 
may be posted and the pass taken up if presented. 

When an employee is discharged or resigns, a pass will not be 
issued to his successor until the original pass is returned to the 
department of admissions. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition reserves the right to call in 
and revoke or cancel any pass at any time. 

Passes are void and will be forfeited if showing any evidence of 
alteration or erasure. All passes are nontransferable, and will be 
forfeited if presented by any other than person named thereon. 

Any person holding a pass may be required to prove his identity 
by signature or otherwise. 

All passes will be issued subject to the conditions printed thereon. 

All passes issued in conflict with the foregoing rules and regula- 
tions shall be recalled and canceled. 

The Exposition Company shall furnish the National Commission 
a complete list of all card passes and a statement of all other passes 



76 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

issued prior to July 1, classified as to departments, divisions, and 
bureaus, as accurately as may be done from the books of the com- 
pany, and hereafter the company shall keep an accurate record by 
departments, divisions, and bureaus, showing all passes issued by 
each under the foregoing rules, and shall furnish a copy of such 
record to the National Commission with each monthly financial state- 
ment, and such statement shall contain a list of all card passes issued 
during the month to which the financial report refers. 

Prior to the approval of the rules and regulations governing free 
admissions to the exposition grounds, the president of the Expo- 
sition Company exercised a free hand in the distribution of passes. 

On April 30, and during the month of May, 1904, of the 1,841,275 
total admissions only 667,772 were paid admissions, thus making the 
free admissions substantially two-thirds of the total. 

In June, 1904, the total admissions were 2,448,519, and of this 
number 1,382,865 were paid. 

In July an improvement occurred. Of the 2,498,265 admissions 
during that month, 1,514,743 were paid. Thenceforward less than 
one-half of the total admissions were free. But notwithstanding the 
effort to check this abuse it was indulged to such an extent that the 
final totals make a remarkable showing, as follows : 

Total admissions during the entire period of the exposition 20,066,537 

Total paid admissions during the entire period of the exposition 12, 804, 616 

The total attendance and the paid admissions at the exposition do 
not compare favorably with those of the Columbian Exposition of 
1893. The Columbian Exposition was conducted during a period 
of great financial depression, while the St. Louis Exposition was held 
during a period of remarkable prosperity. The Government aid 
extended to the latter was far greater in every respect than was 
given the former. 

The method of advertising the exposition adopted by the company 
was a subject of constant and almost universal criticism, and com- 
plaints were made to the Commission and in the public press that 
exploitation of the fair was inadequate. On every possible occasion 
members of the Commission personally brought the matter to the 
attention of the exposition officials and suggested that steps be taken 
to give the enterprise wider publicity. 

The Commission received communications and personal visits 
almost daily from persons interested in the success of the exposition, 
urging that some official action be taken to improve the existing 
advertising arrangements. So insistent became the demand for 
greater publicity that the president of the Commission addressed 
the following letter to the Exposition Company, suggesting the impor- 
tance of properly advertising the exposition throughout the country. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 77 

July 20, 190-1. 

Dear Sir : By direction of the National Commission, I respectfully 
call your attention to the apparent need for an extension and enlarge- 
ment of the publicity feature of the exposition. 

The zeal and efficiency of the press of the city of St. Louis has 
demonstrated what may be done in the creation of active interest by 
enlightened exploitation through the public press. Within the range 
of the general circulation of the papers published in this city all 
features of the fair have been made known; but, unhappily, the 
journals of this city, like those of all other cities, enjoy general circu- 
lation only in a limited area. Beyond the line of the special influence 
of the local press the extensive proportions and interesting details of 
the fair do not appear to the Commission to have been made known 
to the general public, to the extent or in the manner calculated to 
inspire the interest and secure the attendance warranted by the 
extraordinary merits of the great educational force here installed. 
In the opinion of the Commission this delinquency does not arise 
from any lack of devotion to the public welfare by the press of the 
country at large. 

The munificent recognition of the fair by the General Government 
attracted national attention. The invitation extended by the Presi- 
dent of the United States, under authority of law, to the nations of 
the earth to participate in the exposition, supplemented by the cordial 
cooperation of our diplomatic and consular representatives abroad, 
secured the most extensive foreign participation ever accorded to any, 
like undertaking. Moved thereto by the example of the National 
Government, the States, Territories, and dependencies of the United 
States joined in the exposition with unparalleled generosity and 
enthusiasm. The groups of palatial buildings erected by the foreign 
governments and by the States and minor subdivisions of our country, 
together with the exhibits installed in the exhibition palaces provided 
by the company, bear the amplest testimony of their earnest desire to 
make the exposition a pronounced success. The splendid exhibit 
installed here by the government of the Philippine Islands rises to 
the proportions of an exposition on its own account. 

The buildings are completed, the exhibits are installed, and the 
exposition has been in progress for substantially three-sevenths of its 
allotted period. The faith of the management in the merits of the 
exposition has been justified by the approving judgment of all who 
have entered the gates; but the daily attendance has been far short 
of what it should be from any point of view. 

Unhappily, the magnificent proportions and the numberless attrac- 
tions of the exposition do not seem to be fully understood by the 
masses of the people throughout the United States, whence attendance 
must be chiefly expected. The results obtained from the territory 
commanded by the press of St. Louis warrants the belief that the 
unsatisfactory conditions prevailing would be overcome if the country 
at large could be adequately advised of what is to be seen, learned, 
and enjoyed within these grounds. 

All the National, State, Territorial, and District governments par- 
ticipating in the exposition are quite as much interested as the com- 
pany in the diffusion of knowledge concerning the merits of the 
exposition and securing the attendance of the largest number of 
people who may find it possible to enjoy the benefits and the pleasure 



78 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

of a visit to the grounds. It appears to the Commission that the 
company may well call to its aid the forces referred to. The details 
through which publicity may be widely extended might wisely be 
made the result of a conference by a committee made up of persons 
appointed by the Exposition Company, the National Commission, and 
the representatives of Governments, States, Territories, and Districts 
having duly accredited commissioners appointed to represent them. 
It is probable that such a conference would find the representatives 
of each Government, State, and District anxious to cooperate by fur- 
nishing detailed information along well-considered lines concerning 
the participation of each in the fair. For example, the people of New 
York will be interested in a well-prepared description of the exhibits 
of that State, whereas the same subject-matter would not be of like 
interest to the people of California ; but, on the contrary, the people of 
California would be interested in a graphic description of California 
exhibits. 

The newspapers of the respective States will, without doubt, cheer- 
fully give space to descriptive matter directly relating to the exhibits 
and achievements of their readers. 

One instance has been called to the attention of the Commission 
where the names of visitors to the fair, registered at a State building, 
are being forwarded to the leading daily papers of the State, and 
published as a matter of news in their columns. The papers in ques- 
tion not only publish the list of arrivals at the exposition, but have 
called for any other matter of interest occurring here relating to the 
people or affairs of the State. This method of publicity pursued by 
the commissioners of one State might, as the result of conference, 
become generally adopted. The Exposition Company could well 
afford to aid and assist in the preparation of descriptive articles, 
accompanied by plate matter, relating to different localities, because 
it is evident that the creation of interest in any locality will contribute 
to the general purpose. But it is not the intention to here attempt 
to detail the many ways of securing merited publicity which would 
undoubtedly evolve from a general conference by representatives of 
all the interested forces. 

The commissioners representing the various States and govern- 
ments are persons of wide experience and broad intelligence; and 
they are all, in their respective spheres, undoubtedly as anxious to 
contribute to the success of the exposition as the directors and officers 
of the Exposition Company are known to be. 

It is far from the intention of the Commission to interfere with the 
operation of any of your own matured plans; but it is respectfully 
submitted that the failure of expected and necessary attendance at 
the exposition is a matter of such supreme importance as to warrant 
the employment of every available force connected with this enter- 
prise in the work of calling public attention to the exposition through 
the press of the whole country, and such other agencies as may be 
suggested and adopted. 

Very respectfully, Thos. H. Carter, 

President, 

Hon. D. It. Francis, 

President Exposition Company, Building. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 79 

The exposition management did not elect to avail itself of the 
cooperation of the National Commission in the matter of exploita- 
tion, but very shortly after the foregoing letter was delivered the 
advertising department became more active by advertising in the 
newspapers and by the use of billboards in St. Louis and the adjacent 
territory. 

The National Bill Posters' Association, which met in St. Louis 
about this time, observing the inadequacy of the provision made for 
advertising, volunteered to cooperate with the Exposition Company 
by posting bills on their boards free of charge throughout an exten- 
sive area. 

A cursory examination of reports of the daily attendance will show 
a very perceptible increase of receipts at the gates in consequence of 
the effort made about this time to call the attractions of the exposi- 
tion to the attention of the people. Unhappily the exploitation work 
thus commenced was practically one year behind time. Undoubtedly 
the paid attendance at the exposition could have been very largely 
increased by an efficient system of exploitation initiated one year 
before the gates were opened and vigorously prosecuted until the close 
of the exposition. 

In order to increase the attendance at the exposition, as well as to 
increase the revenues of the Exposition Company at certain periods, 
the National Commission at different times cheerfully approved the 
modifications of the rules proposed by the Exposition Company 
authorizing the sale of season tickets, also of special tickets for lim- 
ited periods, at reduced rates. Such modifications proposed by the 
Exposition Company were in all instances, except one, approved by 
the National Commission substantially as proposed; but in one 
instance the Commission was impelled from a sense of its duty to the 
Government to decline to approve a rule proposed by the company 
providing for the sale of special coupon tickets good for 50 admis- 
sions to stockholders of the company only. 

It is proper to say that prior to the submission to the Commission 
of the proposed rule, or modification of the rules, announcement had 
been made in the newspapers of St. Louis that such tickets would be 
sold by the company, and, in fact, the sale of the proposed tickets 
had already begun. 

The following letter contains the proposal of the company to 
authorize the sale of such special tickets to stockholders only : 

May 18, 1904. 

Dear Sir: I am directed by the executive committee of the Lou- 
isiana Purchase Exposition Company to inform the National Com- 
mission that the committee has approved the following resolution : 

Resolved, That a ticket, photographic, nontransferable, having 50 
coupons good for admission at any time during the World's Fair shall 



80 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

be sold to stockholders at the rate of $12.50 ; this privilege to continue 
to and including June 15, to be open to all who shall be stock- 
holders up to and including that day. 

I am directed by the executive committee to ask favorable action 
upon the resolution by the National Commission. 
Respectfully, 

Walter B. Stevens, 
Mr. Joseph Flory, Secretary. 

Secretary National Commission. 

It was the opinion of the National Commission that the sale of 
the proposed tickets to stockholders alone at the reduced price pro- 
posed was in the nature of a dividend or pecuniary benefit in which 
the United States Government could not participate, and therefore 
contrary to law ; and in view of the fact that the people of the United 
States had contributed through the Government appropriation for 
the exposition an amount of money equal to that which had been 
furnished by the stockholders of the company it seemed to the Com- 
mission that no special privilege respecting the purchase of tickets 
should be given such stockholders that was not given equally to all 
citizens of the United States. 

This view was especially enforced by the consideration that stock- 
holders of the company had subscribed for such stock in the belief 
that the citizens of the city of St. Louis would reap large local benefits 
from the holding of the fair in that city, while it was obvious that 
the other citizens of the United States could not in any degree par- 
ticipate in such benefits. 

The Commission, believing that the sale of special coupon tickets 
at that time would increase the revenues of the company at a time 
when such increase seemed to be especially desirable, submitted to the 
company a modification of the proposed rule, as set forth in the fol- 
lowing letter : 

May 19, 1904. 

Dear Sir: I am directed by the National Commission to inform 
you that they have had under consideration the resolution contained 
in your esteemed favor of 18th instant, reading as follows : 

" Resolved, That a ticket, photographic, nontransferable, having 
50 coupons, good for admission at any time during the World's Fair, 
shall be sold to stockholders at the rate of $12.50; this privilege to 
continue to and including June 15, and to be open to all who shall 
be stockholders up to and including that day." 

The Commission respectfully declines to approve the resolution as 
presented, but, being in hearty accord with the laudable purpose of 
the company to offer inducements tending to insure an extensive sale 
of admission tickets before the 15th of June, approves that feature 
of the resolution by modifying (he same so as to read as follows: 

" There shall be sold to the public up to and including June 15 at 
$12.50 a photographic, nontransferable ticket with 50 coupons there- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 81 

unto attached, each good for one admission to the fair at any time 
prior to August 31." 

In the judgment of the Commission the use of the tickets proposed 
should be restricted by a time limit, inasmuch as a failure to provide 
such a restriction would be equivalent to a reduction of admissions to 
25 cents each. Moreover, limiting the time for use of the tickets, as 
proposed, would tend to stimulate attendance at the fair during the 
summer months. 

The Commission is not insensible to the natural desire of the Expo- 
sition Company to give some privilege to the stockholders who sub- 
scribed to the capital stock of the corporation, but, while appreciating 
the generous motive of the executive committee, the Commission feels 
constrained to withhold its approval for the reason that approval 
thereof would, in the judgment of the Commission, violate the letter 
and spirit of section 20 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, 
which, in so far as applicable, reads as follows : 

" That there shall be repaid into the Treasury of the United States 
the same proportionate amount of the aid given by the United States 
as shall be repaid to either the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
panjr or the city of St. Louis." 

The proposal to give to stockholders of the Exposition Company 
tickets of admission good until December 1 at half price confers 
upon the stock a special privilege not contemplated by the act of 
Congress, and is apparently in the nature of a dividend or pecuniary 
benefit in which the United States can not participate. 

I am also directed by the Commission to say that if, in the opinion 
of the company, the best interests of the fair would be advanced by 
making the proposed tickets good for the entire time of the fair the 
Commission would view such action with favor, providing the price 
of the ticket should be fixed at $15. 

Yours, very respectfully, Joseph Flory, 

Secretary. 

Mr. Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, Building. 

On May 23, 1904, a conference was held between the National Com- 
mission and a committee on conference appointed by the Exposition 
Company. At such conference the National Commission insisted 
that the proposed special coupon tickets be sold to the public, while 
the conferees on the part of the company urged the acceptance of the 
original rule proposed by said company, limiting the sale of stock- 
holders only. Finally, upon the proposal of the conferees of the 
company, and in order to reach an agreement, the National Commis- 
sion assented to a rule whereby the company should be authorized 
to sell such tickets to its stockholders, also to any person presenting 
an order from the National Commission therefor, as is set forth in 
the following copy of the conference agreement : 

At a conference between the officers and members of the executive 
committee of the Exposition Company and members of the National 
Commission, held at the office of President Francis on Monday, May 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 6 



82 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

23, it was agreed, after a full and free conference, that the disagree- 
ment existing between the Exposition Company and the Commission 
with reference to the sale of 50-coupon, photographic, nontransfer- 
able tickets to stockholders of the Exposition Company, at $12.50 
each, on or before June 15, such tickets to be good during the period 
of the fair, was settled by the adoption of the following addition to 
article 5, to wit : 

" That any stockholder of the Exposition Company, or any person 
presenting an order from the National Commission to the treasurer 
of the company, may, at any time prior to June 15, purchase for 
$12.50 one photographic nontransferable ticket with 50 coupons 
attached, each coupon good for one admission to the fair at any time 
on or before December 1, 1904." 

To which addition to the aforesaid article 5 full assent was given 
by the company and the Commission. 

D. R. Francis, President, 
W. H. Thompson, Treasurer, 
Festtts J. Wade, 
Chairman Ways and Means Committee, 
Committee Representing Louisiana Purchase Exposition Co. 

Thos. H. Carter, 
John M. Thurston, 
Geo. W. McBride, 
Philip D. Scott, 
John F. Miller, 
Frederick A. Betts, 
For the National Commission Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

The Commission, desiring that the public should have the amplest 
opportunity to participate in the purchase of these special tickets at 
reduced rates, and in order that the knowledge of such privilege 
should have the widest publicity, addressed and sent to the Associated 
Press the following notice : 

To the Associated Press : 

Some days ago the Exposition Company proposed to issue a non- 
transferable photographic coupon ticket good for 50 admissions for 
the sum of $12.50, that amount being half rate. This proposal was 
disapproved by the National Commission, because deemed in the na- 
ture of a dividend on the stock. The Commission insisted that if the 
price of tickets was reduced in the manner proposed, they should be 
presented to the public for sale without preference as to purchasers. 
As the result of a conference it was agreed that the Exposition Com- 
pany might sell to its stockholders nontransferable tickets at the rate 
of $12.50 each for 50 admissions, and that at the same time any person 
not a stockholder presenting an order from the National Commission 
to the treasurer of the company would be entitled to the same privi- 
lege. The Commission desires to announce that any person not a 
stockholder of the Exposition Company may, upon application to the 
Commission, procure an order on the treasurer of the Exposition 
Company Tor the delivery of one of the tickets referred to upon the 
payment of $12.50. The privilege of purchase can not be exercised 
alter June 15. Applications for orders may be made in person or by 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 83 

letter addressed to the National Commission, Administration Build- 
ing, St. Louis. Payment for tickets to be made to William H. 
Thompson, treasurer, Laclede Building, St. Louis. 

Joseph Flory, 

Secretary. 

The sale of these tickets was larger than had been expected either 
by the company or the Commission, and that it was satisfactory to the 
company was indicated by its proposal, under date of June 7, 1904, to 
extend the sale of such tickets from June 15 to and including July 
1, the price being increased to $15. This proposal was promptly ap- 
proved by the National Commission, and the sale resulted in materi- 
ally increasing the revenues of the Exposition Company. 

Jurors and Awards. 

It will be perceived that rules and regulations governing the ap- 
pointment of jurors and the awarding of premiums were presented 
by the company and adopted by the company and adopted by the 
Commission on May 2, 1903. These rules required that the nomina- 
tions of all proposed jurors be submitted to the Commission on or be- 
fore August 1, 1904. 

Believing that the approval of the jurors by the Commission should 
not be merely perfunctory, but that the nominations should be scruti- 
nized with care before approval, the Commission, en the 18th day of 
May, 1904, addressed the Exposition Company the following self- 
explanatory communication : 

St. Louis, May 19, 190J+. 
Hon. D. K. Francis, 

President Exposition Company. 

My Dear Sir: Inasmuch as objections may be urged to the ap- 
pointment of certain persons upon juries of awards, it is the intention 
of the National Commission to give public notice, allowing reasonable 
time for the filing of any objections that may be offered to the ap- 
pointment of any individual on the jury. As this proceeding will 
necessarily consume time, it is desirable that the names of persons 
proposed for the respective juries be transmitted to the Commission 
from time to time as the respective groups are completed by the com- 
pany. It is believed that final action can be reached in a more or- 
derly and satisfactory manner by taking up the names proposed for 
each jury separately rather than to have the entire membership of all 
the juries submitted for consideration simultaneously. 
Yours, very respectfully, 

Trios. H. Carter, President. 

A communication on the same subject was addressed to the presi- 
dent of the Exposition Company on May 23, as follows : 

May 23, 1904. 
Dear Sir: By direction of the Commission, I have the honor to 
call your attention to section 6 of the act of Congress making an 



84 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

appropriation for the exposition, and for other purposes, approved 
March 3, 1901, which provides that the appointment of all judges 
and examiners for the exposition shall be made by the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company, subject to the approval of the Com- 
mission created by section 2 of the act. 

Some days ago a gentleman reported to the Commission that cer- 
tain jurors had been appointed and were actually discharging their 
duties as judges and examiners. This rumor seemed to the Commis- 
sion utterly incredible, but this morning the director of exhibits con- 
firmed the rumor informally by admitting that certain jurors had 
been at work for a considerable length of time in certain departments 
of the exposition. 

The Commission does not desire to assume a position at all hyper- 
critical, but I am directed to say that an utter disregard of provisions 
of the law can not be countenanced. 

To the end that no question may arise concerning the legality or 
regularity of the action of any jury or board of examiners, I have the 
honor to request, in behalf of the Commission, that the names of 
jurors be forwarded to the Commission for consideration before there 
is any pretense to giving them authority to act. 

Inasmuch as an infraction of the law has heretofore occurred ac- 
cording to the director of exhibits, I can but request that the names 
of the jurors who have heretofore been commissioned to act be for- 
warded for consideration without delay. We are not unmindful that 
free and full consideration of the names of persons thus empowered 
to act without full authority will be somewhat embarrassing in view 
of their having been employed for a considerable length of time 
before the Commission will have been advised of their designation 
by the company. 

Yours, very respectfully, Thos. H. Carter, 

President. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Exposition Company, Building. 

As indicated by correspondence hereinafter set forth, the company 
did not present the names of jurors to the Commission on or before 
August 1, and indeed did not advise the Commission of the names of 
many of the jurors until long after the time had elapsed for the per- 
formance of their duties. 

After the group juries had performed their duties certain persons, 
feeling aggrieved by the awards made, undertook to appeal to the 
Commission for redress. The Commission disclaimed jurisdiction 
to consider the matter until the awards were submitted to it for 
approval. Upon inquiry growing out of these attempted appeals, 
it was ascertained by the Commission that the Exposition Company 
questioned the right of the Commission to inquire into or in any 
manner to pass upon the justice or regularity of any award made. 
The company having submitted certain proposed amendments to the 
rules and regulations, the Commission undertook by further amend- 
ments to settle the question as to the right of the company to refuse 
to submit awards made to the Commission for its approval, as re- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 85 

quired by law. The right of the Commission to even inquire into 
charges of fraud, bribery, or corruption in connection with awards 
the company steadily denied and never conceded. 

In the records of the Commission filed with this report will be 
found charges under oath against a division chief, alleging that he 
was a party to negotiations for a bribe of $2,000 to be paid on the 
awarding of the grand prize to a certain manufactured article, and 
that when the matter was brought to his attention his only expla- 
nation was that he had declined to be the stakeholder or custodian 
of the money because of possible criticism in case the transaction 
should become public. This individual was a member of the group 
jury, a member of the department jury of his department, and a mem- 
ber of the superior jury. 

The Commission felt that investigation of such serious charges 
was absolutely necessary to guarantee the integrity of the awards. 

On October 18, 1904, Commissioner Allen, as acting president of 
the Commission, set forth the existing status of the case in a letter 
to Hon. D. R. Francis, president of the Exposition Company, read- 
ing as follows : 

October 18, 1904. 

Sir : On October 11 the National Commission sent to the local com- 
pany a communication suggesting certain amendments to an amend- 
ment to the rules and regulations governing the system of awards 
sent us by the Exposition Company. To date we have not received 
reply to the communication referred to, nor have we heard from your 
company, excepting a visit from Judge Wilbur F. Boyle, a member 
of your executive committee, who called on the Commission on Fri- 
day, October 14, in relation to this matter. 

The amendments suggested by this Commission were to carry into 
effect the law as we understand it, and what we have been assured 
was so understood by your company, to wit : That the awards, before 
becoming final, should be approved by the National Commission. 
We infer from wnat Was said by you to Mr. Scott, a member of this 
Commission, and what was said by Judge Boyle to the Commission, 
that the position of your company is that the approval of the 
National Commission only refers to the system of making the awards, 
and not to the awards of the juries. While we do not agree to this 
contention, we desire to call your attention to what we consider a 
number of violations of the rules and regulations governing the sys- 
tem of awards, as agreed upon by the local company and the National 
Commission. In the first place, in paragraph 3 of the special rules 
and regulations providing for the appointment of jurors and gov- 
erning the system of making awards, it is set forth " that the nomi- 
nations for group jurors shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, 
except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any 
subsequent time." It is also provided "that nominations of group 
jurors and alternates, when approved by the president of the Expo- 
sition Company, shall be transmitted to the National Commission for 
the approval of that body." " These nominations, having been con- 



86 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sidered and confirmed by the authority provided by section 6 of the 
act of Congress, relating to the approval of the awarding of pre- 
miums, the appointment to the international jury shall be made in 
accordance with section 6 of article 22 of the official rules and regu- 
lations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company." 

You will remember that the nominations of group jurors were not 
made until long after the time specified in the rules and regulations, 
which left but a brief time to notify the jurors and allow them time 
to get here to begin the performance of their duties by the 1st of 
September. 

You will doubtless remember that the writer, Mr. Allen, had an 
interview with you and Mr. Skiff, in which he protested on behalf of 
the National Commission that no time was given the Commission to 
investigate the character of qualifications of the jurors thus nomi- 
nated, and that it was placing in the hands of the chiefs of the differ- 
ent departments the power to fix up juries and make the awards con- 
form to their own wishes, if they desired to do so. 

You will also doubtless remember that Mr. Skiff, in your presence, 
said to Mr. Allen, as he has said to the Commission frequently before 
and as he assured us he had said to hundreds of exhibitors, that after 
the action of the group juries these awards would have to pass the 
department juries, then the superior jury, then the local company, and 
finally be approved by the National Commission, and that if anything 
wrong was done by the group juries thus selected ample opportunity 
would be had to right such wrong. Acting on this assurance the 
National Commission went ahead and approved such jurors as were 
sent them for their approval. 

Paragraph 4 of said rules and regulations provides that each group 
jury shall choose its own officers, consisting of a chairman, vice-chair- 
man, and secretary. It came to the knowledge of the Commission 
that when the group juries were being organized this rule was 
being violated, and in most, if not all instances, the officers of the 
group juries were being selected by the chiefs of the departments. 
We went to see the secretar}^ of the exhibit department, who had 
charge of the matter of juries in that department, and informed 
him of this violation of the rules. We were informed by him that he 
did not know the chiefs had gone to the extent of informing the juries 
who their officers should be, but that they had been instructed to make 
suggestions that they might keep the chairmanship of the juries in 
the hands of the Americans. 

We find that a large number of group jurors have been appointed, 
have participated in making awards, have been paid off, and have 
gone home without their names ever having been submitted to the 
National Commission for approval. 

We are informed that the course adopted by the chiefs in the 
organization of the group juries was pursued when it came to the 
organization of the department juries, and in this way the chiefs, in 
violation of the rules, have selected the main body of the superior 
jury. We were also informed (hat the department juries were in- 
structed to pass the matters that we think would properly belong to 
that body up to the superior jury; consequently the principal duty 
performed by the department jury was to enable the chiefs to select 
two members for the superior jury. We have been informed that the 
chiefs in some departments have taken it upon themselves to forbid 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 87 

the jurors from considering certain matters that were proper subjects 
for their consideration. 

In paragraph 15 of said rules and regulations it is provided that if 
for any reason an award is not satisfactory to an exhibitor he may 
file notice to that effect with the president of the superior jury within 
three days after the official notification of the award ; this notice shall 
be followed within seven days by a written statement setting forth 
at length his views as to wherein the award is unjust. We see now 
that the superior jury has been disbanded within three or four days 
after most of the exhibitors received their official notification, thus 
cutting off the opportunity of exhibitors who were dissatisfied with 
the awards to present their cases as provided for by the rules. 

We are also informed that instead of the superior jury hearing any 
protests or complaints of the awards, these were referred to subboards 
or sub juries made up in the main of jurors who had been brought up 
by the chiefs from the various group juries to the superior jury by the 
methods heretofore described. 

We have also been informed by a gentleman who attempted to 
make a protest and get a hearing before these subcommittees so or- 
ganized with the superior jury that he was informed he could only 
make his complaint to the chief of the department from which the 
exhibit referred to came, and when one chief was approached he 
said he would not permit the matter complained of to be investigated 
by the superior jury. He then appealed to the full superior jury to 
hear him, and he was informed that they had agreed that no one 
should be heard. So that it occurs to us that the thing we sought to 
warn you against has been practically accomplished, and the assur- 
ance given us that the method by which these things might be cor- 
rected has been denied, so that if we understand your contention that 
we were only to approve the system of making awards instead of the 
awards we claim the system that we approved has been violated from 
start to finish. 

We also find that some jurors who were appointed* and approved 
for certain departments had been transferred to other groups and 
departments without the knowledge or approval of the National 
Commission. 

We are not thoroughly familiar with the character of all your 
chiefs for integrity or impartiality, but from some things that we 
have heard we are unwilling for some of them to make up a list of 
awards without the National Commission's performance of the duty 
that devolves on us by the act of Congress and by section 6 of article 
22 of the rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion, adopted in pursuance of an act of Congress of the United States, 
and Ave again wish to protest as we have had occasion to do several 
times before, against the apparent disposition on the part of the local 
company to ignore the National Commission, and disregard the 
powers vested in this body by the act of Congress, under which this 
exposition is held. 

We see from the papers that your company, without any reference 
to the National Commission, is proceeding to publish the list of 
awards made as heretofore described in this communication. We 
wish to enter a protest against this being done, and to inform you 
that under section 4 of the act of Congress a board of arbitration is 
provided for, " to whom all matters of difference arising between 



88 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the Commission and said company concerning the administration, 
management, and general supervision of said exposition, including 
all matters of difference arising out of the power given by this act to 
the said company, or to the said National Commission to modify or 
approve any act of the other of the two bodies, shall be referred for 
determination," and to notify you that we insist upon such arbitra- 
tion if your company insists upon its refusal to submit these awards 
to the National Commission for approval. 

The matters to be submitted to said arbitration board are as fol- 
lows: 

First. The right of the National Commission to have submitted for 
its approval the awards found under the jury system and ready to be 
promulgated by the superior jury. 

Second. If our contention as to our rights in this matter be found 
by said board of arbitration against us, then as to whether or not the 
rules and regulations adopted by the local company and the National 
Commission governing the system of awards have been so complied 
with as to bind the National Commission to any approval of the 
system by which the awards have been made. 

Third. Whether or not, under the rules and regulations, it is neces- 
sary for the president of the National Commission to sign the diplo- 
mas or certificate of awards; and if so, can his name be put on 
such diplomas or certificates without his consent. 

We trust any further announcement of the awards of the superior 
jury may be withheld until this matter shall have been arbitrated. 
Respectfully, 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 
John M. Allen, Acting President. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Exposition Company, Building. 

A formal acknowledgment of this letter was received from Secre- 
tary Stevens, with the advice that the same had been placed before 
the executive committee for consideration. 

At about this time there appeared in several St. Louis newspapers 
advertisements of prominent firms of St. Louis, setting forth the 
alleged fact that they had been awarded grand prizes on their 
exhibits, and in connection with such advertisements was displayed 
a cut of an official award ribbon, bearing the facsimile signature of 
the president, the director of exhibits, the secretary of the Exposition 
Company, and the chief of the department in which the exhibit was 
made. 

The fact that the awards were being advertised broadcast in this 
manner before they had been approved by the Commission was called 
to the attention of President Francis by Mr. Allen, acting president, 
by a letter under date of November 4, as follows: 

November 4, 1004. 
Sir: If the, inclosed advertisement is published by authority of 
(lie Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, it seems to be directly 
in conflict with the understanding had with the National Commission 



'^ 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 89 

that before awards be announced officially they were to be submitted 
to the National Commission for approval. This advertisement pur- 
ports to be by authority of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany, signed by David R. Francis, president, and F. J. V. Skiff, 
director of exhibits. No final action on awards by the superior jury 
have been submitted to the National Commission, but nearly all the 
exhibitors in the exhibit buildings are advertising what purports to 
be the official awards. 

We most earnestly submit that this action on the part of the exhib- 
itors is in direct conflict with the law and with the agreement had with 
you by the National Commission, and if it is being done with the ap- 
proval of your company, we desire again to protest against it. We 
understood after our demand for arbitration on the construction of 
the law as to the right of the National Commission to approve or dis- 
approve of awards, that your company agreed to our contention, and 
that these awards were to be submitted to us before being published. 
If your understanding does not accord with ours, we again ask for 
arbitration. If it does accord with ours, we insist that the spirit of 
this agreement be adhered to. 

Very respectfully, John M. Allen, 

Acting President. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition 

Company, Administration Building. 

The following communication was received from President Francis, 
in reply to Mr. Allen's letter : 

November 4, 1904. 
Dear Sir: I am in receipt of contents of your letter of this date 
concerning the advertisement of the Brown Shoe Company of their 
awards. It surprised me as much as it did you. I have instituted 
inquiries, and as soon as I ascertain by whose authority the announce- 
ment was put in the papers, I shall advise you. Of course you know 
that the exposition authorities had no knowledge of such an adver- 
tisement until it was given to the public. These ribbons are sold by 
a concessionaire, who was instructed weeks ago to sell none of them 
until the awards are officially announced. 

Very truly, yours, D. R. Francis, 

President. 
Hon. J. M. Allen, 

Acting President National Commission, St. Louis, Mo. 

Shortly after the receipt of the foregoing letter from President 
Francis another letter bearing the same matter was delivered to the 
Commission, as follows : 

November 4, 1904. 

Dear Sir: Since writing you a hurried note this morning, I have 
read your letter more carefully, and desire to state in addition that, 
referring to that portion of your letter relating to what you term an 
" agreement " between this company and the National Commission 
that no award can be made without being approved by the Commis- 
sion, I beg to say I am not advised of such an agreement or under- 



90 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

standing having been made. It was our understanding that, before 
official notification to exhibitors, a list of the awards made by the 
superior jury would be furnished by the secretary of said jury to the 
Commission and also to this company for their information and for 
the purpose of giving to the Commission and to this company an oppor- 
tunity to call the attention of the jury (or the committee of five now 
acting as such) to any errors which the Commission or this company 
might discover, so that the same might be considered and corrected 
before giving official notification to the exhibitors. My understand- 
ing is that the committee of five are sending these lists as fast as its 
clerical force can make them out. 

Yours, truly, • D. R. Francis, 

President. 
Hon. John M. Allen, 

Acting President National Commission. 

On November 5, Mr. Allen addressed another communication to 
President Francis, as follows : 

November 5, 1904. 

Sir: The National Commission is in receipt of your two letters of 
the 4th instant, in reply to one of same date sent to you. The first of 
the two letters recognizes our contention. Your second letter is one 
of the most surprising communications we have ever had from the 
local company. You seem to have mended your hold after your first 
letter of the 4th instant and for some reason repudiated what Mr. 
Miller, Mr. Betts, and the writer clearly understood to be an acquies- 
cence in and an agreement to the contentions as to the rights of the 
National Commission contained in our letter to you of October 18. 
We inclose herewith a copy of said letter of the 18th instant for the 
purpose of refreshing your memory without the necessity of looking 
it up. 

You will see that in that letter we defined the contention of the 
National Commission as to its right to approve or disapprove of the 
awards of the juries, and it concludes with a demand for arbitration 
unless this right is conceded by your company. 

You will remember that instead of answering this letter you invited 
Mr. Betts and the writer into your office, where we sent for Mr. 
Miller, to discuss this question. You should remember that when 
you broached this subject the writer said to you, " We are not looking 
for work, nor are we looking for trouble, but we think Congress has 
imposed this duty of approving and disapproving these awards on 
us, and we will not shirk it." There was considerable discussion in 
your office that day, but no intimation from you or airyone else that 
there was still opposition to our contention. You went on to say 
that the lists that you were getting out were not official in any sense 
and would not be until we said so. 

You Avill recall that this interview between us was at j^our sugges- 
tion and intended, we supposed, as an answer to our communication 
of the ISth of October, in which we had demanded arbitration on 
(his very question. You say in your second letter of the 4th instant 
that " II was our understanding that before official notification to 
exhibitors a list of awards of the superior jury would be furnished by 
the secretary of said jury to the Commission and also to this company 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 91 

for their information and for the purpose of giving the Commission 
and this company an opportunity to call the attention of the jury, or 
the committee of five now acting as such, to any errors which the 
Commission or this company might discover, so that the same might 
be considered and corrected before giving official notification to the 
exhibitors." We can not understand where you could have gotten 
that understanding. I know that there was nothing said about the 
National Commission having a list submitted to it for any other pur- 
pose than the purpose of approval or disapproval. We never asked 
for a list for information, nor was anything ever said about referring 
anything back to the committee of five. What was ever said by the 
members of the National Commission then present to indicate to you 
that we withdrew or abandoned our demand for arbitration if the 
right of approval or disapproval was not accorded the National Com- 
mission ? And if nothing was said by us evidencing such an abandon- 
ment of the demand, what answer have you ever made to such a 
demand? If your conversation with the members of the National 
Commission in your office that day was not intended to make the 
impression on them that you assented to sending the awards to the 
National Commission for approval or disapproval, it was as mislead- 
ing a conversation as I ever listened to, and both the other gentlemen 
of the National Commission who were present agree with me in this 
view. 

Right here let me suggest that in the future our written communi- 
cations be answered in writing. We will then at least have a record 
in writing. 

We reiterate that we are not looking for trouble or work, but as 
the representatives of the Federal Government we do not propose, 
if we can prevent it, to acquiesce in having the awards of this exposi- 
tion promulgated without our approval when we think the law 
devolves this duty upon us. If your second letter of the 4th instant, 
in which you state your understanding, is the course your company 
proposes to take about this matter, we reiterate our demand for 
arbitration as contained in our letter of October 18. We suppose it 
will not be contended that we have lost the right of arbitration. We 
insist that there be no official promulgation of the action of the 
superior jury until such arbitration shall have been concluded. 

Awaiting your early reply, 

Very respectfully, John M. Allen, 

Acting President. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 

A dminis tra tion Building . 

Under date of November 8, President Francis replied to the fore- 
going letter as follows : 

November 8, 1904. 
Dear Sir : Your communication of Saturday, November 5, was not 
read by me until yesterday, Monday, November 7, and was submitted 
to the executive committee to-day. I can not say whether the tone 
and spirit of the letter, or the statement that you misunderstood the 
position of the Exposition Company, was the more surprising. I 
desire to state emphatically that at no time have I ever told j^ou or 
said anything that would justify you in believing that the Exposition 



92 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Company accepted the contention that the National Commission has 
the right to approve or disapprove the awards of the superior jury 
before they are final. It is true I did invite you into my office after 
the receipt of your letter of October 18, and also true that I stated to 
you I regretted the view taken by the National Commission of its 
prerogatives or its duty, but none the less true that I also said that, 
inasmuch as the rules governing the system of awards had been pro- 
mulgated and acted upon after approval by the Exhibition Company 
and the National Commission, that neither the Exposition Company 
nor the National Commission has the right to review the awards or 
overturn them. I did state that no official announcement of awards 
would be made until the Exposition Company and the National Com- 
mission should be advised of what they were, to the end that, if there 
had been any irregularity in the awarding, any errors or omissions, 
or any fraud, the same might be corrected; but at no time have I 
ever said anything that would justify you or anyone else in the con- 
clusion that either the Exposition Company or the National Commis- 
sion had the right to review the action of the superior jury with the 
power to overturn the awards on the ground that they were not justly 
made on the merits of the exhibits. It was certainly my understand- 
ing when we parted after the conference in my office that the situation 
was clear to you, and I have a distinct recollection, as does Judge 
Ferriss, who was present at the conference, that Mr. Betts accepted 
the situation. You offered no definite objection, but did state in an 
interrogatory tone that you were not yet ready to relinquish the 
right of the National Commission to approve the awards. I have 
had no conversation with you since that date on the subject, but 
Judge Boyle tells me that in conversation with Mr, Betts on the sub- 
ject, after the interview in my office, he told Mr. Betts that the 
superior jury was progressing with its work and had no objection to 
any member or members of the National Commission being present 
at its sessions; and further, that as fast as the work progressed the 
results would be informally communicated to the National Commis- 
sion, so that if the Commission should find any errors it could call 
the committee's attention to same, so that corrections could be made 
before an official announcement of awards. His impression, from the 
conversation with Mr. Betts, was that this arrangement was entirely 
satisfactory to the Commission, and would obviate any further con- 
troversy as to the right of the Commission to approve or disapprove 
the awards before they became final. 

I therefore not only deny any intention to mislead you or the 
National Commission concerning the position of the superior jury 
and the Exposition Company, but state emphatically that I have said 
nothing that justifies any belief or impression on the part of anyone 
that either the superior jury or the Exposition Company admitted 
the contention of the National Commission that it had the right to 
approve or disapprove awards finally made by the superior jury in 
pursuance of the rules and regulations adopted by this company and 
approved by the Commission. 

I made, I wo replies to your letter of November 4, and my reason 
for doing so was explained in the second letter. My first letter was 
dictated Immediately o.i receipt, and on a cursory reading of your 
communication inclosing the advertisement of an award in the morn- 
ing papers of November 4, and was hurriedly made through earnest 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 93 

consideration for and extreme courtesy toward the National Commis- 
sion. It merely advised that I was investigating the advertisement 
and would report as soon as I could learn upon what authority of 
the Exposition Company or superior jury, if any, it had been inserted 
in the daily papers. Upon a rereading of your letter and a reference 
of same to members of the superior jury, nry attention was called to 
the fact that a failure to reply to that portion of your letter claiming 
the right of the National Commission to approve or disapprove 
awards made on their merits might be construed as an acknowledg- 
ment of such contention, whereupon I sent to you the second commu- 
nication. Until the receipt of your letter of the 5th, I was under the 
impression that the situation as it exists was accepted by the National 
Commission, as it has been by the Exposition Company. 

I note .the request in your letter " that in future our (your) written 
communications be answered in writing," and it will be complied 
with. Furthermore, if this request is made by authority of the 
National Commission, as such, I desire that all communications of 
the National Commission to the Exposition Company shall hereafter 
be in writing. 

As to your request for an arbitration, if you still insist on having 
it the Exposition Company will interpose no obstacle. 

In this connection, I desire to inform you that the diplomas or 
certificates of award provided for in the rules and regulations are 
being engraved, and the facsimile signatures of the president, secre- 
tary, and director of exhibits of the Exposition Company, and of the 
president of the National Commission placed thereon. If the Na- 
tional Commission is unwilling to have the name of its president 
engraved on these diplomas until or unless the awards are approved 
by the National Commission, the fact should be made known at the 
earliest possible moment, so that there may be no unnecessary ex- 
pense incurred. 

This letter has been submitted to the executive committee of the 
Exposition Company and has been approved by it. 
Yours, truly 

D. R. Francis, 

President. 

Hon. John M. Allen, 

Acting President National Commission, 

Administration Building. 

Informal conferences were held with the exposition officials from 
time to time, but no agreement was reached, and on November 11 
the Commission submitted the following draft of suggestions to the 
Exposition Company for the finding of the board of arbitration : 

First. The awards as made by the superior jury are final and bind- 
ing upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, 
unless the same are impeached for fraud, or unless misconduct 
amounting to fraud is proven. 

Second. The lists of awards as made by the superior jury are to 
be transmitted to the Exposition Company, and certificates of awards 
shall be authorized by said company, and thereafter said lists are to 
be transmitted to the National Commission and certificates of award 
authorized by said Commission, all without further question or in- 



94 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

vestigation, unless the said awards are impeached for fraud or mis- 
conduct, as hereinbefore stated. 

Third. No complaint or protest as to any of said awards will be 
received or considered, either by the Exposition Company or the 
National Commission, unless the same is made in writing over the 
signature of some competiting exhibitor and substantiated by affi- 
davit or other sworn testimony establishing a prima facie case of such 
fraud or misconduct in procuring or making of said award. 

The arbitration committee of the Exposition Company replied to 
the foregoing propositions as follows : 

November 11, 1904. 

Dear Sir : After consulting Judge Boyle I find that the suggestions 
you have presented for a finding by the board of arbitration will be 
acceptable to both of us if the following amendments are made : 

First. Change in the first clause, so as to read as follows : 

" The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding 
upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, except 
as to any award or awards which are impeached by said company or 
Commission for fraudulent conduct on the part of said jury in 
making the awards." 

Second. Omit entirely the third clause. 

We are of the opinion that ample provision is made in the rules 
and regulations for having any fraud or fraudulent conduct on the 
part of any subordinate jury or juror fully considered and deter- 
mined by appeal to the superior jury, and that no further precaution 
or provision is needed unless the conduct of the superior jury is shown 
to have been fraudulent. 

Our purpose in striking out the third clause is that a charge of 
fraud against the superior jury should be made only when supported 
with the character and dignity pertaining to the Exposition Company 
or the National Commission, and that the provision made in the 
third clause for affidavits is wholly unnecessary because the charge 
would not be made by either of those bodies except upon such evi- 
dence as they would be satisfied warranted making the charge. 
Yours, very truly, 

Chas. W. Knapp, 
Member Board of Arbitration. 

Hon. John M. Thurston, 

Member Arbitration Board, National Commission. 

On November 12, 1904, the Commission addressed the following 
communication to the President of the Exposition Company, for- 
bidding the use of the signature of the president of the Commission 
to any certificate of award until the matter at issue was determined. 

November 12, 1904. 

Sir : Your letter of November 8 received and contents noted. 

The statements contained therein as to what occurred in your office 
on the 19th of October in your interview with Mr. Betts, Mr. Miller, 
and the writer do not accord with the distinct recollection or under- 
standing of any of the three parties mentioned. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 95 

I am glad to know that our communications will hereafter be in 
writing, that these misunderstandings may be avoided. The National 
Commission is in entire accord with this position, and we will try and 
observe our part of this understanding. 

The informal conferences between the members of the National 
Commission and representatives of your company seem to have 
resulted in no definite understanding, and the Commission therefore 
insists that arbitration be had to determine the true effect and mean- 
ing of section 6 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, as 
affecting the rights and duties of the National Commission to approve 
or not approve the awards. 

In the meantime and until this question is determined the Commis- 
sion can not authorize the use of its president's signature on any 
certificate of award. 

In any arrangement preliminary to the settlement of this contro- 
versy the writer will be pleased to confer with your arbitration com- 
mittee at any time. 

Very respectfully, John M. Allen, 

Acting President. 

Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Exposition Company, Building. 

After many futile efforts to reach an agreement as to the subject- 
matter to be submitted for arbitration, it became obvious to the Com- 
mission that it was the intention of the Exposition Company to 
ignore the right of the Commission to finally consider or approve the 
awards of the superior jury. Under these circumstances the presi- 
dent of the Commission was directed, on November 22, 1904, by reso- 
lution, to forward to the president of the Exposition Company a 
communication summing up the controversy and stating clearly the 
stand taken by the Commission. 

The communication is as follows : 

St. Louis, November 22\ 1904. 

Sir : To the end that an understanding may be reached as to issues 
involved in correspondence between your company and the National 
Commission, extending from the month of May, 1904, almost to the 
present date, relative to the appointment of jurors and the awarding 
of premiums, it appears desirable and necessary that the law and the 
facts be briefly stated and the relative position of your company and 
the Commission clearly defined. 

In so far as applicable to the subjects referred to, section 6 of the 
act of Congress making an appropriation for the exposition, and for 
other purposes, approved March 3, 1901, reads as follows: 

" That the allotment of space for exhibitors, classification of 
exhibits, plan and scope of the exposition, the appointment of all 
judges and examiners for the exposition, and the awarding of pre- 
miums, if any, shall all be done and performed by the said Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company, subject, however, to the approval of 
the Commission created by section two of this act." 

Under and in conformity with the provisions of law above cited, 
certain general and special rules and regulations providing for an 
international jury and governing the system of making awards were 



96 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

submitted by the company and approved by the Commission in the 
year 1903. 

The general rules applicable read as follows : 

Article XXII. 



Section 1. The system of awards will be competitive. The merit 
of exhibits as determined by the jury of awards will be manifested 
by the issuance of diplomas, which will be divided into four classes — 
a grand prize, a gold medal, a silver medal, and a bronze medal. 

Sec. 2. No exhibit can be excluded from competition for award 
without the consent of the president of the Exposition Company 
after a review of the reasons or motives by competent authorities 
hereafter to be provided. 

Sec. 3. In a fixed ratio to the number of exhibits, but reserving to 
the citizens of the United States approximately 60 per cent of the 
jury membership, the construction of the international jury will be 
based upon a predetermined number of judges allotted to each group 
of the classification and upon the number and importance of the 
exhibits in such group. 

Sec. 4. A chairman of the group jury will be elected by his col- 
leagues in each group, this chairman to become, by right of his 
position, a member of the department jury, which department jury 
shall in turn elect its chairman, who shall thereupon become a mem- 
ber of the superior jury. 

Sec. 5. Special rules and regulations governing the system of mak- 
ing awards and determining the extent to which foreign countries 
may have representation on the juries, will be hereafter promulgated. 

Sec. 6. Allotment of space for exhibitors, the classification of 
exhibits, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposi- 
tion, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done and per- 
formed by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject, 
however, to the approval of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Commission. 

The special rules provide for the appoinment of three graded 
juries, designated as, first, the general organization of group juries; 
second, department juries, and, third, the superior jury. 

At the conclusion of the recital of the manner of selecting the 
jurors a paragraph in section 3 of the rules provides that " all the 
above nominations shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, 
except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any 
subsequent time." 

In conclusion, the section last referred to reads as follows : 

" The nominations of group jurors and alternates, when approved 
by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the presi- 
dent of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for approval 
of that body. 

" These nominations having been considered and confirmed by the 
authorities as provided by section 6 of the act of Congress relating to 
(lie approval of the awarding of premiums, the appointment of the 
international jury shall be made in accordance with section (> of 
Article XXII of (he official rules and regulations of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company." 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 97 

Section 6 of the aforesaid special rules provides that — 
" The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and 
shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter." 

Section 15 of the special rules and regulations provides that — 
" The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards 
to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are form- 
ally presented for its consideration." 

Section 16 of the special rules and regulations provides that — 
" The work of the superior jury shall be completed on October 15, 
1904, and, as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public announce- 
ment of the awards shall be made. A final complete list of awards 
shall be published by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 
in accordance with the provisions of section 6 of the act of Congress, 
and section 6, Article XXII, of the rules and regulations." 
Sec. 27 of the special rules and regulations provides that — 
" The diplomas or certificates of award for exhibitors shall be 
signed by the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commis- 
sion, the secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 
the director of exhibits, and the chief of the department to which the 
exhibit pertains." 

The foregoing rules clearly required the submission of the names of 
all proposed jurors to the Commission for its approval or disapproval 
prior to August 1, 1904, except as to nominations to fill vacancies. 

Realizing the necessity for the exercise of great care on the part of 
the Commission in the discharge of its duties in the premises, and the 
necessity for ample time for investigation as to the fitness of persons 
and their willingness to serve as jurors of awards, the Commission 
addressed you a letter under date of May 18, 1904, reading as follows : 
" Sir: Inasmuch as objections may be urged to the appointment of 
certain persons upon juries of awards, it is the intention of the 
National Commission to give public notice, allowing reasonable time 
for the filing of any objections that may be offered to the appointment 
of any individual on a jury. As this proceeding will necessarily 
consume time, it is desirable that the names of persons proposed for 
the respective juries be transmitted to the Commission from time to 
time, as the respective groups are completed by the company. It is 
believed that final action can be reached in a more orderly and satis- 
factory manner by taking up the names proposed for each jurv^ sep- 
arately rather than to have the entire membership of all the juries 
submitted for consideration simultaneously. 
" Yours, very respectfully, 

" Thos. H. Carter, 

"President." 

Our files do not show any recognition of this communication by 
your company. A short time thereafter the Commission was unoffi- 
cially advised that certain jurors had been selected hy the company 
and were actually exercising the functions of judges and examiners 
without notice to or approval by the Commission, and on the 23d of 
May, 1905, this fact was duly called to your attention by letter. 
Some time later the director of exhibits appeared before the Commis- 
sion and admitted that certain examiners and jurors had been selected, 
"without reference to the Commission, to pass upon exhibits of a per- 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 7 



98 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



ishable character. In three communications, each bearing the date of 
June 3, 1904, you transmitted the names of the jurors referred to, and 
in the light of the explanations made by the director of exhibits and 
in your communications, the Commission, with many misgivings as to 
the regularity of the proceedings and solely to avoid embarrassment 
to the exhibitors and to the company, approved the names submitted 
as of the date of their selection by the company. 

Aside from the few jurors thus irregularly selected for emergency 
work, no jurors were nominated or submitted to the Commission as 
required by the rules and regulations prior to August 1. 

The first list of group jurors was transmitted in your communication 
bearing date of August 10, delivered to the Commission about August 
15, and the last list was transmitted to this Commission on October 27. 

The respective dates of your letter transmitting nominations of 
group jurors and the respective dates of the receipt of the same by 
the Commission are as follows: 



Department. 

Education and Social Econ- 
omy 



Art Department 



Liberal Arts . . 
Manufactures 
Machinery 



Electricity 

Transportation . 
Horticulture ... 



Agriculture 



Fish and game 

Mines and metallurgy 



Anthropology 
cal cultu 



Physical culture 
Live stock 



Poultry 

Dogs and pigeons. 
Rabbits 



Country, 



Austria ... 
Argentine 



Date of 
letters 

pf 

Exposi- 
tion 
Com- 
pany. 



Aug. 10 
Sept. 6 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 23 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 27 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 25 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 16 



Date 
same 
letters 
respec- 
tively 

re- 
ceived 
by Na- 
tional 
Com- 
mission. 



Aug. 15 
Oct. 3 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 28 
Aug. 29 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 29 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 20 



Corrected list 
Oct. 18. 



Sept. 7 
Aug. 10 
Sept. 9 
Aug. 10 
Sept. 8 
June 3 
Aug. 18 
Aug. 23 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 13 
Aug. 31 
Sept. 2 
Aug. 10 
Aug. 31 

Aug. io 
Sept. 6 
Sept. 13 . 
Corrected list 



I Sept. 10 
Aug. 15 

Aug. 15 
Oct. 3 
June 6 
Aug. 19 
Aug. 24 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 22 
Sept. 3 

Aug. 15 
Sept. 1 
Sept. 3 
Aug. 15 
Oct. 3 
Oct. 27 



Oct 
Aujg. 10 

Aug. 4 
Aug. 11 
Sept, 1 
Sept. 26 
Oct. 17 
Oct. 22 



Aug. 12 
Sept, 7 
Aug.JM 



18. 
Aug. 15 

Do. 
Aug. 19 
Aug. 18 
Sept, 14 
Oct. 3 
Oct. 27 

Do. 



Aug. 15 
Sept. i:i 
Aug. 26 



Coun try— Continued. 



Brazil . 



Belgium . 
Bulgaria . 
Ceylon... 
China 



Cuba... 
Egypt. 
France . 



Germany 



Guatemala ... 
Great Britain. 



Hungary. 

Holland . . 

Haiti 

India 

Italy 



Japan.. 

Monaco 
Mexico. 



Netherlands . 
Nicaragua . . . 
Porto Rico... 

Portugal 

Russia 

Sweden 



Slam 

Venezuela 



Date of 
letters 

of 
Exposi- 
tion 
Com- 
pany. 



Date 
same 
letters 
respec- 
tively 

re- 
ceived 
by Na- 
tional 
Com- 
mission. 



Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
...do 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept, 
...do 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept, 
...do 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
Sept, 
Sept, 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Sept. 

A "So 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 

Aug. 
Sept. 
Aug. 
Aug. 

Sept. 



Aug. 22 
Sept. 1 
Aug. 15 
Sept. 1 
Aug. 15 

Sept. 1 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 18 
Aug. 15 
Sept. 12 
Aug. 26 
Sept. 1 
Sept. 12 

Do! 

Do. 
Aug. 18 
Aug. 26 
Sept. 12 
Sept. 1 
Sept. 18 
Sept. 13 
Sept, 12 
Aug. 26 
Aug. 18 
Sept, 1 
Aug. 30 
Sept. 1 
Sept. 18 
Sept, 17 
Aug. SB 
Sept. 8 
Sept, 12 
Aug. 18 
Aug. 86 
Sept. 12 
Aug. 26 

Do. 

Aug. ;>o 
Aug. 88 
Sept. 1 
Aug. 19 
Sept. L8 
Aug. 18 

Do. 
Sept, 2 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 99 

On the morning of October 3 thirteen letters of transmittal signed 
by you, bearing dates between August 31 and September 27, were 
delivered to the Commission, inclosing twenty nominations to fill 
vacancies in group juries, and on October 6 the secretary of the supe- 
rior jury delivered to the Commission what purported to be a cor- 
rected list of group jurors who had actually served. Thereafter, in 
your letters of October 17, 22, and 24, delivered to the Commission 
on October 27, you transmitted what you assume to be " a roster of 
those who served as group jurors in the various departments of the 
exposition." 

This last series of names transmitted by you does not agree with 
the list delivered by the secretary of the superior jury on October 6, 
but by checking and comparison we find that the several lists de- 
livered to the Commission between October 3 and October 27 show 
the names of over sixty persons who served as group jurors without 
having been submitted to the Commission for approval, and these 
have not been approved. Other names appear on the lists referred 
to which were originally approved by the Commission for service in 
one group who were, without notice to the Commission, assigned to 
service in other groups. Upon this point it is believed by the Com- 
mission that the names should have been resubmitted for approval 
in order to make the appointments valid, it being evident that the 
Commission might regard a person as a competent judge of live stock, 
but incompetent to pass upon the merits of a mineral exhibit or of 
electrical appliances. 

It is obvious from the foregoing record that the rules were not 
observed by the Exposition Company in the nomination of jurors, 
and it is further clear that through the failure of the company to 
observe the rules the Commission was in all instances deprived of 
opportunity to give notice or to take reasonable time to make proper 
investigation as to the fitness of nominees, and their willingness to 
serve, and in many cases no opportunity whatever was allowed for 
the purposes indicated, and, finally, as to a large number of the jurors, 
the Commission was not advised of their selection until they had 
exercised their functions and departed from the grounds. 

Disregard of the rules and regulations in this behalf not only 
defeated the purpose of the law in providing for the exercise of the 
powers of approval or disapproval on the part of the Commission, 
but left insufficient time for notice to the persons appointed to enable 
them to appear and discharge their duties within the allotted period, 
and in consequence a large number of those approved by the Com- 
mission on short notice, being unable to appear within the time stated, 
were set aside by the company and substitutes named, of whose 
competency the company could not, in the nature of things, be 
advised, and of whom the Commission had no knowledge whatever. 

Notwithstanding the violation of the rules, and manifest irregu- 
larity in the formation of the group juries, we understand you to 
inform us that the power of approval or disapproval of awards vested 
in the National Commission by section 6 of the act of Congress shall 
not be exercised as to any award made in connection with the expo- 
sition. To the end that there may be no misunderstanding upon this 
point, the following quotation from your letter to the acting president 
of the Commission under date of November 8 is incorporated : 

" I desire to state emphatically that at no time have I ever told 
you, or said anything that would justify you in believing, that the 



100 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Exposition Company accept the contention that the National Com- 
mission has the right to approve or disapprove the awards of the 
superior jury before they are final. * * * That neither the 
Exposition Company nor the National Commission had the right to 
review the awards or overturn them." 

The Commission understands your contention to be that the judg- 
ment of the superior jury is not only final but conclusive, and that 
the rule under which this contention is made operates to nullify the 
language of the act of Congress, which provides that " The awarding 
of premiums, if any, shall be done and performed by said Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company, subject to the approval of the Com- 
mission created by this act." Even if such construction could be 
accepted as plausibly tenable, which the Commission denies, it could 
only be so regarded by virtue of previous conformity to the rules 
providing for the nomination of jurors by the company and their 
approval by the Commission. To commit the Commission to the 
approval of the conclusions reached by jurors, with whose selection 
they had nothing whatever to do, can not be accepted as even a color- 
able compliance with the law. The Commission holds that the judg- 
ment of the superior jury is final in so far as the juries are concerned, 
but that above and beyond the superior jury the Exposition Company 
and the National Commission have certain statutory duties to perform 
which they could neither delegate nor ignore. 

The files of the National Commission are to-day encumbered with 
complaints and affidavits which amply vindicate the wisdom of the 
law in providing for final approval of awards before their promulga- 
tion. It is not the intention to here assume that any charge of fraud 
or misconduct on the part of any person connected with the awarding 
of premiums has been established, but the fact must be stated that 
reputable persons have filed charges with the Commission in the form 
of affidavits and otherwise, alleging such grave misconduct on the 
part of certain persons who acted in connection with the awards as to 
bring about an unavoidable necessity for a reasonable investigation 
before final approval is given to the acts of the persons charged with 
fraud and misconduct. 

The value of each award is dependent upon the credit to which the 
action of the juries, the company, and the Commission may be enti- 
tled at every step from the beginning of the examination to the final 
approval of the award. 

At an informal conference in the course of an attempt to reach a 
basis for action, three members of the Commission suggested to your 
executive board the propriety of submitting for the approval of the 
board of arbitration the following : 

First. The awards, as made by the superior jury, are final and 
binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, 
unless the same are impeached for fraud, or unless misconduct, 
amounting to fraud, is proved. 

Second. The lists of awards, as made by the superior jury, are to be 
transmitted to the Exposition Company, and certificates of award 
shall be authorized by said company; and thereafter said lists are to 
be transmitted to the National Commission and certificates of award 
authorized by said Commission, all without further question or inves- 
tigation, unless the said awards are impeached for fraud or miscon- 
duct, as hereinbefore stated. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 101 

Third. No complaint or protest as to any of said awards will be 
received or considered either by the Exposition Company or the 
National Commission unless the same is made in writing over the 
signature of some competing exhibitor and substantiated by affidavits 
or other sworn testimony establishing a prima facie case of such fraud 
or misconduct in procuring or making of said award. 

Your representative did not entertain the proposition for arbitra- 
tion, according to the suggestions submitted, but proposed to change 
the first clause so as to confine the impeachment of an award or awards 
to fraudulent conduct on the part of the superior jury, and thus to 
exclude inquiries concerning fraud, if any, practiced on any jury by 
successful competitors, or misconduct on the part of individual jurors, 
or misconduct on the part of any officer or representative of the Expo- 
sition Company, amounting to fraudulent influence and affecting the 
character of an award, or the course of procedure in reference thereto. 
The representatives of the Exposition Company declined to consider 
the third clause suggested. 

A communication was received from Mr. Knapp, a member of 
your arbitration board, under date of November 11, submitting 
amendments to the suggestions transmitted by the Commission under 
the same date, as follows : 

(1) Change in the first clause so as to read as follows: 

" The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding 
upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, except 
as to any award or awards which are impeached by said company or 
Commission for fraudulent conduct on the part of said jury in 
making the award." 

(2) Omit entirely the third clause. 

The restrictions thus sought to be placed upon the investigation of 
charges of fraud or misconduct as proposed by the amendment were 
unsatisfactory. 

First. Because the impeachment of an award, as construed by your 
Mr. Knapp's letter, was to be confined exclusively to the company and 
the Commission, whereas in the judgment of the Commission any 
party feeling aggrieved, and having knowledge of the fraud or mis- 
conduct complained of, should be permitted to come forward with 
the charges and proofs. 

Second. In confining the investigation of alleged fraudulent con- 
duct to the superior jury alone, the proposed amendment would 
obviously operate to preclude any inquiry into any charge of fraud 
or misconduct on the part of any group or department jury or jurors, 
or any person or persons not connected with the juries, who might, 
through fraud, bribery, or misrepresentation have illegally or wrong- 
fully influenced or procured an award, the facts concerning which 
may not have been brought to the attention of the superior jury for 
investigation. 

Third. In confining the investigation to the action of the superior 
jury your proposed amendment practically precluded the possibility 
of any investigation, for the reason that the good faith of the superior 
jury is not regarded by the Commission as open to question, nor has 
the Commission contemplated as possible any necessity to question 
the findings of the superior jury on any subject properly and fully 
presented to, and decided by, that body on the merits. 



102 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

It has been, and is, the contention of the Commission that fraud 
or corruption at any stage of the proceedings, whether discovered 
before or after action by the superior jury, if not investigated and 
adjudicated by that jury on the merits, should be open to the freest 
and fullest investigation by the Company and the Commission before 
final approval of the award. 

In conclusion we briefly recapitulate the following points of law 
and fact, which we hold to be beyond dispute: 

First. The law provides that the appointment of all judges and 
examiners for the exposition shall be approved by the Commission. 

Second. The rules provide that all nominations of group jurors 
shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, except that nominations 
made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent time. 

Third. That the nominations of jurors were not made to the Com- 
mission prior to August 1, as required by the rules. 

Fourth. That no appointment of a juror could be legal or effective 
until approved by the Commission. 

Fifth. That a large number of jurors were not nominated to the 
Commission until after they had performed their functions and re- 
paired to their homes. 

Sixth. That nominations of jurors were not made to the Commis- 
sion in time to permit of any reasonable notice or investigation as to 
their fitness or willingness to serve. 

Seventh. That in contemplation of law the Commission in approv- 
ing or disapproving of an award would be called upon to exercise a 
quasi- judicial rather than a mere ministerial function, or, in other 
words, that the approval was not contemplated as a perfunctory act, 
and that, therefore, under no theory of construction can it be held 
that the Commission, not having been consulted in the appointment 
of jurors, as provided by the rules, is estopped from investigating 
charges of fraud or misconduct in procuring or making the awards. 

Eighth. That before approval, it is the right, and is, therefore, the 
duty of the Commission, under the law, where the charges are of a 
character sufficiently grave and adequately sustained by affidavits, or 
otherwise, to investigate any charge of fraud made at any stage of 
the proceedings, either in the selection of the jurors or in procuring 
or making the awards. 

Ninth. That under special rule No. 27 neither the superior jury nor 
the Exposition Company has the right to issue or promulgate any 
diploma, certificate, or other evidence of award for exhibitors without 
the signature of the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Commission having been previously attached thereto by authority of 
the Commission. 

Holding these views and representing the Government of the 
United States in these important transactions, the Commission can 
not permit the use of its name, nor the name of any of its officers or 
members, in connection with any diploma, certificate, or other evi- 
dence of award while any part of the proceedings rest under ade- 
quately supported and uninvestigated charges of bribery, attempted 
bribery, corruption, fraud, or misconduct amounting to fraud. 

In view of the position of your company, as announced in your 
letter of November 8, from which quotations are herein made, by 
direction of the Commission, I hereby notify you to refrain from 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 103 

using the name of the Commission or of any of its officers or mem- 
bers in or connected with any diploma, certificate, or other evidence 
of award for any exhibit or under special rule No. 27, until such time 
as the proposed award shall have been by you submitted to the Com- 
mission for approval, as provided in section 6 of the act of Congress 
and rule 6 of Article XXII of the general rules and regulations, 
which rules we hold to have the effect of law until modified or re- 
pealed by the consent of the Commission. 

Respectfully, Thos. H. Carter, 

President. 
Hon. D. R. Francis, 

President Exposition Company. 

A formal acknowledgment of the receipt of the foregoing commu- 
nication was received from the Exposition Compam^ on November 30, 
1904. 

No reply has ever been made to the letter or the subject-matter 
thereof on the merits. The allegations therein contained of flagrant 
violation of the rules and regulations in the selection and organiza- 
tion of the juries are strongly supported by the records and the silence 
of the officials of the Exposition Company. The charges of fraud and 
corruption in connection with certain awards, referred to in the letter, 
have never been denied nor explained. 

The fact that there was a disagreement between the National Com- 
mission and the Exposition Company regarding awards became 
known through the public press, and thereupon the files of the Com- 
mission were quickly supplied with letters from exhibitors charging 
fraud and favoritism, and asking for information as to the status of 
the awards in the event of certificates of award being issued without 
the approval of the Commission. 

The situation was aggravated by the fact that a concern known as 
" The Official Ribbon Company," acting under a concession from 
the Exposition Company, was disposing of ribbons certifying over the 
signatures of the president and the director of exhibits of the Exposi- 
tion Company that awards had been made to the holders for the 
specific exhibits therein named. 

Judging from the letters received by the Commission, these ribbons 
were disposed of indiscriminately and regardless of the fact as to 
whether or not the purchaser was entitled to the award set forth on 
the ribbon. Thus exhibitors who had been awarded silver medals by 
the jurors could and (the Commission is informed in some cases) did 
buy and display for advertising purposes ribbons certifying that they 
had received higher awards. 

The relations of the Official Ribbon Company to the Exposition 
Company were based upon a contract, under the provisions of which 
the Exposition Company received 60 per cent of all moneys paid by 
the purchasers of the said ribbons. 



104 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The Official Ribbon Company carried on its correspondence under 
the letter heads of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 
bearing the names of the president and other officers of said 
company. 

Notwithstanding these communications, the ribbons continued to be 
advertised and sold, and, at the date of writing this report, they are 
prominently displayed in the place of business of a director of the 
Exposition Company, who was an exhibitor at the exposition. 

The ribbons were sold to a large number of exhibitors before any 
awards were legally made, and bore notice that the holder thereof 
had received the award shown thereon. 

Litigation has arisen between the Exposition Company and various 
exhibitors, seeking redress of wrongs or investigation of alleged fraud, 
which is now pending in the courts. 

Within a few days of the time for filing this report under the pro- 
visions of the law, a director of the Exposition Company requested 
the Commission to specify the awards it would approve without in- 
vestigation, to the end, presumably, that unchalleged awards might 
be submitted for approval. The Commission declined to enter upon 
the matter in this form for four reasons : 

First. Because in its judgment every award should be subject to 
challenge on account of fraud, or misconduct amounting to fraud, at 
any time before the approval thereof. 

Second. Because, through the means suggested, awards made by 
the company which were under charges of fraud and corruption 
would escape investigation, and the guilty parties would thereby be 
relieved from probable prosecution on account of criminal connection 
therewith, should the subject to be investigated disclose criminal 
action. 

Third. The proposal did not come officially from the Exposition 
Company. 

Fourth. That the proposition was made at so late a day as to pre- 
clude the possibility of investigation during the life of the Com- 
mission. 

Thus it unhappily occurs that the awards must be made, if made 
at all, without the approval necessary to give them legal effect. This 
approval the Commission could not give without investigation, in the 
presence of unexplained charges of irregularity and fraud in certain 
cases. 

By means of procrastination and evasion in the preparation of the 
subject-matter, in disagreement for arbitration, and finally by the 
issuance by authority of the company of official ribbons for a money 
consideration without the knowledge or approval of the Commission, 
the whole subject of the awarding of premiums is left without 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 105 

final action by the Commission at the date of the termination of its 
existence. 

No list of the awards made has been submitted by the company to 
the Commission for approval, nor has the Commission ever been ad- 
vised of the reasons for the persistent refusal of the company to 
submit the awards for its examination, save and except as set forth in 
the correspondence on the subject embodied in this report. 

The whole matter turns upon the insistence of the Commission to 
investigate the charges of fraud made and fortified by affidavits in 
certain cases. 

The company was notified that the Commission would accept the 
findings of the superior jury as conclusive in all cases excepting those 
in which fraud or misconduct amounting to fraud was charged. 
Under these circumstances, for the apparent purpose of avoiding 
such investigation and for no other reason known to the Commission, 
the company elected to decline agreement upon the matter to be 
arbitrated and to withhold all of the awards from the Commission. 
At the time of writing this report the Commission is not advised of 
any award made by the superior jury, nor does any award seem to 
have been promulgated, except through the Official Ribbon Company 
herein referred to, whose operations and whose relations to the 
Exposition Company should be inquired into by some competent 
authority. 

At midnight on December 1, 1904, the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion closed, and thereafter the disposition of the salvage was called 
the attention of the Commission by a communication from an attor- 
ney in St. Louis, which set forth charges of irregularity and discrim- 
ination on the part of the company in awarding a contract for the 
wrecking of the exposition buildings and the sale of the salvage. 
The attention of the Commission was called to statements from various 
contractors who had bid on the salvage of the exposition, that their 
bids had been ignored, and that favoritism had been shown to the 
wrecking concern which eventually obtained the salvage contract. 
The Commission decided that in view of the seriousness of the charges 
the subject required attention, and that statements supported by affi- 
davits should be received setting forth all the facts in connection with 
the transaction. Prior to taking this step, however, the president of 
the Commission addressed the following communication to the presi- 
dent of the Exposition Company : 

Washington, D. C., February 28, 1905. 
Sir: I am directed to advise you that in the judgment of the 
National Commission the interest of the United States in the dispo- 
sition of the property of the Exposition Company is manifest from 
a perusal of section 20 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 



106 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

1901, making an appropriation for the exposition and for other 
purposes. 

In the proceeds of the sale and disposition of the property pur- 
chased with the funds supplied by the General Government, the city 
of St. Louis, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the 
United States is interested to the extent of one-third. Believing that 
this view of the law is correct, the Commission feels called upon not 
only to report the amount received from the sale or sales of the prop- 
erty of the exposition, but likewise where the bona fides of transac- 
tions is called in question to ascertain and report to the President of 
the United States the facts and circumstances therewith connected. 

These suggestions are called forth by certain statements presented 
to the Commission, which, if true, affect the interests of the United 
States as defined by section 20 of the aforesaid act of Congress. 
These statements relate to the specifications and instructions dated 
October 1, 1904, signed by Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works, 
under which bids were to be received for wrecking buildings and 
structures on the exposition grounds, together with a certain con- 
tract bearing date November 30, 1904, between the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Company, 
said to be of record in the office of recorder of deeds in the city of 
St. Louis, book 1811, page 195 and following pages. 

There is obviously a marked variance between the property re- 
ferred to in the specifications and instructions and the property 
enumerated in the recorded contract. The specifications seemed to 
require that 50 per cent of the amount of the bid should accompany 
the same in the form of a check certified by some banking institution 
in the city of St. Louis, and that the remainder of the amount bid 
should be paid upon the execution of the contract. 

Further, the specifications required that a bond should be filed 
with the Exposition Company in an amount equal to the bid to 
guarantee faithful execution of the terms of the contract by the 
bidder. The specifications expressly reserved copper wire, the in- 
tramural railway, the railroad tracks in the buildings, all machinery, 
etc., whereas the contract executed on November 30 seems to include 
all the items referred to and many other pieces of property not men- 
tioned in the specifications. 

The contract as executed seems to call for the payment of $450,000, 
of which only the sum of $100,000 was to be paid in cash and the 
remainder at stated periods in the future. Instead of requiring a 
bond equal to the amount of the bid the bond called for in the con- 
tract is less than 10 per cent of the amount of the bid. 

It is alleged : 

First. That secrecy was observed in handling the bids for the 
wrecking of buildings. 

Second. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company was favored 
from the beginning. 

Third. That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that 
of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might 
have further opportunity to raise its figures. 

Fourth. That only a partial list of the property, which did not 
include many valuable articles, was submitted to bidders outside of 
the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and that a complete list was 
refused other bidders. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 107 

Fifth. That a written offer of $400,000 cash, and more if lists could 
be secured, was ignored. 

Sixth. That a bid of $450,000, half cash, was presented to the 
Exposition Company after the announcement of the sale of the sal- 
vage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $386,000. 

Seventh. That the contract was eventually given to the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company for $450,000, with contract provisions in- 
ferior to the former $450,000 bid made by a party outside the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company. 

Eighth. That the contract with the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany does not adequately protect the Government, the city of St. 
Louis, and the stockholders, the $40,000 bond being out of all propor- 
tion to the size of the sale. 

Ninth. That the sale of the salvage to the Chicago House Wreck- 
ing Company was consummated over the protests of some of the 
directors of the Exposition Company. 

Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item of 
copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 electric 
lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other piping, the rail- 
way system on the exposition grounds, the fire apparatus, etc., were 
omitted. 

Eleventh. That, according to an estimate made by several repu- 
table contractors, the property sold was of the reasonable value of 
$1,955,000. 

Twelfth. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company, through 
undue advantage, obtained inside information as to the extent and 
value of the property to be sold, and thereby, to the material injury 
of the United States, secured a contract with the Exposition Company 
insuring a profit of more than $1,000,000. 

The above matters have been called to the attention of the Com- 
mission by Mr. Frank E. Richey, attorney and counselor at law, 
Oriol Building, Sixth and Locust streets, St. Louis, Mo., who accom- 
panies his statements with copies of the contract and specifications 
referred to and many statements which he believes corroborate the 
charges he presents. 

As the Commission may feel called upon to refer to this important 
transaction in its final report, it desires to afford the Exposition Com- 
pany an opportunity to submit such statement or to take such action 
as it may deem proper in the premises. 

Respectfully, Thomas H. Carter, 

President. 

Hon. David R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 

St. Louis, Mo. 

To the foregoing communication the secretary of the Exposition 
Company made the following reply : 

St. Louis, U. S. A., March 7, 1905. 
Sir : At a meeting of the executive committee of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition Company held this day the secretary, in the absence 
of the president, was instructed to prepare and to forward at once a 
response to the inquiries embodied in the letter of the National Com- 



108 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

mission bearing date of February 28, as regards the disposition of the 
salvage of the exposition. 

At a meeting of the board of directors of the Exposition Company 
held September 13, 1904, on the recommendation of the executive com- 
mittee a special committee on disposition of salvage was provided for 
" to consider and report at a date as early as practicable a plan for 
disposing of the property of the Exposition Company." Records and 
correspondence of the Exposition Company upon the disposal of 
the property are voluminous and definite. They show frequent 
meetings of the salvage committee, together with progress reports, 
consideration, and action by the executive committee and by the board 
of directors at almost every meeting, until, on the 13th of December, 
the salvage committee reported its recommendation, with the approval 
of the executive committee, to the board of directors that the property, 
with certain exceptions, be sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany for $450,000. From this sale were excepted the intramural cars 
and equipments, the property of the General Service Company, and 
certain other items, which are specified in the contract of sale. 

For the cars and equipments the Exposition Company, as shown by 
the report of the auditor forwarded monthly to the National Com- 
mission, has received about $150,000. The property of the General 
Service Company, including buildings, horses, vehicles, and other? 
physical property, is still in the possession of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company. 

At the meeting of the board of directors held December 13, fifty- 
four members of the board being present, the recommendation of the 
committee on salvage, approved by the executive committee, that the 
physical property be sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company 
for $450,000, was approved. Not only was the vote unanimous, but 
the terms of the sale were made the subject of much congratulation 
by directors. No word of protest or of adverse criticism by any 
director of the Exposition Company is of record in the proceedings 
of the board and of the several committees or has come to the knowl- 
edge of the officers of the Exposition Company. 

The salvage committee, before arriving at terms of sale, as the rec- 
ords show, held many meetings and resorted to various methods to 
elicit proposals for the property. Early in October sealed bids were 
invited for the wrecking and removal of the exhibit buildings. These 
advertisements were published in daily papers and in technical jour- 
nals not confined to St. Louis. In addition to the advertising, circular 
letters were sent out to a long list of addresses of persons who had 
from time to time addressed letters on the subject of the salvage or 
parts of it to the exposition. Correspondence was taken up by the 
director of works with persons and firms in various parts of the coun- 
try who were known to be in the wrecking business. Specifications 
were prepared and furnished to all who desired them. 

On the 10th of November bids were opened by the committee on 
salvage. They were of very unsatisfactory character. Most of the 
bidders selected single exhibit buildings or small groups of minor 
buildings. The highest bid for all of the exhibit buildings opened 
that dale was $50,000. One bid of $325,000 was made for " buildings, 
structures, salvage of all kinds, and all property owned by the Expo- 
sition Company." On the 12th of November the salvage committee 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 109 

rejected all bids. During the following two weeks the salvage com- 
mittee held frequent meetings. Hearings were given by officers of 
the exposition to all persons desiring to negotiate for salvage. By 
wire and by mail, persons and firms who might be interested were 
advised that the property was being offered for sale. Proposals were 
invited for all physical property of the company, except the intra- 
mural cars and equipments and the general service outfit. 

The salvage committee waited for proposals in response to this 
invitation, covering the physical property generally, until nearly the 
end of November. Three bids were received. The highest was 
$420,000; the next highest was $300,000. After careful considera- 
tion and much negotiation with the various bidders, the salvage com- 
mittee proposed to the highest bidder, namely, the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company, which had bid $420,000, to recommend the sale 
of the physical property to the board of directors, with the excep- 
tions mentioned, for $450,000. This, after some delay, was accepted 
by the Chicago House Wrecking Company on the 30th of November, 
and was reported to the board of directors on the 13th of December, 
and was ratified unanimously. 

The records and correspondence showing the proceedings through- 
out are on file in the office of the secretary, and are ready for inspec- 
tion and investigation. 

The allegations set forth in the letter of the National Commission 
as having been made to that bod} 7 and the answers to be given to such 
allegations are : 

First. That secrecy was observed in handling the bids for the 
wrecking of buildings. 

Answer. It was the judgment of the salvage committee that better 
results could be obtained if secrecy was observed, in so far that the 
amounts of bids were not made public until the sale was accomplished. 
The wdsdom of this judgment was vindicated in the amount realized 
for the salvage when compared with the lower bids. 

Second. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company was favored 
from the beginning. 

Answer. This is utterly false. 

Third. That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that 
of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might 
have further opportunity to raise its figures. 

Answer. No higher bid was received either before or after the sum 
of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the commit- 
tee on salvage. 

Fourth. That only a partial list of the property, which did not in- 
clude many valuable articles, was submitted to bidders outside of the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company, and that a complete list was 
refused other bidders. 

Answer. No complete list was submitted to the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company or to any other bidder. The Exposition Com- 
pany, through the salvage committee and the executive committee, 
with deliberate intent refused to furnish any list purporting to be 
complete. 

Fifth. That a written offer of $400,000 cash, and more, if lists could 
be secured, was ignored. 

Answer. No such offer was received. 



110 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Sixth. That a bid of $450,000, half cash, was presented to the 
Exposition Company after the announcement of the sale of the 
salvage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $386,000. 

Answer. No such bid of $450,000 was received ; the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company did not make a bid for $386,000. 

Seventh. That the contract was eventually given to the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company for $450,000, with contract provisions 
inferior to the former $450,000 bid made by a party outside the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company. 

Answer. This statement is not true. There had been no bid of 
$450,000 on any terms when the sale was closed. The contract por- 
visions were superior to any made in the bids. 

Eighth. That the contract with the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany does not adequately protect the Government, the city of St. 
Louis, and the stockholders, the $40,000 bond being out of all propor- 
tion to the size of the sale. 

Answer. The bond of $40,000 was not taken to secure the payment 
of the $450,000, or any part of it. The first payment of $100,000 was 
made on the signing of the contract of sale. The remaining $350,000 
was secured adequately by a mortgage on the property covered by the 
bill of sale. The $40,000 bond was required to enforce other condi- 
tions of the contract, namely, those relative to the wrecking and 
removal of the property under conditions of leases upon which the 
property stood. A part of the contract required that property be 
kept insured for the benefit of the Exposition Company until all pay- 
ments were made. The bond covered these provisions. The Chicago 
House Wrecking Company made its second payment of $100,000 on 
February 1. The third payment will be due March 15. The company 
holds a mortgage on the property to secure the remaining payments, 
and only releases the property to the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany as the payments are made. 

Ninth. That the sale of the salvage to the Chicago House Wreck- 
ing Company was consummated over the protests of some of the 
directors of the Exposition Company. 

Answer. On the contrary, as the records show, the board was 
unanimous in approval of the contract of the sale and, as stated, there 
is no record anywhere of objection on the part of any director. 

Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item of 
copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted ; also 5,000 electric lights, 
5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other piping, the railway 
system on the exposition grounds, the fire apparatus, etc., were 
omitted. 

Answer. The first specifications, probably those referred to in this 
paragraph, related only to exhibit buildings. Subsequently the sal- 
vage committee informed bidders when bids were taken on all of 
the physical property that the intramural cars and equipments were 
to be excepted, and also the property of the General Service Company, 
which was owned by the Exposition Company. Quantities of wire 
had been purchased under the contracts permitting return on a per- 
centage of the price paid. As regards the iron piping, bidders were 
informed of the clause in the ordinance authorizing the use of Forest 
Park which declared that "sewers, drains, conduits, pipes, and fix- 
tures shall become and be the property of the city/' By reference 
to the contract of sale to the Chicago House Wrecking Company it 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. HI 

will be observed that the company sells " subject to whatever rights 
the city of St. Louis may be entitled to in certain underground pipes, 
sewers, and conduits in Forest Park." Some of the fire apparatus 
was loaned or rented to the Exposition Company, and was not owned 
by it. Many things used by the Exposition Company were sold to it 
with the privilege of return, or with a contract to return at stipulated 
amounts or percentages. The exposition officers and the salvage com- 
mittee answered inquiries, as far as were in their power, made by 
bidders regarding the property, but from first to last refused to 
furnish an itemized list. By reference to the contract of sale it will 
be observed that no list is contained therein, but that the company 
sells and transfers " the interest, or right, or ownership in or to any 
and all physical property purchased, constructed, or acquired by the 
said Exposition Company, excepting as hereinafter mentioned." 

Eleventh. That according to an estimate made by several reputable 
contractors the property sold was of the reasonable value of $1,055,000. 

Answer. The Exposition Company has no knowledge of such esti- 
mates. If contractors did place such estimates upon the value of the 
physical property they were singularly lacking in enterprise when 
they did not come forward with higher bids. The amount realized 
was the highest bid made for the property. 

Twelfth. That the Chicago House Wrecking Compam T , through 
undue advantage, obtained inside information as to the extent and 
value of the property to be sold, and thereby to the material injury 
of the United States secured a contract with the Exposition Company 
insuring a profit of more than $1,000,000. 

Answer. The Chicago House Wrecking Company obtained no in- 
formation that was not accessible to and obtainable by any other 
bidder. 

Very respectfully, Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 

Hon. Thomas H. Carter, 

President National Commission, 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 



St. Louis, March 7, 1905. 

My Dear Senator : I send herewith, by direction of the executive 
committee, a reply to the letter from the Commission of February 28. 
President Francis is absent from the city, having gone last week to 
New Orleans. I think I should add something from my personal 
knowledge. Mr. Richey is well known to me, and has been for years. 
He must have been badly misinformed to have made such allegations 
as are contained in the letter. I have all of the minutes of the vari- 
ous meetings and a collection of correspondence which go to show 
that many of these allegations are without foundation. Some of 
them, I can see, are inferences drawn from misstatements of the facts 
and from misunderstandings of the real situation. 

I have never so much as heard an intimation that any director of 
the company, or anyone else who knew of the transactions, protested 
against the sale or adversely criticised the amount realized. On the 
other hand, the general impression among directors and on the part 
of the public seems to be that the Exposition Company realized more 
than was to be expected. The salvage of the World's Fair in Chicago 



112 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sold for $80,000, that of Omaha for $37,500, and that of Buffalo for 
$67,000. 

Before the exposition closed the management had begun to dis- 
pose of salvage in a small way, but the results were very discourag- 
ing. It looked much as if the property of this exposition would go 
as had that of previous expositions, for a very small fraction of the 
cost. At one time the directors of the company thought it might be 
necessary to organize a company and carry the salvage through a 
series of years in order to realize on it. But the best that could be 
figured from such a course was from $300,000 to $350,000 for the 
same property sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for 
$450,000. 

The only persons who raised any question about the sale and the 
amount realized were two disappointed bidders. These bidders were 
given all of the time they asked. They were furnished information 
in reply to their inquiries. They could not be given lists of the 
property of the exposition because, after careful consideration of 
such lists, it was deemed inadvisable by the exposition to attempt a 
sale on that basis. It was the conclusion that more could be realized 
by selling all right and title to the physical property of the exposi- 
tion. I believe that more was realized than would have been ob- 
tained on bids if an inventory had been furnished. 

The Chicago House Wrecking Company was doing business on the 
grounds during the exposition and previous thereto. The officers 
of that company have been in the wrecking business for years. 
Looking forward to the time, they saved, as I happened to learn, 
clippings from the newspapers showing contracts let by the exposi- 
tion; also clippings showing purchases of various kinds. In fact, 
for months they were gathering through outside sources all the infor- 
mation they could as to the character of the company's property. 
In this way they obtained their information as to this property. 
They were given no list from the company. They were given no 
advantage over other bidders. I know it to be a fact that the Expo- 
sition Company did all in its power to induce other bidders to come 
from other cities, and stimulated competition. The correspondence 
and telegrams passing through my hands show this. There was a 
great deal of property that the exposition had the use of and did not 
own. This applied to fire apparatus, to electric switch boards, to 
machinery, to street sweepers, to watering carts, and to a great 
variety of things that were of utility and were loaned by the manu- 
facturers or dealers, who wished to have them in service for the 
advertising to be gained thereby. 

The city is claiming, under the ordinance from which I have quoted 
in the other letter, the piping on that part of the ground included in 
Forest Park, and only to-day wrote asking to know when this pipe 
could be taken up by the city. 

It will afford me pleasure to answer any inquiry or to forward to 
you any document relating to this salvage matter which you may 
desire to see. 

Can you advise me how long you expect to remain in Washington ? 
Very truly, yours, 

Walter B. Stevens, 

Hon. Thomas IT. Carter, Secretary. 

President National ( 1 ommission, 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 113 

Having been elected a Senator of the United States from the State 
of Montana, Mr. Thomas H. Carter, president of the Commission, 
resigned his office as member of the Commission on March 9, 1905. 
At a meeting of the Commission held on March 20, 1905, the follow- 
ing letter was received from Mr. Carter, and his resignation as presi- 
dent of the Commission was duly accepted : 

Washington, D. C, March 9, 1905. 

Gentlemen: Finding that my duties as United States Senator, 
assumed on the 4th of this month, will so far require my attention as 
to render it difficult to longer continue a member of the Commission, 
I have determined to hand my resignation to the president, and pre- 
liminary thereto I respectfully resign the position of president of 
the Commission. 

In tendering my resignation I can not refrain from expressing to 
the Commission jointly, and to the members separately, my grateful 
appreciation of the unfailing confidence and cordial support with 
which I have been favored at all times by the members of the Com- 
mission, without exception. 

It is questionable whether any like body of men, selected from the 
country at large, has ever acted more harmoniously in the discharge 
of any public duty. 

With deep regret, and only from a sense of duty, I sever my rela- 
tions with the Commission, and in doing so wish each of my associ- 
ates on the Commission long life and prosperity. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Thos. H. Carter. 

The honorable Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 

Washington, D. 0. 

Mr. Carter also addressed a letter to the President of the United 
States, tendering his resignation as a member of the Commission, 
which reads as follows : 

Washington, D. C, March 9, 1905. 
Sir : My election to the Senate of the United States from the State 
of Montana imposes upon me duties which render it quite impracti- 
cable for me to devote the time and attention necessary to a proper 
discharge of my duties as a member of the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Commission. I therefore respectfully tender you my resigna- 
tion as a member of the Commission, and in doing so I thank you 
sincerely for the cordial and unfailing support and consideration you 
have always extended to me as a member of that body. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Thos. H. Carter. 
The President, 

Washington. D. C. 

Mr. John M. Thurston was thereupon unanimously elected to suc- 
ceed Mr. Carter as president of the Commission. 
S. Doc. 202, 5&-1 8 



114 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

At this meeting Mr. John D. Waite, of Lewistown, Mont., recently 
appointed by President Roosevelt as a member of the Commission to 
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Carter, appeared 
and took his place on the Commission. 

At the same meeting the secretary of the Exposition Company 
requested the privilege of making a personal explanation with refer- 
ence to the disposition of the salvage. 

From his statement it appears that he was not connected personally 
with the transaction, which was conducted by a committee, of which 
the president of the Exposition Company was chairman. The secre- 
tary did not leave any written statement or explanation, but in gen- 
eral terms said the exposition officials were entirely satisfied with the 
amount of money received for the salvage ; that it was more than they 
expected, and that they thought the result of the sale was a subject 
for congratulation. 

Upon the suggestion of the Commission the secretary of the Exposi- 
tion Company on March 23 addressed a communication to the Com- 
mission on this subject, of which the following is a copy : 

March 23, 1905. 

Dear Sir: By way of supplement to the letter forwarded to the 
National Commission March 7, and in accordance with suggestion 
made verbally by the Commission at the meeting Monday, March 20, 
I submit this statement relevant to the tenth allegation on page 
3 of the letter from President Carter, dated February 28, 1905. 

Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item 
of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 (500,000) 
electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other piping, 
the railway system on the exposition grounds, the fire apparatus, etc., 
were omitted. 

Answer. The Exposition Company purchased under contract with 
the American Steel and Wire Company, dated April 3, 1902, copper 
wire to the amount of $320,160.33. The estimated salvage under 
this contract as furnished by the electrical engineer of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company on or about November 14, 1904, was 
$121,753.68. Of this estimated salvage the sum of $46,700 was based 
on the presumption that the Exposition Company could sell in the 
open market the copper wire in its storehouse that had never been 
used. The contract with the American Steel and Wire Company, 
as read to the National Commission, provided that wire in good con- 
dition should be taken back by the American Steel and Wire Com- 
pany at 55 per cent of its original cost. Owing to changes in the 
head of the electrical department, Mr. Rustin being compelled to give 
up his position on account of sickness, and owing to changes made in 
the plans for electric lighting, the Exposition Company at the open- 
ing was in possession of this quantity of unused wire, estimated in the 
salvage to be worth $46,700, if sold at the market value, but worth 
to the Exposition Company $23,860 if it was returned to the Ameri- 
can Steel and Wire Company under its contract at 55 per cent of the 
original cost. The Exposition Company claimed that this unused 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 115 

and unpacked wire should not be returned under the contract and 
endeavored to sell it. The company was prevented from making 
sale by an injunction taken out by the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany. The Wrecking Company had purchased the Steel and Wire 
Company's rights of salvage under the contract of April 3, 1903. 
This injunction was pending in court at the time the sale of salvage 
was negotiated in November. If the contention of the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company was sustained it would have reduced the esti- 
mated salvage on the copper wire to $97,893.68. The purchase of the 
general salvage by the Chicago House Wrecking Company ended the 
injunction proceedings. Copies of the contract with the American 
Steel and Wire Company and of the contract between the American 
Steel and Wire Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany, which are of record in the office of the recorder of St. Louis 
City and in the office of the county clerk of St. Louis County, will 
be forwarded to the National Commission if desired. The reason 
that the copper wire could not be included in the original specifica- 
tions was the pending injunction proceedings. 

The Exposition Company purchased electric light bulbs referred 
to in the tenth allegation, of different sizes and under different con- 
tracts, to the amount of $65,688. The estimated value of lamps not 
used at the time of the close of the fair was $16,890. 

As regards the fire-fighting apparatus it may be explained that 
most of this material was procured by the exposition on a rental or 
loan basis. The Exposition Company owned one second-hand La 
France fire engine, one second-hand Silsby fire engine, one fuel wagon, 
and four combination chemical hose wagons. The total cost of this 
apparatus to the Exposition Company was $5,325. 

As regards the piping it can be stated that the Exposition Com- 
pany had no unused piping ; the company did not buy pipe and carry 
it in stock, but paid under contract for the pipe of various sizes after 
it was laid in the ground at so much per foot. This was the general 
practice by the company as regards the piping. By reference to the 
letter of March 7, it will be observed that the answer to the tenth 
allegation explains w T hy the company could only sell the piping " sub- 
ject to whatever rights the city of St. Louis may be entitled to in 
certain underground pipes, sewers, and conduits in Forest Park." It 
can be stated that this complication of title to the piping applied to 
two-thirds if not three- fourths of all of the piping which had been 
laid at the expense of the Exposition Company. 

Because the copper wire was involved in the injunction proceedings, 
because the electric lights constituted a minor item as shown by the 
figures given above, because the piping was involved in the construc- 
tion of the city ordinance, because the greater part of the fire appa- 
ratus was not owned by the Exposition Company these items were not 
mentioned in the original specifications. 

As stated in the former letter, the intramural cars and equipments 
were excepted from all offers of sale because the company had already 
contracted for the sale of them. 

After the first bids received under the specifications referred to in 
the tenth allegation had been rejected because they were in the opinion 
of the salvage committee wholly insufficient, new bids were asked for 
all of the salvage of the company including such right and title as it 
might have in the copper wire, in the electric lights, in the iron pip- 



116 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ing, in the fire apparatus, etc., with the exceptions of the intramural 
cars and equipments and the property of the General Service Com- 
pany. From that time to the acceptance of the proposition to sell the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company the negotiations proceeded on the 
plan that the Exposition Company would sell all right, title, and 
interest to its property with the exceptions of the cars and equipments 
and property of the General Service Company. 

Under the original specifications a certified check for one-half of 
the amount of the bid was required and the terms were half cash, but 
this requirement and these terms did not enter into the negotiations 
following the rejection of the first bids. All bidders showing a dis- 
position to bid for right, title, and interest of the Exposition Com- 
pany to all salvage except as stated were treated alike. Certified 
checks were not required on these later bids. The negotiations were 
carried on verbally with the bidders in turn, it being understood that 
the company would insist upon what it deemed to be an adequate 
cash payment when the contract of sale was concluded. 

The secretary of the company is authorized to say that the execu- 
tive committee courts the fullest investigation of all circumstances 
connected with the sale of the salvage and that if the National Com- 
mission shall deem it necessary to include in its report mention of the 
allegations contained in the letter of the president of the Commission, 
dated February 28, the committee asks that in justice to the Exposi- 
tion Company such investigation shall be made and the conclusions of 
the Commission shall be given. 

Very respectfully, Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary, 

Mr. Laurence H. Grahame, 

Secretary National Commission, Washington, D. C. 

Another communication bearing on the disposition of the salvage 
was received from Mr. Stevens, as follows : 

March 23, 1905. 

Dear Sir: At a meeting of the National Commission on the 20th 
the suggestion was made by a member of the Commission that the 
answer to allegation third did not fully cover the ground. The alle- 
gation and the answer were : 

That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that of the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might have 
further opportunity to raise its figures. 

Answer. No higher bid was received either before or after the sum 
of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the com- 
mittee on salvage. 

The purpose was to answer that no higher bid than that made by 
the Chicago House Wrecking Company was received either before, 
at the time, or after the sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be 
recommended by the committee on salvage. 

On the 30th of November, early in the day, the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company made a bid for $420,000. Up to that time and 
during that, day the. next highest bid was under $400,000. Late in 
the day, thv 30th of November, the salvage committee, after confer- 
ence with all bidders who presented themselves, made the proposi- 
tion to the Chicago House Wrecking Company that if it would raise 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 117 

its bid from $420,000 to $450,000 the committee would recommend 
acceptance by the executive committee. 

Respectfully, Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 
Mr. Laurence H. Grahame, 

Secretary National Commission, Washington, D. C. 

As a result of the inquiry instituted by the Commission into the 
disposal of the salvage, statements supported by affidavits were 
received and the same are appended to this report and marked 
"Appendix No. 2." 

Under the act of Congress the Commission had no power to under- 
take a more thorough investigation of the charges and allegations 
made in respect to the manner in which the salvage of the exposition 
had been disposed of. 

Without authority to send for persons and papers, to administer 
oaths, or to compel witnesses to testify, any further attempt upon the 
part of the Commission to inquire into the salvage matter would have 
been futile and ineffective. If any further action is to be taken to 
ascertain whether or not the financial interest of the United States 
has been sacrificed by the manner in which the salvage was disposed 
of, the inquiry must be conducted by some committee or official having 
these powers, which the Commission did not possess. 

A careful perusal of the law under which the Commission was 
appointed will show the narrow limits of its legal authority, and the 
records disclose the policy of the Exposition Company not only to 
confine the Commission strictly within the narrowest limits of the 
law, but also to question and resist the exercise of its authority in 
many instances where the law seemed to place such authority beyond 
question. 

From the very beginning the Commission sought to establish 
harmonious relations with the company, and at all times refrained 
from contention with its officials as to all matters not vitally affecting 
the interest of the Government, and endeavored in every possible way 
to cooperate with the company in promoting the exposition and 
insuring its success. 

It is pleasant to turn from disagreements to achievements. From 
the scientific, the artistic, and the industrial points of view the expo- 
sition was a pronounced success. The munificent and unfailing sup- 
port given the enterprise by the Government of the United States 
guaranteed that it would be a great exposition. 

Considering the primary appropriation of $5,000,000, the loan of 
$4,600,000, and the contributions by the direct appropriations and by 
indirect means through the assignment of officers paid from other 
appropriations, together with the exhibits from Districts, Territories, 
and dependencies of the United States, and for the Government 



118 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

exhibit, the aggregate contributions, direct and indirect, to the success 
of the fair approximated substantially $15,000,000 on the day the 
gates were opened to the public. 

In addition to this proclamations were twice issued by the Presi- 
dent inviting foreign nations to participate in the exposition; the 
consular and diplomatic representatives of the Government were 
inspired to aid the exposition to the extent of their ability, within 
the limits of official propriety; the army transports and the vessels 
of the Navy were generously employed in furtherance of the project, 
where such employment was found consistent with duty. Never in 
history has any Government done so much in aid of any like enter- 
prise. With such support from the Government failure was impos- 
sible under any rational management. 

Fortunately the construction of the main exhibit buildings was 
placed by the directors of the Exposition Company in charge of two 
gentlemen deserving of special mention on account of the devotion 
and exceptional ability displayed by each. As chairman of the com- 
mittee on grounds and buildings, Mr. William H. Thompson, of 
St. Louis, discharged the duty of director of works. To the united 
ous devotion to the task assigned him. With rare ability and com- 
mendable persistence Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, the talented architect of 
St. Louis, discharged the duty of director of works. To the united 
efforts of these gentlemen the exposition and the country are in- 
debted for the magnificent architectural creations which adorned 
the exposition grounds. Their relations to the work of construction 
and to the affairs of the company enabled them to act with a neces- 
sary degree of self-reliance and independence on their own initiative. 

Among the many contributions made by the Government of the 
United States to the success of the exposition, the exhibit from the 
Philippine Islands deserves marked attention. This exhibit was 
so extensive, interesting, and unique that it became the center of 
predominating interest. Through its various departments a most 
valuable and accurate knowledge of the Philippine Archipelago was 
diffused, not only throughout the United States, but throughout the 
world. 

By a fortunate coincidence it occurred that the Secretary of War, 
who had most to do with the marshaling of this exhibit, had been 
prepared for the work by his experience as governor of the Philip- 
pine Islands. Hon. William H. Taft, as president of the Philippine 
Commission, and subsequently as governor of the Philippine Islands, 
manifested a sympathetic interest in the condition of the people, 
the resources of the islands, and in the proper adjustment of both to 
their new relationship with the United States. About the time the 
exposition was projected Governor Taft, whose long and faithful 
service in the Philippines had endeared him to the inhabitants, was 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 119 

called by the President to accept the portfolio of war. His famili- 
arity with the people and the resources of the islands proved of ines- 
timable value in the preparation of the representation and exhibits 
at the exposition. Through his efficient Chief of the Insular Bureau, 
Col. Clarence R. Edwards, the Secretary, with great zeal and ef- 
fectiveness, addressed himself to the task of securing appropriate 
representation for the Philippine people. 

The administrative work was placed in charge of Dr. W. P. Wilson, 
of the Philadelphia Museum. A more appropriate selection of an 
executive officer could not have been made. Industrious, painstak- 
ing, and devoted, Doctor Wilson threw all his energy and superior 
ability into the task assigned him. 

In Dr. Gustavo Neiderlein and Mr. Edmund A. Felder, Doctor 
Wilson had able and faithful lieutenants. Through the combined 
efforts of such competent and devoted men the Philippine exposition 
was developed into a revelation of world-wide interest. 

The extremes of civilization found in the Philippine Islands were 
exhibited upon the grounds. The industrial conditions existing in 
the islands in their various stages of progress were clearly set forth. 
The millions of visitors who were interested and instructed by this 
remarkable exhibit must have been deeply impressed with the impor- 
tance and extent of our new possessions in the Orient. 

It is quite impossible to compute the value to the American people 
of this Philippine exhibit. In giving to the country the basis upon 
which to form a just conception of the character and possibilities of 
our new possessions the Philippine department alone fully justified 
the interest of the nation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

The official report of the Philippine exhibit, filed with the records 
of the Commission, is replete with interest and will justify careful 
perusal. 

Reports of Foreign Countries. 

The response of foreign governments and peoples to the invitation 
of the President of the United States was in every way most gratify- 
ing. For an adequate description of the manner and extent of 
foreign participation in the exposition, reference must be made to 
the reports of the respective commissioners to their governments, 
copies of which are filed with this report. 

The Commission, desiring to tersely review the exhibits of the 
various countries, called upon their several representatives for a brief 
statement of the nature and extent of their exhibits. The responses 
received convey but a meager idea of the great display made, but a 
perusal of the epitomized reports will serve to convey an outline of 
the exhibits made and the buildings constructed. 

Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared and are 
submitted as a part of this report, marked "Appendix No. 3." 



120 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Reports of States, Territories, and Districts. 

Inspired by the example of the General Government, and stimulated 
by the extent of foreign participation, in response to the invitation of 
the President, the several States, Territories, and Districts of the 
United States contributed to the success of this exposition in a far 
greater degree than on former occasions of like character. 

As in the case of foreign countries, the Commission called upon the 
representatives of the various States, Territories, and Districts for 
a brief statement of the extent and character of the exhibits made 
by them. The reports of the representatives to the authorities by 
which they were appointed have been collected as far as practicable 
and are filed with this report. 

Condensed summariies of these reports have been prepared and 
are submitted as a part of this report, marked "Appendix No. 4." 

The Board of Lady Managers. 

The board of lady managers appointed by the Commission proved 
themselves eminently qualified to perform the exacting and compre- 
hensive duties assigned them. Their organization was one of the 
most popular and successful instrumentalities of the exposition. 

These distinguished and representative women of our country 
were quickly recognized as organizers and leaders of the many public 
and semiofficial entertainments and functions, which all must agree 
were so necessary and contributed so greatly to the success of the 
exposition. 

It is undoubtedly true that their efforts in enlisting the sympathy 
and support of the women of the United States not only made possi- 
ble an adequate presentation and exploitation of woman's work and 
woman's sphere, but also secured the attendance of thousands upon 
thousands of the best people of the land who otherwise would have 
remained away. 

It is not too much to say that the money appropriated for and ex- 
pended by the board of lady managers was, from the standpoint 
both of national interest and financial success, one of the wisest 
expenditures made in connection with the exposition. 

This board of lady managers was fortunate in the selection of Mrs. 
Daniel Manning as its president. Mrs. Manning, in addition to her 
experience in public life and affairs, and her well deserved general 
popularity, proved herself possessed of rare executive ability, and the 
management of those features of the exposition coming under the 
supervision and direction of the board won the respect and admira- 
tion of (he exposition officials and of all the representatives of our 
own and other governments having connection with or participating 
in the exposition. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 121 

It is but fair to say that this tribute of the Commission to the 
efficiency of the board of lady managers is given not in compliment, 
but in justice. 

The vast amount of work performed by the lady managers and the 
delay in the completion by the company of authoritative reports nec- 
essary to enable the board to complete their final report to this Com- 
mission have delayed the closing and presentation of this report by 
the Commission beyond the period of six months from the close of the 
exposition. 

The final report of the board of lady managers is now presented 
in connection with the report of the Commission, and is herewith 
filed, marked "Appendix No. 5." 

The Commission calls particular attention to the excellence and the 
interesting features of the report of the board of lady managers, and 
suggests that its publication and distribution as a document is espe- 
cially to be desired. 

Government Exhibit. 

The exhibit made by the Government of the United States will long 
stand as monumental in the history of Government exhibits. Not 
content with the exhibition of special features of governmental activ- 
ity in the various departments of the exposition, Congress provided 
for the erection of a Government exhibition palace, which was con- 
fessedly the most striking and successful architectural triumph upon 
the exposition grounds. 

The Government Building was located on an eminence at the east- 
ern termination of " Louisiana Way," the principal avenue on the 
exposition grounds. From its commanding position all portions of 
the exposition grounds could be seen. Within the building every 
department of the Government was represented by an appropriate 
exhibit upon a liberal scale. 

This great Government exhibit was under the direction and control 
of a board, consisting of the following-named gentlemen : 

Members United States Government Board. — Mr. Wallace H. Hills, 
Treasury Department, chairman; Mr. William H. Michael, Depart- 
ment of State ; Mr. John C. Scofield, War Department ; Mr. Cecil Clay, 
Department of Justice ; Mr. John B. Brownlow, Post-Office Depart- 
ment; Mr. B. F. Peters, Navy Department; Mr. Edward M. Daw- 
son, Department of the Interior; Mr. S. E. Burch, Department of 
Agriculture; Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Department of Commerce and 
Labor; Dr. F. W. True, Smithsonian Institution and National Mu- 
seum; Mr. W. de C. Kavenel, Bureau of Fisheries; Mr. G. W. W. 
Hanger, Department of Labor ; Mr. Williams C. Fox, Bureau of the 
American Republics; Mr. Roland P. Falkner, Library of Congress; 
Dr. A. C. True, Agricultural Colleges; Mr. William V. Cox, secre- 



122 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

tary ; Mr. William M. Geddes, disbursing officer ; Mr. C. S. Goshert, 
clerk of board. 

The members of this board cooperated in a united effort to install 
a Government exhibit in every way representative and creditable. 
To their success the millions of visitors bore cheerful witness in ex- 
pressions of unbounded satisfaction. The board was at all times har- 
monious within itself, and it is pleasing to note that its relations 
with the National Commission were always of the most cordial char- 
acter. From the report of the Government board a fair but an in- 
adequate estimate may be formed of the extent and brilliant success 
of this feature of the exposition. 

Under the law the life of this Commission expires on the 1st day 
of July, 1905. The Commission has delayed closing its final report 
to the last day of its existence in the hope that before that time a full ' 
and final report might be received from the Exposition Company. 
Unfortunately, however, no such report has been received, and there- 
fore the Commission is unable to submit the same to the President. 

The monthly financial reports of the Exposition Company have 
been received up to and including the month of April, 1905, and have 
been transmitted as received to the President in accordance with the 
act of Congress. 

After repeated and urgent requests for a complete report from the 
Exposition Company the following final answer was received : 

[Telegram.] 

St. Louis, June 17, 1905. 
Hon. John M. Thurston, 

President National Commission, 

Portland^ Oreg. : 
Think it will be several weeks before report of two divisions can be 
completed, and several months before president's report will be ready. 
Impossible to close up as rapidly as desired. 

Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 

It will at least be seen that the Commission has exhausted all its 
powers and made every effort possible to comply with the act of Con- 
gress in the making and transmission of this, its final report, and the 
failure to accompany this report by full and complete reports from 
the Exposition Company is in no wise due to any lack of endeavor 
on the part of the Commission. 

According to section 3 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 
1901, the National Commission was allowed the sum of " ten thou- 
sand dollars per annum, or so much thereof as may be necessary," 
for the purpose of defraying the clerical, office, and other necessary 
expenses of the Commission. Including the year 1901 the amounts 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 123 

thus allowed aggregate the sum of $41,923.36. The expenditures 
for the entire term of the Commission's existence amount to 
$32,763.22. This includes an investment of $952.16 in furniture, 
which has been delivered to the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Total unexpended balance reverting to credit of Exposition Com- 
pany, $9,160.14. 

The expenditures made by the Commission from April 23, 1901, 
to June 30, 1905, are set forth in a statement, submitted herewith as 
Appendix No. 6. 

This report can not fairly be concluded without commendatory 
reference to the zeal and devotion of the people of the city of St. 
Louis toward this great enterprise. With great generosity and hos- 
pitality their beautiful homes were thrown open to visitors ; constant 
and delightful entertainment was provided, and there can be no 
doubt that the millions who came to see the exposition took away 
with them abiding and affectionate remembrance of the universal 
consideration and courtesy shown them. 

The directors of the Exposition Company, comprising ninety-odd 
representative business men of the city, devoted time and attention 
to the affairs of the exposition with unfailing interest and fidelity. 
They not only contributed as subscribers to the stock of the Exposi- 
tion Company, but in cases of emergency volunteered advances from 
their private fortunes and freely loaned their credit to the exposition. 

The daily newspapers and other publications of the city were tire- 
less in their efforts to sustain the enterprise, and to set forth its 
unusual attractions. 

The residents of the Louisiana Purchase in particular, and the peo- 
ple of the whole country in general, are indebted to the people of 
St. Louis and the press of that city for the commendable and stu- 
pendous efforts made in behalf of the exposition. 

As a landmark in the world's progress the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition well deserves and will doubtless be accorded a conspic- 
uous place in exposition history. 

Portland, Oreg., June 30, 1905. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 
By John M. Thurston, President. 

The President. 




APPENDIXES. 



125 



APPENDIX 1, 



REPORT ON ACCOUNTS AND STATEMENT OF 
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS 

FROM INCORPORATION OF COMPANY TO APRIL 30, 1905. 



THE following is a copy of letter received from the firm of 
Messrs. Jones, Caesar, Dickinson, Wilmot & Co. : 
St. Louis, June 5, 1905. 
Dear Sir: We are duly in receipt of your telegram, read- 
ing as follows : " Send statement liabilities Exposition Company to 
June 1, showing cost of restoring grounds and approximate cost of 
matters in litigation," and beg to send you herewith a statement of the 
estimated financial position of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Company, made up as at May 3, 1905, which we have just received and 
which we understand has been approved by the president of the 
Exposition Company. In his statement are included the estimated 
future liabilities of the company, including $200,000 for the restora- 
tion of Forest Park, and after providing therefor there appears an 
estimated surplus of assets of $467,211.45, subject, however, to possi- 
ble liabilities on suits and claims pending against the Exposition 
Company. 

With regard to the estimate of $200,000 for the restoration of 
Forest Park, it may be well to mention that the company is under 
obligation to restore the park without any limit as to cost. Moreover, 
the company has given the city of St. Louis two bonds aggregating 
$650,000, which we understand is the amount of an estimate made on 
behalf of the city of the probable cost of restoration. Of the bonds 
given, one is for $100,000, secured by guarantee of certain directors 
of the Exposition Company, and the second for $550,000, secured as 
to $100,000 by personal guarantees, and as to the balance by a mort- 
gage on the Art Building. We understand that an effort is now 
being made to effect a settlement of the company's liability to the city, 
but we are of course unable to say whether the estimate of $200,000 
now taken into account will eventually prove sufficient or, if not, by 
how much the estimate will be exceeded. 

With regard to the suits now pending against the Exposition Com- 
pany, it is of course impossible to make any estimate of the eventual 
liability to fall on the company. 

127 



128 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

We would call your attention to the note made in the statement as 
regards the cash in trustees' funds and would point out that, as the 
liability of the company as principal under the various bonds is 
included in the statement of liabilities, this cash may practically be 
regarded as an available asset. In other words, if the cash is ex- 
cluded from the assets, the liability falling on the company under the 
various bonds should be correspondingly reduced. 

We should be glad to be advised whether there are any further 
points in connection with this statement with which you would desire 
us to deal, either by letter or in our final report, and would add 
that, on hearing from you, we are prepared to send in the signed 
report. 

We are sending a copy of this letter to the secretary of the Commis- 
sion, in case it should not reach you at Portland. 
Yours, faithfully, 

Jones, Caesar, Dickinson, Wilmot & Co. 

Hon. J. M. Thurston, 

.President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 

Portland, Oreg. 



Stock Exchange Building, 

St. Louis, June £, 1905. 
Gentlemen: We beg to inclose herewith statement of receipts 
and disbursements of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company 
from the date of its incorporation to April 30, 1905, and to report as 
follows on the audits which we have from time to time made, and 
which together cover the whole of the period above mentioned. For 
your convenience we propose to deal in this report with the accounts 
for the whole period, and therefore to repeat some of the comments 
contained in our previous reports. 

Receipts. 

Collections on account of sales of capital stock : 

The total subscriptions to capital stock, as shown by the 

treasurer's record, amount to $5,294,490.00 

Of this sum there had been collected, in cash, 

to April 30, 1905 $4,821,456.11 

In a number of cases where the liability on 

subscriptions was disputed, compromises 

were effected, and under these compromises 

the company waived claims amounting to__ 48, 952. 09 

4. 870, 408. 20 



Which would leave a balance uncollected on April 30, 1905, of _ 424, 081. 80 

We have been furnished with detailed statements of claims in the 
hands of attorneys for collection, amounting in the aggregate to 
about $25,000 more than the balance shown above as outstanding. 
We are informed that this difference represents principally receipts 
by the company which were credited as capital stock collections, but 
in respect of which no certificates were ever issued, though it is also 
due to some extent to clerical errors in the treasurer's books, which 
have not yet been located and adjusted. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 129 

The greater part of the balance now outstanding is expected to 
prove irrecoverable, owing to deaths, removals, etc., of subscribers, 
and to repudiations of liability in some cases. In this connection, 
it may be mentioned that the number of subscribers exceeded 20,000. 

It should be added that it is not yet possible for the treasurer's 
department to prepare any final report and adjustment of the capital 
stock accounts, and that such a report will necessarily be deferred 
until the whole, or at any rate the greater part, of the suits now 
pending can be disposed of. 

Proceeds of Sale of City of St. Louis Bonds. 

In accordance with an amendment of the charter of the city of 
St. Louis, approved at a general election held on November 6, 1900, 
the city sold, in the month of June, 1902, its 3J per cent bonds to a 
par value of $5,000,000. The price realized for these bonds was 
$1,000.01 for each $1,000 bond, and the proceeds were turned over 
to the treasurer of the company on the following dates : 

June 26, 1902 .$1,800,018.00 

July 2, 1902 3,200,032.00 



5, 000, 050. 00 



A question arose whether the sale price included accrued interest 
on the bonds to the date of sale, and as the city officers and the pur- 
chasers of the bonds were unable to agree on this point, the company, 
in order to avoid the delay and loss that would have resulted from 
a second offering of the bonds, decided to pay the accrued interest, 
amounting to $35,901.34. The net realization to the company from 
the issue of the bonds was therefore — 

5,000 bonds, at $1,000.01 $5, 000, 050. 00 

Less accrued interest paid 35,901.34 



4, 964, 148. 66 



United States Government Aid. 

Of the total sum of $5,000,000 appropriated by act of Congress 
approved March 3, 1901, there has been received by the company 
the sum of $4,752,968.45, of which sum $250,000 was in the form of 
souvenir gold coin. We understand, however, that amounts have also 
been paid by the United States Treasury out of this appropriation 
which have not been reported to, or included in the accounts of, the 
company. 

United States Government Loan. 

Pursuant to an act of Congress approved February 18, 1904, there 
was advanced to the company from the United States Treasury, by 
way of loan, the sum of $4,600,000, repayable by semimonthly install- 
ments, commencing June 15, 1904, and equivalent to 40 per cent of 
the receipts from admissions and concessions during the half month 
immediately preceding the date of payment, it being provided that 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 9 



130 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

each installment after July 1 should amount to not less than $500,000. 
The whole of this loan was duly repaid on the following dates: 

June 16 $195,057.04 

July 1 213,092.15 

July 15 500,000.00 

August 1 500,000.00 

August 15 500,000.00 

August 31 500,000.00 

September 14 500,000.00 

October 1 500,000.00 

October 15 500, 000. 00 

October 31 500,000.00 

November 15 191,850.81 

4, 600, 000. 00 

Loan on Security of Capital Stock Subscriptions and Premium on Souvenir Coins. 

On August 22, 1903, the company entered into a contract with the 
Mississippi Valley Trust Company, the Lincoln Trust Company, the 
Mercantile Trust Company, and the St. Louis Union Trust Company, 
as trustees, under which it assigned all subscriptions which were at 
that date wholly or partly unpaid, together with all further sub- 
scriptions which might be received, and the premium to be received 
on the sale of $239,000 souvenir gold coin, in consideration of the 
sum of $600,000, with a provision that when the trustees should have 
received the full sum of $600,000, together with interest at the rate 
of 6 per cent per annum and expenses of collection and management, 
they would reassign the subscriptions and rights to the company. 

Prior to the completion of the loan there was received by the 
company from the sources assigned upwards of $162,000, and this 
amount was deducted from the loan, making the net amount received 
by the company $438,000. Payments were subsequently made on 
account of this loan out of the receipts from the above-mentioned 
sources, and on March 15, 1904, the balance then outstanding of 
$92,515.25 was paid out of the general funds of the company, in 
anticipation of receipts from the sources assigned and with a view 
to effecting a saving of interest charges. 

It should be added that the subsequent receipts from capital stock 
subscriptions have amounted to more than the amount temporarily 
advanced out of the general funds of the company. 

Admissions. 

We have agreed the figures of receipts shown by the books of the 
auditor and the treasurer with those of the admissions department. 

We have agreed the receipts from sales of tickets with the ticket 
custodian's record, and have verified the tickets appearing on that 
record as unsold. We have also satisfied ourselves that the system 
in the admissions department was such as to provide adequate safe- 
guards for the collection by the company of the admissions receipts 
derived from other sources. 

It would appear that the total loss of the company in this depart- 
ment through shortages of employees, counterfeit and mutilated coins, 
etc., amounted to about $1,250, about one-third of which is probably 
recoverable from the bonding company, so that the final loss to the 
exposition will be very small. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 131 

The total receipts for admissions are distributed as follows : 

Exposition period : 

Admissions of individuals $6, 042, 746. 65 

Vehicles 5, 671. 50 

$6, 048, 418. 15 

Pre-exposition period 175, 906. 25 

Post-exposition period 16, 156. 50 



6, 240, 480. 00 



The details of the attendance and revenue during the exposition 
period are as follows : 





Number. 


Receipts. 


Cents per 
admission. 


Adults: 

General admission 


11,180,996 
961,175 

621,640 
40,805 


$5,589,715.50 
291,827.00 

155,634.25 
5,569.90 


50.00 




30.32 


Children: 

General admission - 


25.04 


Season and other commutation tickets 


13.65 








12,804,616 

6,480,267 
409,972 


6,042,746.65 


47.19 


Free: 

Adults 














Total exposition days 


19,694,855 
371,682 













Grand total. 


20,066,537 


1 







It may be of interest to add that the attendance by months was as 
follows : 



Date. 


Exposition days. 


Sundays 
(free). 


Total. 


Paid. 


Free. 


April 30 and May 


667,772 
1,382,865 
1,514,743 
1,992,248 
2,683,511 
2,758,149 
1,805,328 


1,102,656 
1,016,281 
928,224 
1,096,498 
968,262 
864,180 
914,138 


70,847 
49,373 

55,298 
45,477 
52, 182 
64,107 
34,398 


1,841,275 


June 


2,448,519 


July 


2,498,265 


August ' 


3, 134, 223 


September.. 


3,703,955 


October 


3,686,436 


November and December 1 


2, 753, 864 






Total.. 


12,804,616 


6,890,239 


371,682 


20, 066, 537 







Concessions. 

We have agreed the amount of collections reported by the treas- 
urer, together with the amount of bills still outstanding, with the 
amount of bills rendered (after deducting allowances and rebates), 
as reported by the concessions department. Inasmuch as all bills 
originated in the concessions department and the collections were 
made by the treasurer, we think this reconciliation affords a satis- 
factory check on the receipts reported by the treasurer. 

We have also looked into the system in this department, and believe 
that it was well calculated to secure, as far as possible, the proper 
collection of revenues accruing due to the exposition. 



132 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION, 

The net receipts of this department, as shown by its records, are as 
follows : 

Pike rentals $218,187.50 

Concessions revenue: 

Exposition period 2,812,995.59 

Pre-exposition period 32,366.06 

Post-exposition period 1,855.54 

3, 065, 404. 69 

The difference between this figure and the total of $3,076,958.69, 
shown in the inclosed accounts, consists of refunds of $15,554, which 
are treated in the statement as disbursements, less $4,000 rents col- 
lected by the concessions department, credited in the statement against 
the rent paid by the company, as the latter practically acted only as 
agent in the transaction. 

Under the lease of the Catlin tract, on which the greater part of the 
concessions were built, sureties were required, and for the protection 
of these sureties and of sureties under other bonds it was arranged 
that all ground rentals received from concessions on the " Pike " 
should be paid into a special fund for the purpose of securing such 
sureties against loss in respect of the bonds given by them. Upon 
the books of the company, therefore, the above figure of " Pike rent- 
als " has been credited to a separate fund account, together with an 
amount of $2,580.68 interest allowed on this fund. 

There was withdrawn from this fund the sum of $100,000 on 
account of payment of rentals of the tract, and the fund now amounts 
to $120,768.18, as shown among the cash balances in the inclosed 
statement. 

The total earnings accruing due to the company under conces- 
sion contracts amounted to $3,803,724.53 

Of this total there has been collected (as above) 

the sum of $3, 065, 404. 69 

There was waived by the company under va- 
rious compromises the sum of 434, 204. 36 

And there still remain uncollected bills 

amounting to 304,115.48 

3, 803, 724.53 

We have seen authorizations from the executive or concessions com- 
mittee for all the important compromises effected. 

Intramural Railway. 

We have agreed the receipts shown by the general books of the 
company with the report of the manager of the railway. The num- 
ber of passengers carried and the amount of revenue therefrom, by 
months, were as follows: 



Date. 



Passengers 
carried 



Revenue. 



April 30 and May 

June 

•July 

August 

Hoptmnbor 

October 

Novmnbnr mid December i 

Total 



B61.409 
815,084 

l.o is, LOS 
1,894,444 

l.^ui): 

(517.317 



$29,515. ad 

Sii. 1 10. <H) 

8i,r.o;*.40 
101,819.60 
189,444.40 
L87,8B0.70 

<il,7:»).74 



ii.'.'Tf.' 



tW..17;*.84 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 133 

It is not possible to arrive at the cost of operating the railway, as 
the power was furnished from the general power plant, and the cost 
thereof can not be ascertained separately. 

Service, Power, Light and Water, Transportation. 

We have agreed the collections from these sources with the books 
of the treasurer, and as regards the principal items we have also 
agreed the accounts shown on the general books with those of the 
departments in which the charges originated, subject to some incon- 
siderable differences which are now being investigated and will be 
adjusted by the company as soon as possible. 

Music Department. 

We have agreed the receipts shown by the auditor with the report 
of the bureau of music. 

The total receipts are made up as follows : 

Music furnished German Tyrolean Alps Company $67, 220. 25 

Music furnished other parties 300.00 

Receipts from admissions to Festival Hall and sales of 

reserved seats 77,078.23 

Total earnings 144,598.48 

Add refund on expenses credited this account 1,940.00 

Total as per statement 146,538.48 

We have verified the receipts from the German Tyrolean Alps Com- 
pany with the contract. 

Premium on Souvenir Gold Coin, less Expense. 

This total represents the premium of $2 per coin on 

33,588 coins sold $67,176.00 

Less expenses 13,506.67 

Total 53,669.33 

We have agreed the number of coins sold with the difference 
between the number originally received and the number now certified 
to be on hand. 

Photo-Pass Receipts. 

The system in regard to the collections in this department appeared 
to be such as to insure the full amount of collections being received 
by the company. 

Photographic passes were charged in some cases at $1 and in 
others at $2, and many were issued without charge, and it is not 
therefore possible, without a very great amount of work, to check the 
collections against the number or passes issued. 

Interest on Deposits. 

This total represents the amount of interest received on balances 
from time to time remaining on hand in the company's bank. We 
have included therein the amount of $2,580.68 received in respect of 



134 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the Pike rental fund and credited on the books of the company to 
that fund. 

Miscellaneous Collections. 

This total is made up as follows : 

Insurance premiums refunded $63,983.17 

Refrigerating plant receipts 20,178.99 

Garbage coupon books 11,506.80 

Miscellaneous revenues 31,230. 52 

Refund account, overpayments 4, 715. 96 

Personal damage account, receipts 2,572.50 

Uniform special fund 2,514.89 

Damage to property, receipts 72.50 

Total 136,775.33 

We have checked the insurance receipts with the report of the 
agents of the policies canceled and of the amount of return premiums 
due the company thereon. 

We have agreed the receipts from the refrigerating plant, which 
represent the company's proportion of the profits on the operation 
thereof, with the report of the manager. A final audit of the books 
of the plant is now being made by the Exposition Company, and it is 
possible that a small further sum will be received on this account. 

We counted the garbage books remaining on hand and satisfied our- 
selves that the number thereof, together with the number reported as 
sold, made up the total number originally received. 

The remainder of the receipts included under this head consists 
of various incidental receipts which it is not possible to verify 
completely. 

Salvage. 



This amount is made up as follows : 



Contract price for salvage sold to Chicago House 

Wrecking Company $450,000.00 

Less amount not yet due or paid 150,000.00 

300, 000. 00 
Resale of cars and motors under original purchase con- 
tract with St. Louis Car Company 158, 667. 25 

Miscellaneous sales 4,198.03 

Total 462,865.28 

We have verified the two large items with the original contracts. 

Special Fund. 

We have not been able to obtain a detailed statement of the badge 
fund, which represents deposits made by employees in respect of 
badges issued to them, and it is probable that the greater part of this 
sum has been refunded and charged through various departments to 
other accounts. 

The pay-roll fund represents unclaimed wages and hus been agreed 
with a detailed list submitted to us. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 135 

Disbursements. 

Properly approved vouchers have been produced to us for all dis- 
bursements except as regards two payments aggregating $252.45, the 
vouchers for which have, we understand, been mislaid. 

The only items calling for special comment are, we think, the 
following : 

Special Installation of Exhibits. 

This sum represents the purchase price of the whole of the capital 
stock of the General Service Company, which held a concession for 
hauling and storage. From a balance sheet of that company, recently 
prepared, it would appear that the amount to be realized by the 
Exposition Company in respect of this investment will be about 
$104,000. We are advised by the president that in spite of the appar- 
ent loss of $21,000 involved, this transaction is regarded by the 
Exposition Company as an advantageous one, inasmuch as, at the 
time it was effected, there were serious controversies and substantial 
claims in question between the two companies, and by the purchase 
these claims were, of course, completely disposed of; and, moreover, 
the installation of exhibits was much expedited and serious incon- 
venience to exhibitors avoided. 

Money Advanced. 

The principal item included under this head is an amount of 
$152,000 advanced to the emergency exploitation committee from time 
to time to meet the expenses incurred by that committee. Practically 
the whole of this amount has been expended, but up to the date of our 
audit vouchers for the expenditures had not been turned in by the 
committee or put through the general books of the company. We 
understand that this is now being done. 

Board of Lady Managers. 

Included under this head is the full amount of $100,000 appropri- 
ated for the board out of the Government loan of $4,600,000. This 
sum was paid by the company into a special account, subject to the 
order of the board, and no details as to the disbursement thereof 
appear on the books, owing, as we are informed, to the fact that no 
report of such disbursements has yet been made by the board to the 
Exposition Company. 

Cash Balances. 

Certificates of deposit have been produced to us, and we have 
been furnished with a certificate from the bank as to the balance on 
current account. 

The cash immediately available for the general purposes of the 
company amounts to $668,754.36, the remaining $182,846.41 being de- 
posited in a special account to secure the sureties under various 
bonds given on behalf of the company. 

Of this total of $182,846.41, the sum of $120,768.18 is derived from 
Pike rentals, as hereinbefore explained. The balance of $62,078.23 



136 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

consists of receipts of the music bureau, which were originally paid 
into a separate fund because of a difference between the bureau of 
music and the division of concessions as to the policy in operating 
Festival Hall. Subsequently the president recommended that this 
fund be added to the fund held for the protection of the sureties, in 
accordance with the authority granted to the executive committee by 
the board of directors to make such provision as might be deemed 
advisable to protect these sureties, and the president informs us that 
this suggestion was approved by the executive committee. 

It will of course be understood that the maintenance of the separate 
funds would become a matter of practical importance only in the 
event of the funds of the company proving insufficient to meet its 
liabilities, a condition which is not now deemed likely to arise. 

General Financial Condition of the Company. 

We have been furnished by the president of the Exposition Com- 
pany with a statement of the estimated assets and liabilities of the 
company on May 3, 1905, a copy of which we append hereto. From 
this statement it will be seen that, subject to whatever liability may 
eventually result in respect of suits and disputed claims now pending 
against the company, it is estimated that the assets will exceed the 
liabilities by $467,211.45. 

In arriving at this figure, the liability of the company in respect of 
the restoration of Forest Partk is estimated at $200,000. In this con- 
nection it may be well to point out that the company is under obliga- 
tion to restore the park without any limit as to cost, and has, more- 
over, given the city of St. Louis two bonds aggregating $650,000, 
being the amount of an estimate made on behalf of the city of the 
probable cost of restoration. Of the bonds given, one is for $100,000, 
secured by guarantee of certain directors of the Exposition Company, 
and the second for $550,000, secured as to $100,000 by personal guar- 
antees and as to the balance by a mortgage on the Art Building. 

Legislation is now pending looking to the acceptance by the city of 
a fixed sum in settlement of the company's liability and the carrying 
out of the work of restoration by the city itself, but it is not, of 
course, possible to say at the present time whether the estimate of 
$200,000 now taken into account will eventually prove sufficient. 

It is not at present possible to estimate the liability on suits and 
claims pending. 

In conclusion, we would state that every facility was extended to 
us by the officials of the company in the course of our audits. 
Yours, faithfully, 

Jones, Caesar, Dickinson, Wilmot & Co. 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 

Washington, D. C. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 



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138 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Estimate of current assets and liabilities at close of business, May 3, 1905. 

ASSETS. 

Cash on hand with treasurer $199,888.36 

Cash on hand with local treasurer 508. 33 

Cash on hand with paymaster 1,500.00 

Cash on hand with police court 300.00 

Bills receivable, S. W. Bolles 153. 10 

Due from Alexander on account of insurance 2,040.80 

Due from bonding company on account of gatemen__ 335. 20 

Estimated revenue from admissions, three months__ 3,750.00 
Estimated collections from concessions, 

balance due $281,252.98 

Estimated collections from Pike rentals, 

balance due 23,862.00 



20, 000. 00 

Estimated collections from service bills, 

balance due 109,211.01 10,000.00 

Estimated collections from capital stock, 

balance due 473,741.69 20,000.00 

Estimated collections from other sources 5, 000. 00 

Salvage, per certificates of deposit 463, 662. 56 

Salvage, per bills receivable 150, 000. 00 



613, 662. 56 



Assets of General Service Company 

(excluding bills against Louisiana 

Purchase Exposition Company) 40,000.00 

Cash in hands of trustees, on account of 

ground rent 120,768.18 

Cash in hands of trustees, on account of 

music 62,078.23 



(See note.) 

LIABILITIES. 

Warrants unpaid $43,863.60 

Less warrants payable to General Serv- 
ice Company 13, 706. 33 

30, 157. 27 

Special and trust fund 12, 599. 04 

Vouchered accounts, no warrants drawn 56, 664. 66 
Less General Service Company vouchers 26, 255. 93 

30, 408. 73 

Ground rent 9,500.00 

Tesson heirs' claim 5,300.00 

Unvouchered accounts : 

Division of works — 

Electrical department $31,257.10 

Mechanical department 12,702.44 

Civil engineering 7,723.56 

Director's office 2,994.24 

54, 677. 34 

Concessions and admissions — 

Woodward & Tiernan 2,945.15 

J. E. Allison 39.28 

David L. Grey 456.00 

> 3, 440. 43 

Division of exhibits — 

Director's office 2,140.50 

Awards 1,784.50 

Art 262.87 

Live slock 59.25 

Electricity 30.25 

Education )• L0 

Manufactures .25 



182, 846. 41 

$1, 099, 984. 76 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 139 

Unvouehered accounts — Continued. 
Division of exhibits — Continued. 

Physical culture $.30.70 

Anthropology 387.40 

Machinery 76.00 

Mines and metallurgy 200.00 

Model street 30.70 

Salary, three days in May 107. 46 

$5, 113. 98 



Park restoration, three days' salaries and wages 448. 41 

Park restoration, Art Museum, salaries and wages 117. 17 

Transportation, salaries and wages 29.04 

Legal department, salaries and wages 112. 11 

Secretary's office, salaries and wages 426. 20 

Auditor's office, salaries and wages 128.61 

Collector and local treasurer, salaries and wages 54. 40 

Treasurer's office, salaries and wages 27.76 

Care of buildings (janitors), salaries and wages 17. 91 

Report of Congress of Arts and Sciences 4, 213. 91 

Diplomas 44,000.00 

Unmatured liabilities : 

Administration expenses during liquidation of 

Exposition Company (estimated) 100,000.00 

Publication of president's report 10,000.00 

Publication reports Congress of Arts and 

Sciences 18,000.00 

Publication of physical-culture reports 5,000.00 

Restoration of Forest Park (estimated) 200,000.00 

Restoration of leased tracts and additional 

rental thereon (estimated) 50,000.00 

Taxes for three years on leased tracts, in litiga- 
tion (estimated) 25,000.00 

Contingent fund 20,000.00 

Administration expenses of superior jury 4,000.00 

Excess of current assets over current liabilities; 
which is exclusive of contingent liabilities in the 
shape of suits pending versus Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company, and other items as per mem- 
orandum below 467,211.45 



$1, 099, 984. 76 



CONTINGENT LIABILITIES. 

Suits pending against Exposition Company : 

Exposition Water Company 63,000.00 

Fraternal Identification Company 50,000.00 

Charles Holloway 2,000.00 

Star Bottling Company 235,449.79 

Do 30,600.00 

Gardner T. Voorhees 25,000.00 

Expositon Water Company 63,000.00 

Bessie M. Liggett (two suits), action for rent 

of New York office 1, 500. 00 

Willis 15,000.00 

John Calligan 100.00 

562, 849. 79 

(In addition to the above there are a number of claims made by conces- 
sionaires, aggregating a large amount, which have not yet been put in suit.) 

CONTINGENT ASSETS. 

There may be an appropriation made at next session of Congress 
to pay amount due Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company on 
account of Philippine exhibit, which amounts to $100, 000. 00 

(This is so uncertain that it can not be counted as a probable asset.) 



140 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Note. — In the assets is listed trustees' fund, $182,846.41. This amount is not 
at present an available asset, for the reason that it is a trust fund placed to 
secure bondsmen for ground rent and other purposes, and may be partially or 
totally absorbed for the reimbursement of bondsmen who may be defendants in 
suits that may be instituted. 



Exhibits to Statements of Receipts and Disbursements, April 30, 

1905. 

Exhibit A. — Admissions collections, April 30, 1905. 

Admissions collections: 

Preexposition $175, 906. 25 

Exposition 5, 704, 846. 15 

Postexposition 16, 156. 50 

Chicago day tickets -. 270. 00 

National Commission season tickets 28, 637. 50 

November tickets 4, 870. 00 

St. Louis day admissions 39, 536. 00 

Season tickets 94, 030. 00 

Single admission tickets 14, 651. 00 

Special August tickets 1,410.00 

Stockholders' tickets 160, 167. 50 

Total 6, 240, 480. 90 

Exhibit B. — Concessions collections, April 30, 1905. 

Concessions revenue : 

Preexposition $32, 366. 06 

Exposition 2, 808, 995. 59 

Postexposition 1, 855. 54 

Concessions receipts, subsequently refunded (contra) 15,554.00 

Catlin tract Pike rentals 218, 187. 50 

Total 3, 076, 958. 69 

Exhibit C. — Receipts account of service, power, light, and water Mils, etc., 

April 30, 1905. 

Miscellaneous, prior to September 3, 1902 $434.45 

Animals, care of 55.00 

Bags 1,971.30 

Blacksmith shop 121. 35 

Building permits 1, 015. 58 

Cinders 142. 50 

Coal sold 1, 040. 70 

Cleaning closets 263. 50 

Cord wood 3, 020. 94 

Cremating animals 141. 30 

Damages 11. 41 

Dam in Arrowhead Lake 3,068.93 

Draft returned 1, 000. 00 

Electric connections, various service 686.00 

Electric power service 7.609.09 

Force account 21, 798. 14 

Freight charges refunded 11<>. 11 

Garbage cans 4(55. 00 

Gas connections and inspections 530.00 

Hauling garbage, etc 871.54 

Light service 7, 639. 57 

Miscellaneous 5, 2(1 1, 41 

Miscellaneous hauling 22. 75 

Paving 138. 60 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 141 

Permits other than buildings $830.59 

Piling 589. 10 

Rebates on collections 15,011.58 

Removing garbage 1, 767. 85 

Removing rubbish 435. 60 

Rent of cross arms 438.95 

Rent of conduits 1, 108. 04 

Repairs 24. 12 

Salvage 87. 26 

Sawmill 950. 42 

Alternating currents 26. 26 

Amperes oven service 41.25 

Compressed air service 1,310.50 

Electric heater service 533.31 

Fan power service 1, 948. 36 

Furnace service 5. 71 

Gaslight service 5, 799. 75 

Arc light service 13, 112. 32 

Incandescent service 243, 578. 64 

Miscellaneous service 17, 246. 36 

Changing electric service 150.00 

Miscellaneous electric service 81,425.68 

Miscellaneous light service 3,907.45 

Picture machine service 27.50 

Searchlight service 202. 20 

Motor service 82, 597. 25 

Steam service 1, 661. 02 

Telephone service 540. 56 

Water service 68, 023. 74 

Water applications and inspections 14,672.50 

Sewer applications and inspections 6, 240. 00 

Plumbing applications and inspections 5, 436. 00 

Compressed air connections 35. 00 

Electric heater connections 40.00 

Fan power applications and connections 150.00 

Gas connections 1, 059. 40 

Gas inspections . 211. 00 

Arc light connections 170. 64 

Incandescent light connections 5, 780. 32 

Miscellaneous electric connections 116.85 

Miscellaneous light connections 210. 00 

Light applications, etc 413.00 

Miscellaneous connections 60. 64 

Miscellaneous inspections 6. 50 

Motor applications and connections 2,556.43 

Picture machine connections 5.00 

Plumbing applications 1, 202. 75 

Plumbing inspections 1, 055. 50 

Sewer applications 647.00 

Sewer inspections 420.00 

Sanitary sewer applications 1,820.00 

Sanitary sewer inspections 1,530.00 

Steam pipe connections 7.50 

Steam sewer connections 191.35 

Water applications 2, 702. 35 

Water inspections 1, 605. 00 

High pressure applications 3, 125. 00 

High pressure inspections 1,047.50 

Various direct currents 26. 00 

Force account, post-exposition 78.33 

Arc light service, post-exposition 591.41 

Gas connections, post-exposition 10. 00 

Gaslight service, post-exposition 92.16 

Crane service, post-exposition 19.50 

Incandescent light service, post-exposition 112.93 

Miscellaneous service, post-exposition 89,98 



142 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Water service, post-exposition $1,333.02 

Removing garbage, post-exposition .40 

Gas inspections • 50 

Total 655,684.00 

Exhibit D. — Transportation collections, April 30, 1905. 

Switching : 

Exposition period $135, 087. 12 

Postexposition period 71, 169.34 

Car service 5, 148. 30 

Parking private cars 2, 506. 00 

Drayage 5. 32 

Miscellaneous 4,291. 12 

Total 218, 207. 20 

Exhibit E. — Interest receipts, April 30, 1905. 

Interest on deposits $116, 356. 03 

Interest on Government loan 3, 926. 63 

Washington University, special fund 8,544.49 

Pike rental, special fund 2, 580. 68 

Total 131, 407. 83 

Exhibit F. — Miscellaneous collections, April 30, 1905. 

Refunds prior to September 3, 1902 $4, 870. 46 

Admissions, exposition 201. 61 

Admissions department 102. 66 

Ceremonies, dedication 22. 40 

Conscience fund 31. 25 

Drafts returned 186. 00 

Freight charges refunded 367. 70 

Miscellaneous collections 2, 411. 98 

Interest on stock notes ,. 1,260.04 

Interest on stock of estate 3. 90 

Interest and costs, delinquent subscriptions 111. 52 

Janitor service 1, 650. 62 

Lost property . 50 

Miscellaneous sales 9, 516. 84 

Percentages, Bell Telephone Company pay stations 1,363.51 

Postage 5. 39 

Redemption of horses and vehicles 86. 00 

Rent 13. 00 

Sale of buildings 50.00 

Sale of property 3, 24S. 78 

Geo. F. Parker, resident representative, London 145. 03 

Intramural railway maintenance 180.55 

Concessions department, ticket account 47. 50 

Concessions 10. 50 

Ticket sellers, change account 40.00 

Impounding vehicles 1. 00 

Force account, postexposition 228.00 

Miscellaneous, postexposition 7r>. 62 

Postage, postexposition 2.85 

Physical-culture fund 3, 495. 31 

Aeronautics entry fees 1,500.00 

Insurance premiums refunded (i:>. 983. 17 

Refrigerating plant receipts 20. 178. 99 

Garbage coupon books 11,506.80 

Refund account, overpayments 4, 71f>. 96 

Personal damage receipts 2,572.50 

Property damage receipts 72.50 

Uniform account, special fund 2,514.89 

Total 136, 775. 33 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 143 

Exhibit G. — Construction, April 30, 1905. 

Architecture, department of $138,395.01 

Architects' commissions 81, 000. 00 

Architects' fees and expense 94,019.88 

Agriculture Building 524, 185. 51 

Approaches to Government Building 34,585.90 

Art Building 945, 849. 45 

Athletic field 16, 000. 00 

Band stands 25, 793. 00 

Barracks buildings 26, 925. 75 

Bridges, permanent 102, 785. 07 

Bridges, temporary 1, 666. 78 

Building, engineers 11, 578. 85 

Cascades and terraces, excavating 142,629.08 

Civil engineers 308, 031. 74 

Dairy barn building 27,570.08 

Day nursery building 6,035.82 

Drainage 100, 813. 86 

Drinking fountains 898. 00 

Director's office 224, 008. 48 

Electricity and Machinery Building 444,553.70 

Electricity and machinery department 122,589.19 

Electric and power plant 2,868,047.38 

Electrical subway 23, 494. 33 

Emergency installation 13, 746. 91 

Engine house 41, 152. 18 

Exhibitors' exposition power plant 201, 099. 93 

Exhibitors' pre-exposition power plant 16,989.63 

Entrances 31, 736. 00 

Finish on bridges, lagoons, and cascades 155,488.72 

Festival Hall 221, 999. 45 

Fire department, temporary building 220.71 

Fire plant 370, 622. 09 

Forestry, Fish, and Game Building 174,317.38 

Fences 37, 325. 16 

Filtration plant 11, 689. 20 

Freight platforms 14, 298. 51 

Furniture and fixtures ■ 19,727.83 

Garbage crematory ! 8, 746. 90 

Grading 269, 454. 94 

Gas piping 44, 665. 62 

Horticulture Building 225, 408. 27 

Horses, harness, and vehicles 7,069.30 

Hospital building 20, 508. 38 

Hauling and piling up soil 1, 720. SO 

Implements and tools 9,271.02 

Intramural railway 498, 393. 90 

Landscape gardening 500,566. 59 

Louisiana Purchase Monument 7,593.93 

Liberal Arts Building 475,370.95 

Live stock exhibit buildings 147,464.55 

Machinery Building 497, 408. 35 

Manufactures Building 710, 284. 49 

Mines and Metallurgy Building 491,802.41 

Mural decorations 41, 467. 88 

Philippine Commission 198,442. 15 

Police station 6, 646. 17 

Preparing grounds 738, 508. 51 

Press building 4, 899. 32 

Pump well, pavilion, and conduit 37,845.24 

Plumbing 129, 834. 02 

Refrigerating and ice plants 37,177.84 

Restaurants and colonades 174,106.80 

Reservoirs 3, 013. 53 

Roadways 441, 676. 12 

Sculpture 518, 039. 87 



144 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Sculpture Hall Building $39,388.99 

Service building 41, 743. 81 

Shelter houses 4, 924. 35 

Stables 6, 167. 01 

Sewers 62, 700. 14 

Sawmill 6, 781. 24 

Street railway, private right of way 12,788.98 

Supplies, miscellaneous 9, 053. 73 

Temporary boiler house 1,808.50 

Textiles Building 381, 446. 85 

Ticket booths 6, 940. 00 

Turnstiles 25, 416. 15 

Town Hall Building 15,398.34 

Transportation Building 675, 586. 39 

Triumphal causeway 7, 885. 00 

Uniforms 1, 054. 42 

United States life-saving exhibit 925.25 

Varied Industries Building 733,831.24 

Warehouse Building 24, 446. 87 

Water mains 159, 650. 94 

Waterways 34, 643. 38 

Water rent 72, 207. 50 

West pavilion 5, 722. 50 

Widening and straightening river Des Peres 115, 159. 78 

World's fair terminals 454,824.81 

Total 16, 729, 755. 48 

Exhibit H. — Rent of grounds and buildings, April 30, 1905. 

Washington University tract $750,000.00 

Other tracts west of Skinker road 230,250.00 

Catlin tract 200, 000. 00 

Sundry ground rents 25,403.36 

Coliseum 18, 666. 66 

Offices 15, 793. 78 

Total 1, 240, 113. 80 

Exhibit I. — Maintenance and operating, April SO, 1905. 

Care of buildings $89, 251. 97 

Electric and power plant 675,462.29 

Electric power rentals 28,438.91 

Fuel not yet distributed 2, 299. 43 

Gas-light buildings... 1,474. 16 

Garbage cremation 5, 083. 08 

Maintenance of — 

Grounds 77, 902. 63 

Roads 20, 228. 49 

Lagoons, cascades, and basins 2,408.33 

Fire plant 3, 499. 69 

Operating expenses: 

Buildings 11, 914. 50 

Landscape gardening 24, 365. 86 

Lavatories 5S3. 83 

Waterways 1,405. 87 

Miscellaneous 5, 308. 36 

Repairing buildings 46, 672. 38 

Refrigeration 14. 7.°»r>. 53 

Removal of garbage and rubbish 21,227.(50 

Sewers, water supply system 1,824.17 

Special police 7, 034. 94 

Telephone rentals 29, 102. 97 

United States life-saving station 312.52 

Total 1, 070, 537. 51 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 145 

Exhibit J.— Exhibits division, April 30, 1905. 

Aeronautics $42, 405. 98 

Agriculture 77, 382. 24 

Agriculture, live-stock section 281,275.37 

Anthropology 76,443.95 

Art 131, 138. 89 

Director's office 145, 899. 05 

Education 49, 684. 59 

Electricity 52, 934. 65 

Fish and game 27,664.88 

Forestry 13, 409. 84 

Horticulture 91, 174. 48 

International congresses 131, 842. 43 

International jury of awards 109,882.62 

Liberal arts 45, 094. 44 

Machinery 61, 686. 62 

Manufactures 86, 487. 23 

Mines and metallurgy 85,042.23 

Music 494, 984. 48 

Physical culture 87, 876. 53 

Social economy 42, 376. 81 

Transportation 54, 438. 62 

Total 2, 189, 125. 93 

Exhibit K. — Exploitation division, April SO, 1905. 

Argentina $29, 958. 08 

Australia 4, 452. 20 

Alabama 22. 30 

Arkansas 98. 41 

Bureau of information _, 9,728.37 

Brazil 16, 789. 30 

Central American States 12,643.84 

Cuba 5, 503. 48 

California 600. 20 

Colorado 61. 91 

Connecticut 689. 77 

Director's office 22, 865. 10 

Domestic office 36, 415. 86 

Domestic incidentals 32, 722. 72 

Delaware 125. 43 

Dutch manufacturers in Holland 1,012.33 

Egypt 5, 432. 26 

Europe 43, 773. 46 

Eastern headquarters 9,310.59 

Emblem account 1, 035. 38 

Emergency exploitation 872. 27 

Fourth of July celebration 8,561.24 

Florida 1, 019. 40 

Germany 10, 724. 77 

Georgia 191. 61 

Foreign incidentals 18, 232. 25 

India 4, 949. 36 

Italy 11, 011. 31 

Idaho 80. 60 

Illinois 22. 05 

Incidentals, various States 3,696.96 

Indiana 35. 75 

Indian Territory 755. 43 

Iowa 164. 03 

Kansas 1 15. 00 

Kentucky 1, 524. 99 

London 17, 807. 78 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 10 



146 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Maine $94. 25 

Maryland 671. 66 

Massachusetts 264. 14 

Michigan 1, 339. 55 

Minnesota 959. 58 

Mississippi 193. 05 

Municipal exhibits 52. 55 

Nebraska 417. 41 

New England States 78.00 

New York 657. 19 

New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island 455.90 

North Carolina 1, 499. 92 

New Hampshire 150.25 

North Dakota 317. 96 

Netherlands 45. 00 

Oriental countries 46,388. 68 

Ohio 429. 80 

Paris 11, 229. 17 

Portugal 1, 384. 62 

Press representative to Europe 14, 144. 79 

Pan-American Exposition Building 15,826.09 

Press and publicity 435,118.82 

Pennsylvania 241. 10 

Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela 17,652.97 

Rhode Island 965. 80 

Russia 600. 00 

South Carolina 1,826. 18 

Southern States . 3,737.28 

South Dakota 123. 85 

South Africa 945.33 

Spain 2, 261. 23 

Special Commissioner Buchanan 25, 070. 45 

New York and Massachusetts 159.50 

Special Commissioner Hayward 3,000.73 

Sweden and Norway 12, 318. 15 

South Carolina and Interstate and West Indian Exposition 11, 948. 82 

Saengerfest subscription 5, 000. 00 

Tennessee 697. 51 

Texas 159. 00 

Transportation day 7, 908. 22 

Vermont 10. 00 

Virginia 1, 122. 80 

Windward Islands and Trinidad 1, 200. 00 

World's Fair Fraternal Association 2,945.00 

Dedication ceremonies 233,341. 16 

Ceremonies 2, 744. 13 

Bureau of ceremonies 39,693.86 

Entertainments 70, 583. 36 

Receptions and entertainments 8,736.73 

Competitive drills 7, 500. 00 

Pike day expenses 9,190.57 

Promotion 5, 928. 26 

Firemen's convention and tournament 2,814.60 

Good roads conventions 2,286.35 

Total 1, 327, 337. 11 

Exhibit L. — Protection, April 30, 1905. 

Fire department $162, 471. 26 

Medical department 37, 559. 01 

Jefferson Guards 471. 245. 74 

Custodian of buildings 2, 354. 07 

Fire-fighting exhibit : 

Proposition 16, 500. 00 

Exposition 25, 000. 00 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 147 

Insurance : 

Accident • $86, 174. 33 

Boilers 541. 28 

Buildings 260, 172. 35 

Contents of buildings 24,607.07 

Miscellaneous 1, 404. 90 

Premium on Fidelity bonds 1,962.34 

Total 1, 089, 992. 35 

Exhibit M. — Concessions and admissions division, April SO, 1905. 

Advance payments, concessions $27.00 

Admissions department 280, 337. 55 

Concessions department 222, 664. 57 

Collector's office 36, 756. 99 

Ticket account 138. 00 

Total 564, 112. 28 

Exhibit N. — Executive and administrative division, April 30, 1905. 

Auditor's office $61, 025. 11 

Collector's office 36, 756. 99 

Incidental expenses 24, 341. 83 

Legal department 87,598. 15 

Local treasurer's office 12,703.22 

President's office 9,963. 17 

President's contingent fund 1,413.63 

Secretary's office 155, 687. 16 

Supply department 21,430. 67 

Treasurer's office 29, 954. 53 

Total 440,874.46 

Exhibit O. — Transportation bureau, April SO, 1905. 

Director's office $12, 003. 04 

Equipment 805. 00 

Intramural Railway: 

Operating 59, 578. 81 

Maintenance 5, 694. 39 

Operating department 210, 976. 38 

Traffic manager 15, 449. 05 

World's Fair terminal, maintenance 16,567.91 

Total 321, 074. 58 

Exhibit P. — Money advanced, April SO, 1905. 

Board of lady managers $3,000.00 

Bolles, S. W i 153.10 

Buchanan, W. I 71.02 

Chase, C. A., paymaster 1,500.00 

Emergency exploitation committee 152, 986. 49 

Kurtz & Watrous 8,000.00 

Money changers at entrances 665.20 

Moore, Thomas M 1,100.37 

Thompson, J. C, jr 16.00 

Total 167, 350. 14 

Exhibit Q. — Miscellaneous, April SO, 1905. 

Accrued interest, city of St Louis bonds $35,901.34 

Band contests 500. 00 

Bond for rent of land 540. 00 



148 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Disbursement agent, United States Government $8,500.38 

Interest on bills payable and advances on capital stock 15, 625. 55 

Inside Inn 147. 49 

National Civic Federation 73. 13 

Operating expenses, sanitation 400.44 

Press parliament 1, 132. 90 

Personal damages 6, 171. 70 

Postage 21. 64 

Refund : 

Admissions 405.20 

Concessions collections 15, 554. 00 

Grounds and buildings collections 1, 656. 97 

Photo pass account 1,154.00 

Transportation collections 502. 53 

Sanitation 430. 90 

Supervision of sanitation 382. 19 

Telegrams 2, 254. 46 

Refund, overpayment of capital stocks 1,816.33 

Ways and means committee 65.26 

Million Population Club 20.00 

Park restoration 9, 527. 35 

Park restoration, Art Museum 1,043.39 

Salvage expense 240. 31 

Damage to property 5,269.00 

Refund, season tickets 75.00 

Special exhibit, Agricultural Hall 5,509.32 

Total 114, 920. 78 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



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APPENDIX 2. 



DISPOSAL OF SALVAGE OF LOUISIANA PURCHASE 

EXPOSITION. 



STATE or Missouri, City of St. Louis, ss: 
Before me, this the 16th day of March, 1905, personally 
appeared H. S. Albrecht, who, being duly sworn, on his 
oath says: 

My name is H. S. Albrecht. I reside in St. Louis. Have lived 
here the past twenty-five years. I am engaged in business in St. 
Louis. In regard to the sale of the salvage of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company I herewith make the following statement: 

When I saw by the papers that bids were requested for the wreck- 
ing and removal of certain exhibit buildings now on the World's 
Fair grounds I decided that I would make a bid on same. I sub- 
mitted a bid on that part of the salvage to be disposed of as shown in 
the specifications prepared by Director of Works Taylor and on 
following buildings: 

Mines and Metallurgy; Liberal Arts; Education and Social Econ- 
omy; Manufactures; Electricity; Varied Industries; Machinery; 
Transportation; Forestry, Fish, and Game; Agricultural; Horticul- 
ture; four dairy barns, octagonal; live-stock forum; Live-Stock 
Congress Hall; stock barns; Steam, Gas, and Fuel Building, and 
cooling towers; Festival Hall; terrace of States, including pedestals 
and statuary; two pagoda restaurant buildings on Art Hill; four 
fire-engine houses; five toilet-room buildings; five band stands. 

The time limit set for the removal of the buildings and debris 
was short — namely, three months — and no one could make a reason- 
able bid. I made my bid in the sum of only $50,000 for that reason, 
and accompanied same by a certified check for $25,000, as required 
by the Exposition Company. 

The bids were to be opened at 12 o'clock noon of November 10. 
I, with a number of other bidders, was present in an anteroom ad- 
joining the office of Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works. The 
bids were not opened at the appointed hour, and we waited there for 
three hours and until 3 o'clock. We expected the bids to be opened 

150 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 151 

in public, as is done by the United States Government and the city 
when they dispose of large properties. We were called into Mr. 
Taylor's office and were informed by President D. R. Francis that 
the bids would not be opened in public, but in private. I immediately 
arose and offered an objection to this mode of procedure, as I did 
not think it was the proper way to handle the matter. I told them 
what I thought of the whole proposition. My protest was a vigorous 
one. A Mr. Harris, a representative of the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company, immediately arose and stated that he desired to have his 
bid kept secret. Mr. Francis overruled my objection and sustained 
Mr. Harris. Mr. Francis asked the other bidders present what they 
desired as to the manner of handling the bids, and they all stated that 
the bids should be opened in public and not in private. Not only 
as a contractor, but as a stockholder of the Exposition Company, I 
demanded that the bids be opened publicly, in a straightforward 
manner. We were instructed to go out into the anteroom and remain 
until called for. About fifteen minutes later I was recalled alone 
to the meeting room of the salvage committee, where President 
Francis questioned me in regard to the $50,000 bid, and asked whether 
I could remove the property in the time limit set. I informed the 
gentlemen that I could make my bid considerably higher if I was 
granted more time in which to remove the debris. President Francis 
asked me how much more I could bid, and I told him I could not 
state offhand. The conditions as to the removal of the wreckage in 
the specified time, namely, three months, were somewhat prohibit- 
ive, as it would be impossible to fulfill the requirements without an 
enormous expense. It would be well-nigh impossible to get suffi- 
cient men and teams on the work to complete the same in the specified 
time. President Francis stated to me that it was probable that all 
the bids would be rejected. I requested him to ask for new bids, 
which were to be opened in public, or that the property be sold at 
public auction. I saw by the newspapers a few days later that all 
bids had been rejected, and my check for $25,000 was returned to 
me. I later saw by the papers that the Exposition Company contem- 
plated forming a company among the directors and wreck the build- 
ings themselves and dispose of the salvage. Later on I saw in the 
papers that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was figuring to 
buy all the World's Fair property, and was about to close a deal for 
the purchase of the salvage in the sum of $386,000. 

No further information as to the sale of the salvage was ever fur- 
nished me, nor was any notice given me that further or additional 
bids would be received. 

I had never at any time been furnished a list of the property for 
sale, and made my bid on the buildings as shown by the specifications 
prepared by Mr. Taylor, director of works. I requested a list of the 
property for sale, but was never able to get one. 



152 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

As soon as I heard that the property of the exposition was to 
be sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for the sum of 
$386,000 I wrote a letter to President Francis as follows : 

December 5, 1905. 
Gentlemen: Noticing in the daily papers that you will sell the 
entire property owned by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, includ- 
ing railway tracks, exhibit and other buildings, fencing, furniture, 
wiring, lamps, piping, plumbing, machinery, etc. — in fact, everything 
owned by the company. If this is the fact we can pay you about 
$100,000 and perhaps more. Will you kindly furnish us a complete 
list of everything that you have for sale and specified time of removal, 
so we can give you an intelligent bid or proposition ? 
Very respectfully, 

Schoellhorn-Albrecht Real Estate Co., 
Per H. S. Albrecht, President. 

President D. R. Francis and 

Board or Directors on Salvage, 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis. 

I failed to receive a reply to the above letter or to receive a list of 
the property to be sold, and was not notified that further bids would 
be received therefor. As far as I know, none of the former bidders, 
nor any one else, for that matter, were given the slightest opportunity 
to bid on the whole property, except the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company. 

There seemed to be a disposition on the part of the salvage commit- 
tee to observe the greatest secrecy in procuring the bids and the 
awarding of the contract. The property was not properly advertised 
and lists were not f urnishel to bidders, as is customary in public sales, 
where large amounts of valuable property is to be sold. 

From the contract between the Exposition Company and the Chi- 
cago House Wrecking Company, now a matter of record here, I have 
noticed the nature of the material and property sold to the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company, and had I been furnished a list of that 
property I would have bid $750,000, all cash, and would have made a 
great profit on it at that price. If the property had been properly 
listed and widely advertised, much higher bids would have been made. 
If the property had been properly advertised and had been sold at pub- 
lic auction, in detail, I am safe in saying that the Exposition Com- 
pany would have realized more than $1,000,000 out of the salvage. 
In my opinion the property delivered to the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company was of the market value of fully $1,500,000. 

H. S. Albrecht. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 16th day of March, 1905. 
My commission expires on the 22d day of July, 1909. 
[seal.] Ira C. Money, 

Notary Public, City of St. Louis, Mo. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 153 

State of Missouri, City of St. Louis, ss: 

Before me, this the 16th day of March, 1905, personally appeared 
Charles L. McDonald, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says : 

My name is Charles L. McDonald. I reside in the city of St. 
Louis. Am connected with the St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron 
Works. I saw by the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of October 17, 1901, 
that Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition, had requested sealed proposals addressed to the 
" Committee on Salvage and Sale of Buildings," for the wrecking 
and removal of certain exhibit buildings now on the World's Fair 
grounds, and that specifications and instructions for the above- 
mentioned work and drawings and specifications of the buildings 
to be wrecked could be seen at the office of Mr. Taylor. All bids 
were to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon of Thursday, 
November 10, 1904. 

The specifications and instructions as prepared by Mr. Taylor for 
the wrecking of the buildings, and for which sealed proposals were 
requested, only applied to the following buildings : Mines and Metal- 
lurgy ; Liberal Arts ; Education and Social Economy ; Manufactures ; 
Electricity; Varied Industries; Machinery; Transportation; For- 
estry, Fish, and Game; Agriculture; Horticulture; four dairy barns, 
octagonal ; live stock forum ; Live Stock Congress Hall ; stock barns ; 
steam, gas, and fuel buildings and cooling towers; Festival Hall; 
terrace of States, including pedestals and statuary; two pagoda res- 
taurant buildings on Art Hill; four fire-engine houses; five toilet- 
room buildings; five band stands; and excluded, or rather did not 
include, all electrical wiring, piping, plumbing, roadmaking machin- 
ery, fire hose in the various buildings, two hospitals complete, Jef- 
ferson Guards' uniforms and accouterments, railroad tracks in the 
various buildings, the Intramural Railway, which included all the 
equipment (except the cars), hothouses, horses, wagons, and vehicles 
of all kinds, and many other valuable items. 

I submitted a bid on one of the buildings only. However, I was 
associated with Mr. Albrecht and others when he submitted a bid on 
all the buildings as shown by the printed list, and was also concerned 
with him in his proposition of December 5, wherein he offered $400,000 
cash for the property, and more if a list of all the property could be 
secured. 

The conditions embodied in the specifications and contract, with 
reference to the time limit for the removal of all the debris from day 
to day as the work progressed were too exacting, in that they did not 
allow sufficient time, and if the same were strictly enforced by Di- 
rector of Works Taylor would materially add to the expense of the 
contractor. The time was too short for the amount of work to be 
done. 



154 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

On November 10, at the hour called for the opening of the bids, I 
was present and appeared with other bidders before the committee 
on salvage. I, with a number of other bidders, waited until after 
3 o'clock for the committee to get together and open the bids, and was 
very much surprised when President Francis announced that all 
bids would be opened in secret by the committee. This procedure 
was not in accordance with the custom of the Government and city 
in the handling of its property when same is for sale under bids. Mr. 
Albrecht objected to the bids being opened in secret session and 
demanded that they be opened before the bidders. President Fran- 
cis asked me what I had to say about the way in which the bids were 
to be ^handled, and I answered that I could do nothing more than 
emphasize the protests of Mr. Albrecht. 

I have been a bidder at many sales of both Government and city 
property, and the method employed at such sales provided for the 
opening of bids in public in the presence of such bidders as desired to 
be present. 

A few days later I saw by the papers that the Exposition Company 
had rejected all bids. After the rejection of our first sealed bids, I 
learned through another bidder, with whom I was interested, that the 
World's Fair officials had announced that it was probable that they 
would wreck the exposition buildings themselves. Upon this infor- 
mation I dropped the matter and heard nothing further about the 
bidding until it was announced that the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company had secured the contract. When I heard that the Fair 
Company proposed to do its own wrecking I thought it a good plan. 

The carrying on of the bidding through private negotiations, as 
President Francis terms it, was not, I contend, the most advantageous 
to the Exposition Company and its stockholders. If they had given 
all the bidders an equal show in the matter, and had furnished a list 
of the property to be sold, much higher bids would have been obtained. 

The secrecy with which the contracts were handled did not give the 
bidders a fair opportunity, and was, I believe, an injustice to the 
thousands of stockholders of the exposition. The United States Gov- 
ernment, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders were partners in 
the exposition, which made the fair unquestionably a public institu- 
tion. Why, then, were not the bids opened in public, thus securing 
the largest amount for the exposition and for the stockholders ? This 
was not done. If it had been the bidding would have been greatly 
stimulated, bringing results quite different. The salvage committee 
refused to allow the bids to be opened publicly before the contractors, 
but held them for their eyes only. This is not in accordance with the 
manner of handling bids on big public works. When the partial list 
of property was given out the requirements in the specifications 
almost made the bidding prohibitive. The Exposition Company 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 155 

demanded a check for half of the amount of the bid. In all my 
experience I have never before been asked to meet such a requirement. 
In itself that was almost enough to drive oft" the bidders. The Chi- 
cago House Wrecking Company put up less than one- fourth of the 
price to be paid, or $100,000. 

I am of the opinion that had the Exposition Company properly 
prepared a list of its properties and holdings and furnished the 
prospective bidders with such lists and an opportunity for the exam- 
ination of the articles mentioned therein, together w T ith a reasonable 
period of time for removal of the buildings and debris, they could 
easily have obtained $750,000. 

I have obtained a more comprehensive knowledge of the amount 
and character of the material and property since put into the hands 
of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and am of the opinion 
that at the time the contract was made with the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company the property sold represented a value in excess 
of $1,000,000. 

There was present in the office of Mr. Taylor, director of works, at 
the time the bids were to be opened the following members of the 
salvage committee: President Francis, Director of Works Taylor, 
John A. Holmes, Mr. Samuel Kennard, and Mr. John Scullin. 

Had I been furnished with a list of all the properties that I have 
since learned was acquired by the Chicago House Wrecking Company 
I would have gladly submitted a bid in the amount of $500,000. 

C. L. McDonald. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 16th day of March, 1905. 
My commission expires on the 22d day of January, 1909. 
[seal.] Ira C. Money, 

Notary Public, City of /St. Louis, Mo. 



State of Illinois, County of Cook, ss: 

Before me this the 28th day of March, 1905, personally appeared 
Mr. S. Krug, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says : 

My name is S. Krug. I am a resident of Chicago. Have resided 
here for the past thirty-seven years. For the past twenty-seven years 
I have been engaged in the excavating and sand business. During 
this time I have also been engaged on contracts for wrecking large 
buildings. I wrecked the First National Bank Building, the Metro- 
politan Building, the Montauk Block; Hibbard, Spencer & Bartlett 
store, and numerous other large buildings in Chicago. 

In regard to the sale of the World's Fair salvage at St. Louis I will 
make the following statement : 



156 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

I was told by a friend of mine that bids had been requested for 
wrecking and removal of certain World's Fair buildings at St. Louis, 
and that specifications and instructions could be obtained from Mr. 
Isaac S. Taylor, director of works. For business reasons I did not 
wish the Exposition Company to know that I wanted to figure on the 
contract. I asked a friend of mine to procure a copy of the specifica- 
tions for me. It was necessary for him to deposit $10 for the specifi- 
cations. He sent the specifications to me. Mr. John M. Dunphy, who 
is in my employ, and I went over the specifications at length and 
studied them pretty thoroughly. The specifications only referred to 
exhibit buildings, band stands, fire-department houses, live-stock 
barns, dairy barns, Festival Hall, fuel building, terrace of States, 
and toilet-room buildings. On October 24, 1904, some ten days after 
we read over the specifications and instructions, Mr. Dunphy, Mr. 
Powers, and myself went to St. Louis to look over the plans to see the 
nature of the material and the construction of the various buildings. 
We went to Mr. Taylor's office and were informed that Mr. Taylor 
was busy and could not see us. Mr. Taylor's secretary, Mr. Carl Hob- 
Htzelle, took us into an adjoining room. He did not ask our names 
and we did not tell him who we were. While we were waiting in this 
room — I presume we were there about five minutes — Mr. Frank 
Harris, a member of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, came 
into the room. It looked to me as if he had been posted as to our 
being there and came to see who we were. Mr. Harris remained there 
three or four minutes and then left. We asked the clerk in charge of 
the office there for the plans of the various buildings to be wrecked. 
He handed us two sets of plans — one for the Agricultural and one for 
the Horticultural Building. We requested more plans of him, but he 
said he was too busy to take them down and immediately left the 
room and remained out all the time we were in there. We went to the 
shelves and took out the plans ourselves and looked them over. After 
we had looked over the plans for a couple of hours we went out on the 
exposition grounds, and spent the rest of that day and the next on 
the grounds, and on the following day we returned to Chicago. 
The bids were to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon Thurs- 
day, November 10, 1904. Mr. Schmitt, my bookkeeper, and myself 
went to St. Louis on November 9 and were present at Mr. Taylor's 
office in the Administration Building before the hour of 12 o'clock 
noon, November 10. I had prepared my bid. At this time I onty bid 
on the stock barns, live-stock forum, Congress Hall, Agricultural and 
Horticultural buildings. I also had a separate bid prepared for the 
Transportation Building, which I submitted. I took my bids and 
handed them to Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, Mr. Taylor's private secretary. 
He placed them in his desk and said he would bring them to the atten- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 157 

lion of the committee when the time came to open the bids. Mr. 
Schmitt and I then went into an anteroom, where the other bidders 
were gathered. There were present at the time Mr. H. S. Albrecht, of 
the firm of Schoellhorn & Albrecht, St. Louis ; Mr. Charles McDon- 
ald, of the St. Louis Steam Forge Company, St. Louis ; Mr. W. Ware, 
of the Columbia Wrecking Company, St. Louis ; a Mr. Schaeffer and 
son, of St. Louis, and Mr. Frank and Abraham Harris, who repre- 
sented the Chicago House Wrecking Company. There were one or 
two other gentlemen present, but I can not now recall their names. 
Some middle-aged man came in with the Harris Brothers. He 
seemed to have free access to the room where the salvage committee 
was in session, and ran back and forth two or three times and held a 
conversation with the Harris Brothers in the hall. We expected the 
bids to be opened at 1 o'clock. It was now some time after 1 o'clock. 
We were all waiting there when President Francis came in and 
announced that they were going to lunch, and for us to come back 
later on. We all left the room and I with several other gentlemen 
went to get a little lunch. We were back in the anteroom of Mr. Tay- 
lor's office by 2.30 p. m. We waited there until 4 o'clock when Mr. 
Taylor's secretary came into the room and requested all the bidders to 
go into the room where the salvage committee was in session. The 
committee met in Mr. Taylor's office. President Francis, Mr. Taylor, 
Samuel Kennard, Mr. Holmes, and some other gentleman, I can not 
call his name now. President Francis arose and said : " Gentlemen, 
the bids are all there on the table and we will open them shortly." 
He asked how we wished the bids handled — that is, whether we 
wanted them opened in our presence or in a secret session of the Com- 
mittee. Mr. H. S. Albrecht, of St. Louis, immediately arose and stated 
that he wanted the bids opened in the presence of the bidders present, 
as he wanted everything to be open and above board. All the other 
bidders present requested that the bids be opened in their presence, 
except Mr. Abraham Harris, president of the Chicago House Wreck- 
ing Company, who arose and offered an objection to the bids being 
opened in public, and stated that he did not want his bid to be opened 
in public, but wanted it opened in private, for the reason that he did 
not want everybody to know what his bid was ; that if he was the suc- 
cessful bidder his bid would be published and everybody would know 
what it was, but if he was not the successful bidder he did not want it 
known what amount he bid. President Francis held a whispered con- 
versation with several members of the committee and then turned to 
the bidders and said : " Gentlemen, we have decided to open the bids 
in secret session." He thus favored Mr. Harris and ignored the 
demand of the other bidders. Mr. Albrecht again demanded that 
the bids be opened in our presence. We were then told to repair to the 
anteroom and wait until called for. While we were waiting in the 



158 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

anteroom Mr. Taylor's secretary called Mr. Abe Harris into the com- 
mittee room, where the salvage committee was opening the bids. He 
remained in there some little time. As soon as Mr. Harris came out 
Mr. H. S. Albrecht was called in. He told me when he came out that 
he had entered a vigorous protest as to the way the bids were being 
handled, and that he as a stockholder and a bidder had again 
demanded that the bids be opened in the presence of the bidders. Mr. 
Schmitt and myself were next called into the room where the salvage 
committee was in session. Mr. Taylor asked me if I knew a Mr. 
Schluetter, of Chicago. I told him that I was well acquainted with 
the gentleman, that I had done considerable work for him in Chicago, 
and that he had always paid me for it. When I made this remark 
President Francis looked at Mr. Taylor and laughed in rather a 
sneering way. I presumed from his actions that the Exposition Com- 
pany had had some trouble with Mr. Schluetter. President Francis 
said to me, " Mr. Krug, you have some excellent recommendations 
here from prominent people and banks of Chicago." I told him that 
I was well able to carry out any contract I undertook, as I had good 
financial backing and understood my business. He said to me, " Mr. 
Krug, your bid is very satisfactory, but why have you not submitted 
a bid on all the buildings shown in the specifications ? " I told him I 
had taken into consideration the insurance on the various buildings 
and that I was afraid I might have trouble in getting insurance on 
all the buildings, and therefore submitted a bid on buildings that 
were quite a distance apart and less liable to fire. I told President 
Francis at this time that I was willing to submit a bid for $76,600 
on all the buildings shown in the specifications prepared by Mr. Tay- 
lor. My first bid did not include all the buildings shown in the speci- 
fications. I made this offer offhand. He asked me if I wanted to 
figure on wrecking the buildings for the Exposition Company on a 
percentage basis, they to own all the material and sell it and I to get 
a per cent for doing the work. I told him I would take it by contract 
for an agreed figure or would do the work for him on a percentage 
basis, and that I would be glad to do anything for him I could. 
President Francis said to me, "Mr. Krug, you put in your bid for 
$76,600 in writing and have it in this office to-morrow morning." We 
were then asked to wait out in the anteroom. We waited there until 
about 6 o'clock. At about 6 o'clock Mr. Taylor's secretary came in 
and announced that the meeting had adjourned until the next day. 
We all left the room then. At 10 o'clock the next morning, Novem- 
ber 11, 1904, Mr. Schmitt and myself went to Mr. Taylor's office, 
where I filed nry bid in writing for $76,600 to cover all the buildings 
shown in the specifications. We waited there until about 4 o'clock, 
expecting some decision from the salvage committee. About 4 o'clock 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 159 

Mr. Taylor's secretary came in and announced that the meeting of the 
salvage committee had adjourned until the following Monday. 

The conditions embodied in the specifications as to the time allowed 
for removal of the wreckage were so prohibitive as to render it almost 
impossible to carry them out. The time limit — namely, three months — 
was too short. It would entail an enormous expense and waste of 
material to try to comply with the time conditions stated in the 
specifications. 

The amount required by the specifications to be deposited in the 
form of a certified check, payable to the Exposition Company, viz, 
50 per cent of the amount of bid, w T as very exorbitant. This check 
was to be forfeited to the Exposition Company in the event the suc- 
cessful bidder failed to enter into a contract with the salvage com- 
mittee within five days after they accepted the bid. I consider the 
amount demanded, 50 per cent, very excessive, and it had the effect 
of frightening bidders away. A 5 to 10 per cent deposit is usually 
the amount required by the Government and the city. 

The specifications also stipulated that the full amount of the con- 
tract, less the amount of the certified check, held and to be appro- 
priated by the Exposition Company, must be paid to the Exposition 
Company at the time the contract is signed. I consider this out of 
all reason, and in itself would have a tendency to prohibit bidding. 

The time-limit clause, namely, three months, from March 1 to 
June 1, 1905, in which all the buildings must be torn down and the 
grounds cleared, was entirely too short a time, and out of all reason, 
as it would be physically impossible for any contractor to do the 
work in the time specified, and no contractor would attempt it under 
the terms of the specifications unless he knew he would be favored 
with an extension of time later on. 

The specifications appear to me to have been drawn up with the 
intent and purpose of discouraging bidders. In all my experience 
I have never encountered such requirements as set forth in those 
specifications. 

I told Mr. Taylor and President Francis that the time limit was 
too short, and that I w T ould be glad to make a much higher bid if they 
would extend the time. They said, " We can not extend the time one 
day — the grounds must be cleared by June 1, 1905." 

On the following Monday, November 14, 1904, I went to Mr. 
Taylor's office at 10 a. m. I was informed by Mr. Taylor's private 
secretary that all bids had been rejected, and that I would be notified 
if further bids would be requested. I returned to Chicago that night, 
and awaited some advice from the Exposition Company as to what 
disposition was to be made of the property, and if new bids would 
be requested. For fear that something might happen that I would 
get slipped up on, and the contract be given to some one else, I sent 



160 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

my agent, Mr. John M. Dunphy, to St. Louis, so that he would be on 
the ground and be in touch with what was going on, and told him to 
watch the papers to see if new bids were requested. Mr. Dunphy 
was in St. Louis from November 20 to 26, inclusive, and he informed 
me that during all this time he was unable to get any information 
as to what the Exposition Company was going to do with the prop- 
erty or whether new bids would be asked for. Mr. Dunphy was com- 
pelled to return to Chicago on the night of November 26. He asked 
a friend of his, a Mr. William H. Ranstead, who lives in St. Louis, to 
look out for news in regard to the wrecking of the World's Fair 
buildings, and if new bids were requested to notify him immediately 
by telephone or by telegraph. On November 28 I received a telegram 
from Mr. Ranstead, as follows : 

St. Louis, November 28. 
S. Krtjg and John Dunphy, 

167 Dearborn street, Chicago, III. : 
Salvage committee met at 2 p. m. At the adjournment Mr. Taylor 
and President Francis called me in and wished me to wire you to 
come on first train. Everything looks well. Meet me at the Lindell 
Hotel before you go to the grounds. Also wire me in care Lindell 
Hotel when you leave. 

W. H. Ranstead. 

This message was received by me at about 8.40 a. m. November 29. 
Mr. Dunphy and I took the first train out to St. Louis. We left here 
at 11.03 a. m. and arrived St. Louis at 6 p. m. November 29. We 
met Mr. Ranstead at the hotel and talked matters over. The next 
day, November 30, Mr. Ranstead, Mr. Dunphy, and myself went to 
the fair grounds and called at office of Mr. Stevens, secretary of the 
Exposition Company. This was about 10.30 a. m. At about 11 a. m. 
Mr. Stevens took us to the room where the salvage committee was 
holding a meeting. Mr. Stevens did not remain in the room during 
the meeting. There were present President Francis, Mr. Taylor, Mr. 
Kennard, and Mr. Holmes, members of the salvage committee. After 
a short preliminary talk, we were told by Mr. Francis that we would 
have to put in our bid for all the buildings shown in the specifica- 
tions, including copper wire and railroad iron, and that we would 
have to have the bid in by 4 o'clock that afternoon. It was then about 
12 o'clock. We protested against such short time for figuring on all 
the property shown by the specifications. I requested more time and 
told them I would be able to make an intelligent bid if granted more 
time. I asked President Francis to give me the figures on the steel 
rails and the copper wire, and stated that he should have the figures 
showing the amount on hand, as it was all bought by weight; that if 
I could get an idea of the amount of wire and rail I could get my bid 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 161 

in all right in time. He stated he could not give me the figures on the 
rail and the wire. Mr. Kennard then stated that I could put in a bid 
for the buildings that were shown in the specifications, including the 
intramural stations, the fences, and the bridges by 4 o'clock that day, 
and that I could have until Friday, December 2, to put in my bid on 
the railroad iron and the copper wire. I asked if it would be possible 
for me to get an extension of time in which to do the work, providing 
I secured the contract. President Francis stated that the time could 
not be extended one day. I then asked for a list of the property so I 
could figure on all of it. President Francis stated that they did not 
have any lists and that it would be necessary for us to go over the 
ground and get our own data. He stated to me then that there were 
2,000 tons of steel rails. We then left the office and walked over the 
grounds and looked at the buildings, the intramural stations, the 
fences, and bridges, on which we were asked to submit a bid that 
afternoon. We did not look over the rail and the wire, as we thought 
we would have more time the following day for that. We went back 
to Mr. Taylor's office at 4 o'clock p. m. We waited there in the ante- 
room until about 5.30 p. m. While we were waiting in the anteroom 
Mr. Frank and Mr. Abe Harris, of the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company were closeted with the salvage committee in Mr. Taylor's 
office. While we were waiting there they came out of Mr. Taylor's 
office without their overcoats or hats on. They had left them in the 
room where the salvage committee was in session. Mr. Dunphy, Mr. 
Eanstead, and myself were then requested to enter the room where 
the salvage committee was in session. Mr. Frank and Abe Harris 
waited outside until we got through. The same members of the sal- 
vage committee present at the morning session were present at this 
meeting, including Mr. John Scullin, but Mr. Scullin only remained 
a few minutes after we entered the room. There was another gentle- 
man present, but I do not know who he was. President Francis told 
me later that he was an insurance agent and that he held insurance on 
all the buildings then. I handed the bid, or rather Mr. Dunphy 
handed the bid to President Francis, who in turn handed it to Mr. 
Kennard, who opened it and read it aloud. The bid was for $101,000 
for the buildings mentioned in the specifications, the intramural sta- 
tions, the fence around the grounds (except the stadium fence) , and 
the bridges. Mr. Francis held a whispered conversation with Mr. 
Taylor, and then turned to us and said that the committee had 
decided to let the contract that day, and that they would not wait 
until Friday for the bid on the other material, that is the rails and 
the copper wire, and that it would be necessary for me to put in my 
bid that night, as they would be in session until 11 p. m. I stated 
that I could not make an intelligent bid on such short notice, unless I 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 11 



162 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

was furnished with figures showing amount of rail and wire pur- 
chased by them. Mr. Taylor spoke up and asked me if I knew a man 
by the name of Evans, of Chicago, who was in the wrecking business. 
I told him that I did not know a Mr. Evans, of Chicago, who was 
engaged in the wrecking business, and that I was well acquainted 
with all the prominent wrecking concerns and contractors in Chicago, 
but had never heard of or met Mr. Evans, the gentleman referred to. 
Mr. Taylor asked me why I could not get in a bid in the same time 
that Mr. Evans got his in, and stated that Mr. Evans had submitted 
a bid on all the property from Chicago by wire in three hours. I 
stood up then and spoke to President Francis and said, " President 
Francis, how do you know but that this bid of Mr. Evans may be a 
dummy ? " President Francis arose from the table and stood oppo- 
site me, and, scratching his head, said : " Well, Mr. Krug, you have 
got me a guessing. There may be something in that." 

President Francis said to me, " Mr. Krug, I made a mistake this 
morning in giving you the number of tons of steel rail; there are 
4,000 tons instead of 2,000 tons of rail." I then told him that it would 
be impossible for me to give him any kind of an intelligent bid with- 
out some kind of a list of the property to figure on. President Fran- 
cis stated that the matter would be settled that night and that I had 
until 11 p. m. to bring in my figures on all the property to be disposed 
of as shown by the specifications, and including the intramural sta- 
tions, the bridges, the fence around the grounds, the copper wire, and 
the railroad rails. We then left the room, and as we were passing 
out President Francis asked our names and where we were stopping, 
as they would call us up later on that day. 

As soon as we walked out of the room Mr. Frank and Abe Harris 
of the Chicago House Wrecking Company went in. 

We left the fair grounds immediately and went to the Lindell Ho- 
tel, where we prepared a new bid. About 7.30 p. m. we decided to 
put in our bid by telephone. Mr. Dunphy called up Mr. Taylor's 
office and was informed by the party who answered the telephone that 
the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock p. m. Mr. Dunphy 
told me that the salvage committee had adjourned, and I supposed 
they had adjourned to get something to eat and would be back shortly. 
I told him to call up again. About 8.30 p. m. Mr. Dunphy called up 
Mr. Taylor's office and was told that the salvage committee had 
adjourned at 7 p. m. and would not be back that night. About 10 
p. m. he called up President Francis's residence and was informed 
that President Francis was not at home, and also received the same 
reply when he called up Mr. Taylor's house, and when he called up 
Mr. Holmes's residence he was informed that Mr. Holmes had gone 
to bed. We were unable to reach any of the salvage committee. We 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 163 

were not called up that evening, nor did we hear anything from the 
salvage committee that evening, although we waited in the corridor 
of the Lindell Hotel until after 12 o'clock midnight. 

During our conversation with the committee nothing was said 
about fire engines, office furniture and furnishings, hose carriages, 
fire hose, horses, buggies, wagons, steam rollers, roadmaking ma- 
chinery, three steel greenhouses, with plants of every description, 
surveying instruments, engineering tools, two hospitals complete, 
2,000 folding cots, 2,500 opera chairs, 400 revolving chairs, 25,000 
kitchen chairs, 200 roller-top desks, 300 flat-top desks, 200 typewriter 
desks, the brick in the roadways, and the various buildings, or numer- 
ous other valuable articles and pieces of property. 

About 8.30 a. m. Thursday, December 1, Mr. Dunphy, my agent, 
called up Mr. Holmes's residence to find out what Mr. Holmes knew 
about the disposition of the bids. He was told by some lady who 
answered the telephone that Mr. Holmes was on his way to his office. 
He came and told me that Mr. Holmes was on his way to his office. 
I requested Mr. Dunphy to go to Mr. Holmes's office and try and 
ascertain what the committee had done about the bids. Later in the 
day Mr. Dunphy came to me and told me that Mr. Holmes had told 
him that the contract had been awarded to the Chicago House Wreck- 
ing Company between the hours of 6 and 7 p. m. of November 30. 

On December 3, 1904, I addressed a letter to President Francis in 
which I offered him $199,000 for all railroad iron and ties and all 
wire in and about the exposition grounds. I also, in the same letter, 
offered to pay him $101,000 for the buildings, fences, bridges, and 
intramural stations on the exposition grounds, which would total 
$300,000. 

On December 5 I addressed a letter to President Francis as follows : 

St. Louis, December 5, 190 1/.. 
Dear Sir: Since I have made an examination of the property 
belonging to the Exposition Company I find a great deal more prop- 
erty than was stated to me at your meeting last Wednesday. If you 
will furnish me with a correct list of the property I think now that I 
can make you a bid of from $400,000 to $450,000 for same, half cash, 
balance to be paid when property is turned over. I am prepared to 
make my bid in three hours after I receive a list of the property. 
Should my proposition meet with j^our consideration call me up at 
the Lindell Hotel and I will call for the copy at once. 
Yours, truly, 

S. Krug. 
Hon. D. K. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 

St. Louis, Mo. 

I never received a reply to either of the letters referred to. 



164 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

In the specifications as prepared by Mr. Taylor it was stipulated 
that a charge of $6 per car would be made for switching empty cars 
into the exposition grounds, while I notice the contract between the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company provides that only $3 per car 
shall be charged for this service. 

The specifications as prepared by Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of 
works, provides that — 

All bids must be made out upon blanks furnished by the director 
of works, and with each bid there shall be deposited a certified check, 
payable to the exposition, upon a responsible bank doing business in 
St. Louis, for the amount of 50 per cent of the amount of bid submit- 
ted, the sum indicated in said check to be forfeited to the Exposition 
Company in case the party or parties to whom award is made does 
not enter into contract with the Exposition Company within five 
days from date of said award for the work called for in these specifi- 
cations and instructions — 

while I see by the contract between the Exposition Company and the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company, which is of record in office of 
recorder of deeds, city of St. Louis, in book 1811, page 195 and fol- 
lowing pages, that the bid of the Chicago House Wrecking Company 
was accompanied by a check for $100,000, which amount represented 
less than 25 per cent of the amount of their bid, viz, $450,000. 

The specifications further stipulate that "A contract will be written 
by the Exposition Company for the faithful performance of this 
work, and upon the signing of same by the parties thereto, the full 
amount of said contract, less the amount of the certified check held 
and to be appropriated by the Exposition Company, must be paid to 
the said Exposition Company by the contractor," while the contract 
between the Chicago House Wrecking Company and the Exposition 
Company, which is of record, provides that the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company shall execute and deliver to the said Exposition 
Company at the time the contract is signed four promissory notes, 
three for $100,000 each, and one for $50,000, making a total, all told, 
including the certified check, of $450,000, and allows them six months 
in which to make the payments. 

The specifications further required — 

That a surety company's bond for an amount equal to the amount 
of contract must also be given to the Exposition Company by the 
said contractor to protect the said Exposition Company from loss 
during the execution of the work and for faithful performance of 
contract — 

while the contract referred to shows that the Chicago House Wreck- 
ing Company furnished a bond in the small sum of $40,000, or less 
than one-tenth the amount required by the specifications. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 165 

From the above it is my belief that the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company was shown favoritism and that they were favored from the 
beginning of the deal. 

I was never furnished a full list of the property to be disposed of 
by the Exposition Company. I personally requested a list two or 
three times, as did Mr. Dunphy, but we were unable to get one. Had 
I been furnished a list of the property that I learn has since been 
turned over to the Chicago House Wrecking Company under their 
contract I would have gladly bid $800,000, and would have made a 
very handsome profit on the deal at that price. 

I consider the value of all the property turned over to the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company on November 30 was more than $1,000,000. 

I consider the manner in which the bids were handled was very 
irregular and not the usual custom in that the bids were opened in 
secret and not in the presence of the bidders, as requested by a 
majority of the bidders present, but as requested by Mr. Abraham 
Harris, who represented the Chicago House Wrecking Company. 
This is not the customary procedure when bids are called for by the 
city or the Government. 

From what I saw there in the anteroom and in the presence of the 
salvage committee the several times we were there I am convinced 
that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was furnished inside 
information and that they were shown favoritism. 

Mr. W. B. Stevens, the secretary of the Exposition Company, was 
not present in the committee room at any time while I was there 
talking over the bids and he does not know what was going on in. 
there, except what has been told him and what he has gained from 
the papers he handled. 

The contract between the Exposition Company and the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company, which is of record in St. Louis, bears date 
of November 30, 1904, while I note by a letter dated March 7 and 
signed by Mr. W. B. Stevens, he states the contract was not closed 
until December 13, 1904, on which date the board of directors of the 
exposition met. This was eight days after my letter of December 5 
was delivered to Mr. Stevens in person by Mr. Eanstead. 

If the sale of the exposition buildings and the property to be dis- 
posed of had been properly advertised there would have been much 
more competition in the bidding. If a list of all the property to be 
disposed of had been furnished the bidders much higher bids would 
have been made. If the property had been sold at public auction, 
building for building, and other property in detail, so anyone could 
have bought what he wanted and had use for, I am confident that 
the Exposition Company would have received more than a million 
and a half dollars. 



166 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

I consider the manner in which the salvage committee handled the 
bids very irregular in that great secrecy was observed, and will state 
that the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company for the sum of $450,000 was unjust to other bidders, and 
detrimental to the interests of the United States, the city of St. Louis, 
and the stockholders of the Exposition Company. 

S. Krug. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. 
My commission expires on the 15th day of October, 1905. 
[seal.] Harriet A. Dumas, 

Notary Public. 



State of Illinois, County of Cook, ss: 

Before me, this, the 28th day of March, 1905, personally appeared 
Mr. George J. Schmitt, who, being duly sworn on his oath, says : 

My name is George J. Schmitt. I reside in Chicago, 111.; have 
resided here for the past thirty-five years. Am employed as clerk and 
bookkeeper in office of Mr. S. Krug, contractor, of Chicago. I have 
been in Mr. Krug's employ for the past eight years. On November 
9 I left Chicago for St. Louis with Mr. Krug, to look after his bids 
and do any clerical work that he might want done. We arrived St. 
Louis on morning of November 10, 1904. Mr. Krug had his bid made 
up, and upon arrival at St. Louis we immediately went to the National 
Bank of Commerce, where Mr. Krug wanted to have his draft cashed 
and his check certified. We then went to the Administration Build- 
ing and called at the office of Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works, 
where Mr. Krug handed his bid to Mr. Taylor's clerk. This was 
about 12 o'clock noon on November 10. We were requested to go into 
the anteroom and wait until called for. There were present in the 
anteroom at the time Mr. Albrecht, Mr. McDonald, Mr. Schaeffer and 
son, Mr. Ware, of the Columbia Wrecking Company. One or two other 
gentlemen were present. I do not now recall their names. After 
we had been there some little time, Messrs. Frank and Abraham 
Harris, of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, came in. We all 
waited there until about 2 p. m. About this time President Francis 
passed through the room and went into Mr. Taylor's office. He came 
back shortly and said to us to come back in about an hour, as the sal- 
vage committee was going to lunch then. We went back again 
about 3 p. m. The same croAvd of bidders present in the room. There 
was some gray-haired gentleman who came in with the Harris broth- 
ers. When I first saw him I thought he was a member of the salvage 
committee, on account of his running back and forth into the room 
where the salvage committee was in session. I learned from Mr. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 167 

Albrecht later on that the gentleman referred to was working for the 
Harris brothers. While we were waiting there to be called in he made 
two trips into the room where the salvage committee was in session, 
and came back each time and went and held a whispered conversation 
with the Harris brothers in the hall. 

We waited in the room there until 4 o'clock, when Mr. Taylor's 
private secretary requested all the bidders to go into Mr. Taylor's 
office, where the salvage committee was in session. We all went in 
there. President Francis asked the bidders how they wanted the 
bids handled, whether opened in their presence or opened in secret 
session of the salvage committee. All the bidders present requested 
that the bids be opened in their presence, except Mr. Abe Harris, 
who got up and told President Francis that he did not want his bid 
opened in the presence of the bidders, as he did not want everybody 
to know what he had bid, and that if he was the successful bidder we 
would all know later on what he had bid, and if he was not the suc- 
cessful bidder he did not want his bid to be known. Mr. Albrecht 
got up and stated that he wanted his bid to be opened in the presence 
of the bidders, as he wanted everything to be open and aboveboard. 
President Francis then held a whispered conversation with Mr. 
Taylor and some other gentleman there, and then in a few minutes 
turned to the bidders and said, " Gentlemen, we have decided to 
open these bids in secret session of the salvage committee," and re- 
quested us to go into the anteroom and wait until called for. We 
all went back into the anteroom. In a few minutes President 
Francis requested the Harris brothers to come in the room where 
they were holding the meeting. They did so, and remained in 
there about ten or fifteen minutes. As soon as they came out Mr. 
Albrecht went in, and when Mr. Albrecht came out Mr. Krug and 
myself went in. President Francis spoke to Mr. Krug and said, 
" Mr. Krug, you seem to have some very good letters of recom- 
mendation here, and from the letters I judge you have done con- 
siderable work." Mr. Taylor asked Mr. Krug if he knew a Mr. 
Schluetter, of Chicago. Mr. Krug said that he was acquainted with 
Mr. Schluetter, had done considerable work for him, and had always 
been paid his money. I inferred from their actions that they had 
had some trouble with Mr. Schluetter. President Francis said, 
" Mr. Krug, your bid is very satisfactory." Mr. Krug had only 
submitted a bid on part of the buildings, as shown by the specifica- 
tions. President Francis asked Mr. Krug if he could not put in a 
bid on all the buildings, and why he had not done so. Mr. Krug 
said that he was afraid he would have some trouble getting insurance 
on all the buildings, and for that reason only submitted a bid on 
buildings that were more isolated and less liable to fire. President 
Francis told him it would be an easy matter for him to get insurance, 



168 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and he asked Mr. Krug what he would bid on all the buildings, 
according to the specifications. Mr. Krug said that he would be 
willing to bid $76,600 on all the buildings as shown in the specifi- 
cations. President Francis asked Mr. Krug what he would wreck 
the buildings for on a percentage basis, or if he would take the 
work on a contract at a figure to be agreed upon, and they to own 
and dispose of all the material themselves. Mr. Krug studied awhile 
and said that he would be willing to do- the work for President 
Francis, but it would take him some time to figure on the propo- 
sition so as to submit an intelligent figure. President Francis said 
that if they decided to wreck the buildings themselves on a con- 
tract that he would let him know when his bid would be wanted. 
At this time President Francis requested Mr. Krug to submit in 
writing his bid for $76,600 and have it in by 10 o'clock the next 
morning. We then left the room, and they requested us to remain 
in the anteroom. We were there until about 6 o'clock. During 
that time they called in other bidders. About 6 o'clock Mr. Taylor's 
secretary came into the room and announced that the salvage com- 
mittee had adjourned until the next day at 2 p. m. We then left 
the grounds and went to the Lindell Hotel. When we reached the 
hotel that night we made up a revised bid. The next day we went 
to Mr. Taylor's office about 10 a. m. and gave to Mr. Taylor's clerk 
the bid in writing for $76,600, and he said he would bring it to 
the attention of the committee when they met. We waited there 
from 10 a. m. until 2 p. m. In the meantime Mr. Krug sent in his 
card to Mr. Taylor's office and asked if any action would be taken 
on the bids that afternoon. We were informed that nothing would 
be done with the bids that day, and that the salvage committee had 
adjourned until the following Monday. I left St. Louis that night 
for Chicago. I returned to St. Louis on Monday, November 14, 
1904, arriving there at 10 a. m. Mr. Krug remained in St. Louis 
all the time. When I returned to St. Louis Mr. Krug and I went 
to Mr. Taylor's office. We reached there about 10 a. m., Monday, 
November 14. We waited there until about 2.30 or 3 p. m. While 
we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Taylor's private secretary 
came in and told us that all bids had been rejected. We then left 
the grounds, and Mr. Krug and I returned to Chicago that night. 

I never saw by the papers or otherwise where new bids were re- 
quested after the announcement that the first bids had been rejected. 
I watched the papers very closely, as we were desirous of submitting 
a new bid when called for. 

From what I saw while I was in the anteroom and in the committee 
room I am fully convinced that the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany was given inside information as to what property was to be sold, 
and I consider that they were given privileges and favored from the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 169 

beginning of the deal, in view of the fact that a majority of the bid- 
ders desired their bids opened in public, while the Harris brothers 
protested against such procedure, and they were sustained in their 
protest by the salvage committee. 

I have had considerable experience in handling bids and being 
present when bids are opened, and I never before saw such proceed- 
ings as took place in the meeting room of the salvage committee on 
November 10, 1904. 

I am sure that had the Exposition Company properly advertised 
the sale and furnished a list of the property to be disposed of, which 
I have since seen published in a catalogue gotten out by the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company and listed in the contract between the 
Exposition Company and the Wrecking Company, was turned over 
to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, that much higher bids 
would have been made, and considerably more money realized from 
the sale than they received from the Chicago House Wrecking 
Company. 

Between the 15th and 20th of December, 1904, I came in possession 
of one of the catalogues that the Chicago House Wrecking Company 
sent out, showing all the property they had for disposal. It con- 
tained cuts and descriptions and computations that would take at 
least one month or more to compile and print. I have had consider- 
able experience in getting up catalogues of material and property, 
and am confident that they could not have compiled all the figures, 
secured all the cuts and descriptions, and had the catalogue printed 
and on the market in a month's time. 

I consider the manner in which the bids were handled very irregu- 
lar, and that the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company for $450,000, in view of the amount and value of 
the property turned over to them, as shown by their catalogue and 
their contract, to have been detrimental to the interests of the United 
States, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders of the Exposition 
Company. 

George J. Schmitt. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. 
My commission expires on the 9th day of November, 1908. 
[seal.] S. E. Kellogg. 



State or Illinois, County of Cook, ss: 

Personally appeared before me this 28th day of March, 1905, Mr. 
John M. Dunphy, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says : 

My name is John M. Dunphy; I reside in the city of Chicago; I 
have resided here for the past forty-seven years. I was city treasurer 



170 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

of Chicago for one term; was commissioner of buildings for one 
term in this city ; I have been engaged in the contracting business for 
the past forty years ; I have been in the employ of Mr. S. Krug, con- 
tractor, of Chicago, for the past three years ; I am very familiar with 
construction and wrecking work. 

In regard to the sale of the salvage of the St. Louis Exposition I 
desire to make the following statement : 

Through a friend, Mr. Krug received specifications and instruc- 
tions for the wrecking and removal of certain buildings at the St. 
Louis Exposition. These specifications were obtained from Mr. Isaac 
S. Taylor, director of works of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 
After we had looked over the specifications Mr. Krug suggested that 
we go to St. Louis and look over the plans and the buildings, with a 
view of submitting a bid on the work. Mr. Krug, Mr. Powers, and 
myself arrived in St. Louis on October 24, 1904. We called at Mr. 
Taylor's office that day. I asked for Mr. Taylor, but was informed 
by some clerk there that Mr. Taylor was too busy and could not see 
us. I talked with his secretary, Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, in the presence 
of Mr. Krug and Mr. Powers. He told us he could answer all ques- 
tions. I told him I wanted to look at the plans, as we desired to 
figure on some of the buildings that were to be disposed of. He took 
us into another room where the plans were stored and introduced us 
to some gentleman in charge there. I requested the plans from this 
gentleman. I asked for the plans for the Agricultural and Horti- 
cultural buildings. After we had finished looking these two plans 
over I looked around for the young man to ask for more plans, 
but could not find him, and we went to the shelves and got down the 
plans ourselves. 

While we were there looking over the plans some gentleman came 
into the room and spoke to Mr. Krug. Later on I asked Mr. Krug 
who the gentleman was, and he told me it was a Mr. Frank Harris, of 
the Chicago House Wrecking Company. Mr. Krug further stated 
that Mr. Harris was a resident of Chicago, but was then interested in 
the Ferris Wheel at the exposition. We remained in St. Louis for 
two days longer looking over the plans and buildings, and then 
returned to Chicago. I never saw any notice in the newspapers 
requesting sealed proposals for the wrecking and removal of the expo- 
sition buildings. The first I knew about it was when Mr. Krug 
received the specifications from his friend. We talked over the mat- 
ter of submitting bids on the work. On the 9th of November, 1904, 
Mr. Krug and Mr. Schmitt, a bookkeeper for Mr. Krug, went to St. 
Louis to submit a bid on the work, according to the specifications and 
instructions prepared by Mr. Taylor, director of works. The bids were 
to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon Thursday, November 10, 
1904. Mr. Schmitt returned to Chicago on Friday night. Mr. Krug 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 171 

remained in St. Louis. Mr. Schmitt went to St. Louis again on Mon- 
day, November 14. On Tuesday, November 15, Mr. Krug and Mr. 
Schmitt returned to Chicago and told me that all the bids had been 
rejected. Mr. Krug desired that some one be on the ground to look 
after his interests, and suggested that I go to St. Louis and keep in 
touch with affairs there and try and ascertain what was going on. 
I left Chicago for St. Louis on Sunday, November 20, 1904, and 
arrived at St. Louis morning of November 21. After I was informed 
that all bids had been rejected I did not see any published notice 
requesting additional or new bids, although I watched the papers 
pretty close and tried to keep in touch with what was going on. I 
went to Mr. Taylor's office several times while I was there and sent in 
my card, as agent for Mr. Krug. I was informed each time by some 
clerk in the office that Mr. Taylor was busy and could not see me. I 
remained in St. Louis until the evening of November 26, when I was 
compelled to return to Chicago. I requested Mr. Wm. H. Ranstead, 
a friend of mine who lives in St. Louis and who was in pretty close 
touch with what was going on, to look after matters there for me 
during my absence, and to keep me advised of what went on, and if 
new bids were requested to telephone or telegraph me. On the morn- 
ing of Tuesday, November 29, 1904, I received a telegram from Mr. 
Ranstead requesting Mr. Krug and myself to go to St. Louis at once, 
as Mr. Taylor and President Francis desired to have a talk with us. 
We left Chicago for St. Louis on the first train out — 11.03 a. m. — and 
arrived St. Louis at 6 p. m. November 29. We met Mr. Ranstead at 
the Lindell Hotel. We talked over matters that evening. The next 
morning, November 30, Mr. Krug, Mr. Ranstead, and myself went to 
the office of Mr. W. B. Stevens, secretary of the Exposition Company. 
We waited in Mr. Stevens's office some time. After a while Mr. 
Stevens took us to Mr. Taylor's office. The salvage committee was in 
session in Mr. Taylor's office. There were present at the time Presi- 
dent Francis, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Samuel Kennard, and Mr. J. A. 
Holmes. We talked with the salvage committee, and asked them 
how they wanted us to submit a bid, and what they had to sell that 
they wanted us to bid on. President Francis said that he wanted us 
to bid on all the buildings shown in the specifications, and to include 
the intramural stations, the bridges, and the fence around the 
grounds; also the railroad rails and the copper wire. President 
Francis said that the bid must be in by 4 o'clock that afternoon. It 
was then about 12 o'clock noon. Mr. Krug said that he could not 
make an intelligent bid on such short notice and asked for more time. 
Mr. Kennard then spoke up and said : " Mr. Krug, you can give us 
a bid on the buildings, including the intramural stations, the bridges, 
and the fence this afternoon, and have it in by 4 o'clock, and we will 
give you until Friday, December 2, to put in your bid on the rail and 



172 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the copper wire." President Francis then stated, " Mr. Krug, there 
are 2,000 tons of steel rail to be disposed of." Mr. Krug asked for a 
statement showing the amount of rail and copper wire, and stated 
lie would be able to put his bid in before Friday if he was furnished 
the statement. President Francis stated they could not furnish such 
a statement. We then left the office and walked around the grounds 
looking over the stations, the bridges, and the fences. We did not 
look over the rail and wire that afternoon, as we thought we would 
have more time for that the following day. After we had gone over 
the ground we went and figured out a new bid and returned to the 
office of Mr. Taylor about 4 o'clock. The salvage committee was in 
session at the time. Mr. Frank and Mr. Abraham Harris, of the 
Chicago House Wrecking Company, were holding a conference with 
the committee at the time. About 5.30 p. m. the Harris brothers 
came out of the committee room without their overcoats and hats on. 
They had left them in the room where the committee was meeting. 
As soon as they came out we went in. We were asked if we had pre- 
pared our bid. I handed the bid to Mr. Francis, who in turn handed 
it to Mr. Kennard, who opened it and read it aloud. The bid was for 
$101,000. This was only for the buildings, as shown by the specifica- 
tions, and on the intramural stations, bridges, and fences, it being 
agreed during the talk in the morning that these latter items should 
be included. President Francis then told Mr. Krug that he could 
not wait until Friday for the bid on the railroad steel and the copper 
wire; that it would have to be in by 11 p. m. that night, and that the 
salvage committee would be in session until that hour. He said, 
" To-morrow is the closing day of the Fair — Francis Day — and I will 
be very busy." During our talk there then, President Francis told 
Mr. Krug that he had made a mistake that morning in saying there 
were 2,000 tons of steel rail; that there were 4,000 tons. Mr. Krug 
then asked for a list of the rails and wire, or rather for a statement of 
the amount they had purchased, so he could figure on it, but he was 
unable to get same. We then left the fair grounds and went to the 
Lindell Hotel. As we were leaving the room President Francis asked 
our names and where we were stopping, and stated they would call us 
up over the telephone during the evening. When we arrived at the 
hotel we held a conference and agreed on a new bid. I went to the 
telephone at about 7.30 p. m. and called up Mr. Taylor's office. I was 
informed by the party who answered the telephone that the salvage 
committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock. I presumed they had ad- 
journed to get something to eat and would return shortly. About 
8.30 p. m. I again called up Mr. Taylor's office and was informed that 
the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 p. m. and would not be 
back that night. Shortly after this I called up President Francis's 
house and was informed that he was not at home. I then called up 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 173 

Mr. Taylor's house and was told that he was not at home. About 
10 p. m. I called up Mr. Holmes's residence and was informed that 
Mr. Holmes had gone to bed. I tried every way I could to reach some 
member of the salvage committee, but could not. The next morning, 
December 1, about 8.30 a. m., I called up Mr. Holmes's house and was 
informed that Mr. Holmes was then on his way to his office. I told 
Mr. Krug this, and he suggested that I go to Mr. Holmes's office and 
see him. I went to the office of Mr. Holmes and waited there some 
time. I think I was there about thirty minutes before he came in. 
When he came he invited me into his private office. I asked him 
what the salvage committee had done about the bids. He asked, 
" Did they not call you up ? " I said " No ; nobody called us up." 
He said, " Why, that is singular ; it was understood that they would 
call you up before doing anything." I told him that I had tele- 
phoned the office of Mr. Taylor the night before, and was informed 
that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock. I asked him 
if the contract had been awarded, and he told me that it had been 
given to the Chicago House Wrecking Company before they ad- 
journed at 7 o'clock on the evening of November 30. I went back to 
the hotel and told Mr. Krug and Mr. Ranstead that the deal had 
been closed and that the contract had been given to the Chicago 
House Wrecking Company. I asked him for what amount the con- 
tract was closed and he refused to tell me. I came back to Chicago 
the next day, December 2. 

While we were in the salvage committee room talking about the 
bids I asked President Francis for a list of all the property to be 
disposed of, so that we would know what to figure on and make an 
intelligent bid. He said that they were not furnishing lists to any- 
one; that they were only giving out the specifications, and that we 
could go out on the grounds and gather our own data. I never saw, 
by the papers or otherwise, that new bids were requested after I was 
informed that the first bids had been rejected. 

I consider the manner in which the bids were handled very irregu- 
lar, in that the bids were opened in secret, and not in public, as de- 
manded by a majority of the bidders, and as is customary on large 
contracts. The manner in which the bids were handled was not in 
accord with the way the Government and the city handle bids. 

I have had a great deal of experience in the past thirty years in 
figuring on specifications for the construction and wrecking of build- 
ings, and never before saw specifications drawn up in the manner in 
which these specifications were drawn up. They required such a 
large deposit to accompany the bid and made the time limit too short, 
namely, three months. The usual amount required to be deposited 
with a bid runs from 5 to 10 per cent of the amount bid. 



174 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

I have seen a list of the property acquired by the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company under the terms of the contract, and will say 
that I consider the market value of all the property at the time it was 
turned over to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, on November 
30, 1904, to have been at least $1,000,000. 

I will say further, that had the Exposition Company properly 
advertised the sale of the property, and had disposed of same in piece 
lots, they would have realized at least $1,200,000. 

It was very apparent to me that the Chicago House Wrecking Com- 
pany was being furnished inside information, and it was also evident 
that they were being favored in the deal. 

I consider the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House 
Wrecking Company for the sum of $450,000 was detrimental to the 
interests of the United States, the city of St. Louis, and the stock- 
holders of the exposition. 

John M. Dunpht. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. 
My commission expires on the 15th day of October, 1905. 
[seal.] Harriet A. Dumas, 

Notary Public. 




APPENDIX 3. 



REPORTS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



I 



The Argentine Republic. 

N November, 1903, the organization commission was appointed 
by the President as follows : Senor Francisco Sequi, president ; 
Senor Ricardo Pillado, secretary; Senor Luis Suberbuhler; 
Seilor Antonio Lanusse; Senor Francisco de Souza Martinez: 
Senor Manuel G. Llamazares. 

Dr. Jose V. Fernandez, commissioner-general; Senor Eduardo 
Schiaffino, commissioner of fine arts ; Senor Horacio Anasagasti, com- 
missioner of liberal arts and mines ; Senor Guillermo A. Puente, com- 
missioner of manufacture and electricity ; Dr. Damian Lan, commis- 
sioner of live stock ; Senor Ernesto Nelson, commissioner of education ; 
Senor Enrique M. Nelson, commissioner of agriculture and forestry; 
Senor Jose de Olivares, commissioner of press and propaganda; 
Miss Ernestina A. Lopez, Ph. D., delegate of the National Board of 
Education; Mrs. Sara C. de Eccleston, delegate to the Women's 
Congress ; Dr. B. del Castillo, delegate of the Argentine Press Asso- 
ciation; Dr. Luis A. Sauze, honorary commissioner; Dr. Vicente 
Casares, jr., honorary attache; Senor Ricardo Fernandez Guerrico, 
honorary attache; Senor Jorge Newbery, delegate of the municipality 
of Buenos Aires to the Congress of Electricity. 

In the extent and importance of its participation the Argentine 
Republic ranked among the greatest foreign exhibitors at the Inter- 
national Exposition of 1904. The total amount of money expended, 
including the national appropriation by Congress, the contributions 
of the various ministries of the Government and of the art, industrial, 
and scientific institutions of the country, represented more than 
$300,000 gold. The total space covered by the Argentine exhibit sec- 
tions, independent of the site occupied by the national pavilion, was 
about 20,000 square feet. 

The Argentine commission constructed an elegant pavilion at 
the northern extremity of the grounds in the renaissance style, which 
was a copy, although reduced in dimensions, of the two higher stories 

175 



176 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

of the central part of the " Casa Kosador," or " Pink Palace," the 
principal Government building in Buenos Aires. In the pavilion was 
installed the offices of the Commission, a reception and a reading room. 
On the second floor was exhibited an excellent archaelogical collection. 

Numerous photographs distributed on the walls, in albums, and in 
stereoscopic apparatus almost equaled a visit to the principal cities 
of the country. The principal exhibits of the Argentine Eepublic 
were found in the palaces of Agriculture, Mines, Liberal Arts, Manu- 
factures, Fine Arts, Education, and Electricity. The art fagades 
constructed about each of the exhibit spaces in the greater palaces of 
the exposition were universally admired. 

The Argentine Republic, being a country essentially agricultural, 
its section in the Agriculture Building revealed the productiveness of 
the country and its vast agricultural resources. Wool was displayed 
in numerous samples. That obtained from the Merino and Lincoln 
sheep was noticeable. The first species was of a short and exceed- 
ingly fine thread; the other, longer, coarser, and adapted for the 
manufacture of " cheviot." 

The Argentine Eepublic is reputed to be the greatest producer of 
wool in the world, having outrivaled Australia- in its annual output. 
It is said to have 120,000,000 sheep, or as many as Australia and the 
United States combined. Besides wool, there was a magnificent dis- 
play of sheepskins and hides. The industry of footwear and harness 
was excellently displayed. 

The Argentine section in the Palace of Agriculture showed the 
enormous development of the dairy industry, including the manufac- 
ture of butter and cheese. Two large Argentine establishments ex- 
hibited natural milk, pasteurized, sterilized, and maternized. Both 
of these companies each day produced 6,000 gallons of milk, for 
which 5,000 cows are milked daily. In eight years the export of but- 
ter has multiplied twelve times. The product exhibited was excel- 
lent, having been tested by examination and analysis made in various 
colleges of agriculture in the United States. 

Numerous samples of wheat, corn, and cotton were shown also. 
There were samples of wheat weighing 67 pounds to the bushel. 
Statistics show that the annual harvest of wheat reaches 120,000,000 
bushels. Argentine linseed also deserves consideration in this descrip- 
tion, the Republic producing almost one-third of the linseed consumed 
in the world. Flax in abundance indicated the existence of an 
important textile industry in connection with the enormous produc- 
tion of linseed. 

There were exhibited also various fibers extracted from native 
plants, and excellent samples of cordage showed what industry can 
get out of the rich Argentine textile material. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 177 

The Argentine section of the manufactures offered many interest- 
ing exhibits, among which figured a large variety of tanned leathers. 
In the same section was exhibited foundry work executed in the 
Arsenal de Guerra, of the city of Buenos Aires. There were also 
artistic medals, ornamental shields, and munitions of Avar. One of 
the industries of Buenos Aires is the manufacture of wax matches. 
The exhibit in the section of manufactures spoke eloquently in favor 
of the position reached by the industry in Buenos Aires. Exhibits of 
this industry showed that Argentina is rapidly passing into the rank 
of industrial nations. This suggestion was confirmed by the display 
of the other manufactures exhibited in the Argentine section, which 
consisted of furniture, textiles, hats, footwear, etc. The Republic also 
displayed an interesting collection of minerals, which generally are 
shown in the Departments Nacional de Minas Geologia, in the city of 
Buenos Aires. There were samples of gold, silver, and copper on 
exhibition; also an excellent display of coal. 

Another Argentine section of great interest was that in the Liberal 
Arts Palace, where an extensive collection of plans and relief models 
were displayed, showing notable works undertaken by the Argentine 
Republic to facilitate river as well as ocean navigation. One of the 
models showed the harbor of Buenos Aires, which now occupies the 
second place in the South American continent. 

An interesting exhibit representative of the Argentine Republic 
was that of the national press, which in the number of publications 
presented and extent of space covered was one of the most important 
displays of the kind in the exposition. 

In consequence of the size and importance of the exhibit, it was 
found necessary to install it in a special section. The credit for 
the collection of the press exhibit was due principally to the Circule 
de la Prensa, or National Press Association of the Argentine Re- 
public, one of the principal literary and journalistic institutions in 
the southern continent. Models of dams, as constructed in the in- 
terior of the country to facilitate irrigation, were also shown. The 
same section contained excellent lithographic and engraving work. 

The Argentine Republic had two rooms in the west wing of the"\ 
Palace of Fine Arts. The Argentine paintings received as many 
awards in this department as any other country in proportion to the 
number of exhibitors. 

The intellectual development of the country revealed itself in the 
Palace of Education. A graphic statistical exhibit in the Argentine 
section showed that that country spends as much money per capita 
in public education as any other nation in the world. Another statis- 
tical display demonstrated the number of teachers employed. A 
diagram showed that the Argentine Republic comes next to France 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 12 



178 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and among the Latin countries in respect to the number of students 
attending schools. The scholastic works, especially the needlework, 
ranked well with that in many of the advanced schools of the United 
States. 

Austria. 

Austrian commission. — Mr. Adalbert E. Von Stibral, commis- 
sioner-general; Mr. Victor Pillwax, assistant commissioner; Mr. 
Dominik Fetz, secretary ; Mr. Emil S. Fischer, commercial secretary. 

Austrian commercial commission. — Count Johann Harrach, presi- 
dent; Mr. Oskar Edler Von Hoefft, first vice-president; Mr. Franz 
Hiess, second vice-president; Mr. Charles M. Eosenthal, executive 
commissioner ; Mr. Johann Peterka, commercial director ; Mr. Adolph 
Taussig, commercial representative and assistant commissioner. 

One of the most interesting and, as far as the interior scheme of 
decoration is concerned, the most artistic of the various foreign 
buildings in the World's Fair grounds, was that of the Austrian 
Empire. It was most prominently situated at the western end of 
Administration avenue, immediately opposite the Administration 
Building of the World's Fair. The garden at the west end of the 
pavilion, though small, attracted a great deal of attention on 
account of its artistic beauty. Morning-glory and other vines had 
been planted around the building, and before the close of the fair 
had covered the walls and added much to the beauty of the structure. 

The Austrian Government Building was of impressionistic archi- 
tecture. It was 60 meters long, 35 meters wide, and built in the 
form of a T. From the transepts a middle aisle, 24 meters broad, 
extended to the building line. On either side of the aisle exits led 
to the loggias and to the lawns. The pavilion was built of wood 
and all the rooms had skylights. The style of architecture and 
decoration was modern, with a classical toning. The exterior of 
the building was faced with a grayish, yellow-colored gypsum, shaded 
with gold, dark blue, and light green. Two groups of figures, above 
life size, adorned the main porch of the central building. The 
imperial coat of arms, with a crown surrounded by a large wreath, 
was raised above the center of the pavilion, and to the right and 
left two sphinxes crowned the gables. The center building (garden 
front) was finished with two enormous square pylons, with festoons 
and masks and decorated with all the coats of arms of the Austrian 
crown lands. Four stela-bearing gilded busts were symmetrically 
placed along the front of the flower beds, in which monumental 
fountains had been erected. The interior of the building was divided 
into fifteen rooms. To the left and right of the entrance hall, which 
was adorned with a marble bust of the Emperor, were the official 
apartments, one of which was meant as a library and reading room 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 179 

and the other as a reception room. Beyond the entrance hall was 
the technical exhibition of the ministry of railways, which likewise 
occupied the room on the left-hand side for an exhibition, " Sceneries 
and People of Austria." The hall to the right was devoted to the 
department of the ministry of commerce for the building of water- 
ways. At the back part of the middle aisle a large hall was devoted 
to the exhibits of the professional art schools, and two smaller ones 
showed interiors executed by the schools for arts and crafts in Vienna 
and Prague. The fine-arts exhibits of the Vienna Artists' Associa- 
tion and of the association called " Hagenbund " were on the right 
of the transepts; pictures by Bohemian and Polish artists on the 
opposite side. 

The artists and artisans who took part in building and decorating 
the Austrian Government pavilion were as follows : The plans of the 
whole building, the entrance hall, the two halls of the ministry of 
railways, and the hall containing the exhibition of waterways were 
designed by the chief architect, Oberbaurat Ludwig Bauman, Josef 
Meissner substituting him in the superintendence of the works; con- 
tractor, J. Lecceur. 

The library was designed by Leopold Bauer, architect, and the 
architect Joseph Pleonik designed the reception room. 

The plastic on the outside of the building was delivered by the 
sculptor Othmar Schimkowitz. The figurate frieze in the library was 
the work of the painter Josef Engerhart. The painter Ferdinand 
Andri executed the frescoes on the facade and Meinrich Tomec those 
in the department for waterways. The Emperor's bust, which was 
made of Lassar marble and which had been executed in the work- 
shop of the Tyrol Marble and Porphyry Company (Fritz Zeller), 
Laas (Tyrol), was a copy of Professor Strasser's model. 

The relief " Empress Elizabeth " (allegory) in the reception room 
was by the late Rudolf Weigl, sculptor. 

Sandor Jaray had been intrusted with the interior decorations and 
fittings. The carpets were delivered by J. Ginskey, Maffendorf, and 
the ornamental locksmith work by Alexander Nehr. 

The mosaic and artistic work was done by Max Freiherr von Spaun 
and Johann Kappner; the fancy needlework by Carl Giani; the in- 
laid work (intarsia) by Michael Kehl, Josef Duchoslav, and Franz 
Makienec, and the bronze works by Johann Hastach, Carl Kratky, 
J. Schubert, and A. T. Lange. On account of the beauty of its fur- 
nishings and the harmonious color schemes of the interior the pa- 
vilion was especially attractive to women visitors to the fair. 

Austria is the home of the European alpine railways. The oldest, 
the Semmering Railway, constructed in 1848-1854, lies on the South 
Railway main line from Vienna to Trieste and is the first mountain 
railway conducted exclusively on the adhesive principle. Then fol- 



180 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

lowed the Brenner Railway (1864-1867), the shortest railway com- 
munication between central Germany via Tyrol to Italy (Verona) , and 
the Arlberg Railway (1880-1884), which opened up the route via 
Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the west (Switzerland and France). Four 
great panoramas in the exhibition showing the above-mentioned 
alpine railways were witness to Austria's prominence in this special 
field of railway technique. One room in the pavilion was devoted to 
the models of alpine railways. There were also plans of the lines, 
photographic views of buildings and of the tracks of the first three 
mentioned lines, which are in full working order. The lines in course 
of construction were further illustrated by models of tunnels, scaf- 
foldings, foundations of arched bridge (with span of 80 meters) 
over the Isonzo (littoral lands of Austria), with statistical calcula- 
tions and charts of the largest vaulted bridges ever built, and photo- 
graphic views of the working in the Karawanken and Wocheiner 
tunnels. Among the other exhibits in this department may be men- 
tioned a model of the groundwork of the Austrian State railways for 
express trains, photos of the imperial court train and of the newest 
locomotives and passenger carriages of the Austrian State railways, 
as well as plans for iron bridges, groundwork, locomotives, and pas- 
senger carriages of the State railways. The work published for the 
Emperor's jubilee, " History of the Railways of the Austro-Hun- 
garian Monarchy," together with a number of other publications on 
the statistics, pedagogy, and technique of railways, were exhibited. 
Finally, there was a chart of the railways of the Austro-Hungarian 
monarchy on a scale of 1 : 1000000. 

For a long time the Austrian ministry of railways set itself the task 
of drawing the attention of the traveling public to the beauties of 
the scenery and the ethnographical charms in which Austria abounds, 
and thus inducing them to visit the country. To gain this end the 
ministry issued various publications, opened inquiry offices, and ar- 
ranged exhibitions. The exhibition " Sceneries and People of Aus- 
tria " in the Government pavilion was arranged, with the cooperation 
of several artists, for the same object. The exhibit principally con- 
sisted of a collection of views of the most beautiful parts of Austria. 
especially the Austrian Alps, and pictures of Austrian national life. 
Photographs taken by the best photographers, as well as a number of 
artistic amateur photos, representing important traveling districts 
in Austria (99 in all), were enlarged and reproduced as pigment 
prints or linographs. Two series of photographic prints were exhib- 
ited also, one consisting of Austrian castles and strongholds and the 
other of various favorite alpine resorts. Further, a selection of 
alpine and traveling works in luxurious editions were shown. 

The whole exhibition was finished off with a collection of 14 pic- 
tures of costumes and sport, arranged like a frieze and illustrating 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 181 

special Austrian national scenes. Four bronze statuettes, viz, " Cham- 
ois-hunter," "Alpine tourist," " Ski sportsman," "Alpine dairy 
woman," had been placed in the room as decorations. 

The exhibition of models, plans, and photographs of the existing 
and projected canal for deep-draft ships, arranged by the department 
of the ministry of commerce for the building of waterways, offered a 
general view of the whole network of the Austrian waterways, com- 
prising those of the Danube, Moldau, and Elbe rivers, together with 
the system of canals. 

The beautiful landscape of the river sides was shown by means of 
views of the Danube, contained in an album, while the plans, photo- 
graphs, and models exhibited by the Danube Regulation Commis- 
sion showed the river courses, the harbor in lower Austria and Vienna, 
as well as the construction for regulating the water level in the 
Vienna-Danube Canal. A map of Prague showed the harbor and 
canal construction works, some finished and others projected, in the 
precincts of the town. The drawings and photos exhibited in a cor- 
ner of the hall by the Aussig-Teplitz Railway Company illustrated 
the position and traffic of the harbor of Aussig, the most important 
inland harbor of Austria. The charts, in addition to giving a view of 
the position of the canals and rivers, with canals projected, showed 
also longitudinal sections of the Danube-Oder Canal. 

The exhibitions of the State professional art schools, arranged by 
the imperial royal ministry of public instruction, Vienna, gave an 
idea of the work done by these institutions. The exhibition was 
arranged in three divisions, the first two containing the exhibits of the 
schools for arts and crafts in Vienna and Prague (the largest of their 
kind in Austria) and the third the work of the other professional 
art schools. 

The decoration of the two interiors of the schools for arts and 
crafts, Vienna (Director Felizian Freiherr von Myrbach) and Prague 
(Director Georg Stibral), as well as all the objects exhibited in these 
divisions, were designed at the above institutions and executed by the 
pupils. The organization of the " collective exhibition " of the other 
professional art schools was intrusted to the inspector of these schools 
and Hofrat Arthur von Scala, director of the Austrian Museum, Vi- 
enna. The interior and the exhibits themselves were executed in the 
workshops of 46 different professional art schools, with the coopera- 
tion of the pupils. 

The amount of money appropriated by the Austrian Government 
for the participation of the Austrian Empire at the exposition was 
1,100,000 crowns (about $220,000). The appropriation, however, was 
almost exclusively made for the display of Austria in connection 
with the Austrian Government Pavilion. The appropriated amount 
had to cover the expense for the erection of the pavilion and its instal- 



182 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

lation, as well as the installation of two rooms in the Fine Arts Build- 
ing, where the Vienna Artists' Association had an additional display. 
The appropriated amount had also to cover the transportation of the 
Austrian Government exhibits as well as the expense of the reship- 
ment of same. The Government provided the 1,100,000 crowns not 
only for the erection of the pavilion and its sculptural works, but for 
the expenses of installation, transportation, etc. Part of this money 
was used by the various Government participants, viz : 

(1) The imperial royal railroad ministry. 

(2) The imperial royal department of waterways of Austria. 

(3) The imperial royal ministry of education. 

(4) And finally by four fine art associations. These fine art asso- 
ciations were: (1) the Vienna Artists' Association, (2) the " Hagen- 
bund " Artists' Association of Vienna, (3) the Bohemian artists, and 
(4) the Polish Artists. 

The fine art associations had their display each in one room of 
the thirteen contained in the Austrian Government Pavilion. The 
Vienna Artists' Association had also two rooms covering the Austrian 
section in the Fine Arts Building. 

In reference to the commercial exhibit, a number of prominent 
individuals of Austria organized an exhibition of the manufacturers 
of Austria. They secured a number of participants, mostly glass and 
porcelain manufacturers as well as leather and jewelry merchants of 
Austria. Their exhibits representing Austria were displayed in the 
Manufactures Building, Varied Industries Building, Liberal Arts 
Building, and in the Agricultural Building. 

Brazil. 

By decree No. 4897 of July 21, 1903, the President of the Republic 
of Brazil sanctioned the act of Congress making an appropriation 
of $600,000 giving the Government authorization for the representa- 
tion of Brazil at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

On the 27th of the same month the following commissioners were 
appointed : 

Col. F. M. De Souza Aguiar, president; Maj. J. Da Cunha Pires, 
secretary and commissioner; Mr. J. Da Motta, assistant commissioner; 
Mr. Antonio Olyntho, commissioner; Mr. J. C. Alves de Lima, com- 
missioner ; Dr. A. Da Graca Couto, commissioner ; Commodore J. C. 
De Carvalho, commissioner; Commodore A. Correa, commissioner; 
Mr. J. A. Dos Santos, commissioner; Mr. A. J. Da Costa Couto, 
commissioner; Mr. Ferreira Ramos, commissioner; Capt, J. Cordeiro 
da Graca, commissioner; Mr. Eugenio Dahne, assistant commis- 
sioner; Mr. E. Da Rocha Dias, aide; Mr. Ricardo Mardock and Mr. 
A. C. Lopes Goncalves, commissioners from State of Amazonas. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 183 

One of the most attractive exhibits at the World's Fair was offered 
by Brazil. That country showed itself so rich and diversified in 
resources as to astonish the public, and in keeping with its large 
sxhibit erected a building which soon became one of the features of 
the fair. 

The Brazilian Building, which was designed and personally super- 
vised by the commissioner-general, Col. F. M. de Souza Aguiar, was 
located in the southwestern part of the section occupied by the foreign 
governments, having on its north the Belgian, Cuban, and Chinese 
buildings, and on the east that of Nicaragua, on the south those of 
France and India, and on the west the Forestry, Fish and Game, 
Italian, and Administration buildings. 

In the center of the grounds, surrounded by lawns with flower beds 
and wide gravel walks, stood the Brazilian Building in the French 
renaissance style of architecture. The main cornice, 80 feet high, 
was supported by eight groups of three columns each at the corners 
and sides of the two entrances of the building, and by six single 
columns at each loggia. These thirty-six columns were of the Corin- 
thian style of architecture, without the fluting ordinarily used with 
this particular column, and were ornamented only at the lower third 
of the shaft with the Brazilian coat of arms between floral festoons. 
Projecting above the roof of the building were three domes, two of 
which, on either loggia, were spherical in form, being 44 feet in diam- 
eter, while the apex of the central dome attained a height of 135 feet. 
The dome was octagonal in shape, having at each corner an exterior 
buttress, adorned with a large statue at its top. Encircling the same 
was a gallery from which could be viewed the greater part of the 
exposition grounds and the surrounding country. Above the cornice 
of the building was a balustrade decorated with shields, showing the 
coats of arms of the twenty-one States of Brazil. 

The main floor was reached by means of a flight of nineteen gran- 
itoid steps on either the north or south side of the building, which led 
through two spacious porticoes. The second floor formed one large 
room only, the ceiling of which was divided into rectangular panels, 
supported by thirty-two Doric columns. The second floor was reached 
also by a majestic double staircase, where a spacious reception room, 
two apartments for ladies, and the offices of the commission were 
situated. In the center of the reception room was a marble statue 
representing " the Feast," mounted on a large pedestal and encircled 
by an upholstered settee. Above this statue the large central dome 
opened, supported by eight columns, which formed an interior 
gallery. 

In simplicity, stateliness, and beauty of outline the Brazilian 
Pavilion was equal to any of the foreign buildings on the grounds. 



184 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Its dome rose 90 feet above the main structure, which covered 191 by 
132 feet, and it soon became known as a landmark in the foreign 
government section of the fair. 

The interior decorations of the building were entirely in keeping 
with the magnificent exterior. The apartments were sumptuously 
furnished and decorated with rare statues. The colored glass which 
ornamented the central dome gave a soft tint to the furnishings 
beneath. On the walls were hung interesting photographs and charts 
illustrating the chief industry of the country — coffee culture. This 
industry was further demonstrated by machinery of the most im- 
proved pattern, showing the process of preparing coffee for the mar- 
ket. In sacks, in glass jars, and cases, coffee beans ranging in size 
from furled grains as small as peas to flat beans as large as cocoa 
beans were displayed. To illustrate the abundance of the product 
Brazil had built here a fountain which poured forth coffee beans 
instead of water. At night rows of electric lights, outlining the same, 
took the place of the Brazilian and American flags, which ornamented 
it by day. There were fifteen hundred of these lights distributed 
throughout the building, some clustered in rich chandeliers from the 
center of the reception halls and loggias, others placed in rows to 
outline galleries and dome. 

In addition to the appropriation of $600,000 made by the Federal 
Government, many of the States contributed all the expenses toward 
propaganda, collection and transportation of exhibits from their 
own individual territories. The installations and booths (ten in all) 
in the exposition building were made at the expense of the Brazilian 
Government at a cost of $70,000. The cost of the main building, com- 
plete with its furnishings and improvement of grounds, was $135,000. 
The cost of transportation of exhibits from Brazil to St. Louis was 
$30,000. In all, Brazil had 2,400 exhibitors in 14 departments out 
of 16. 

Canada. 

The government of the Dominion of Canada was represented at 
the World's Fair by the exhibition branch of the department of 
agriculture of Canada. This branch was organized some years ago 
for the purpose of collecting, installing, and maintaining exhibits at 
expositions where the government of Canada was officially repre- 
sented. The personnel of the exhibition branch is as follows: Hon. 
Sidney A. Fisher, minister of agriculture; William Hutchinson, 
exhibition commissioner; W. A. Burns, secretary and assistant to 
the commissioner; W. H. Hay, decorator; S. Anderson, superin- 
tendent of installation. 

The government and products of Canada were represented at the 
fair in several exhibits, viz, an official building or pavilion ; a collec- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 185 

tion of minerals and mining products in the Palace of Mines and 
Metallurgy; a display of the grains, grasses, and the agricultural 
products in the Palace of Agriculture; an exhibit of all the various 
fruits grown in the Dominion in the Palace of Horticulture; a spe- 
cial exhibit of the forest products of Canada showing the great 
variety of timber, bark, pulp wood, etc., in a building erected espe- 
cially for the purpose; also a varied collection of the larger and 
smaller game, fish, etc., together with specimens of all the numerous 
varieties of wood produced in the forests and inland waters of the 
Dominion, exhibited in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, 
and in a special exhibit of live beaver in the same building. 

As an appropriation for the installation of these exhibits the 
government of Canada made a preliminary grant of $150,000, which 
was supplemented by further appropriations for maintenance aggre- 
gating $175,000, making a total of $325,000. 

The official pavilion was a structure built after the fashion of a 
clubhouse, located near the north entrance to the Palace of Agricul- 
ture, costing, with forestry building in rear, about $35,000. This 
building was furnished throughout with the products of Canadian 
factories and decorated with the work of Canadian artists, all sug- 
gestive of the natural wealth, progress, and enterprise of the country. 

The mining exhibit occupied a space of 10,000 square feet, and com- 
prised large quantities of coal and all the coarser metal ores, together 
with an extensive collection of all the finer metals, minerals, build- 
ing stones, and every product of the mines known to science and 
commerce. 

The agricultural exhibit occupied a space of 12,000 square feet, 
and consisted of a large central figure in the form of an octagonal 
trophy rising to a height of 60 feet, in which were artistically worked 
over three hundred grasses, grains, and plants, all grown in Canada, 
and decorated with landscape views of the various breeds of cattle 
raised in the Dominion. On either side of this central figure was a 
pedestal of maple sugar and honey, respectively, and in the rear other 
products of tobacco, grain, flour, breadstuffs, etc. 

The horticultural display consisted of a varied collection of all the 
fruits grown in Canada, comprising ninety-four varieties of apples 
in their natural state, taken from cold storage, and a large collection 
of pears, peaches, plums, grapes, currants, gooseberries, strawberries, 
cranberries, raspberries, and everything included in horticulture, pre- 
sented in glass jars as well as in their natural state throughout their 
respective seasons. 

The special exhibit of forest products consisted of sections of the 
great fir trees, pines, cedars, oaks, hemlocks, birch, ash, walnut, 
cherry, etc., and specimens of rough and polished lumber from every 
variety of wood grown in the Dominion, together with a large pyra- 



186 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

mid of pulp wood, of which Canada possesses millions of acres, rail- 
way ties, tan bark, etc. 

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building the exhibit consisted 
of an unique arch or bridge structure with a double span covering 
80 feet, and on this structure and under it were numerous specimens 
of moose, deer, elk, buffalo, mountain goat, polar, grizzly, and brown 
bears, and every fur-bearing animal to be found in America. There 
was also a fine collection of game birds and water fowls, fish, etc. 
In this bridge structure was worked over three thousand varieties of 
wood, all grown in Canada. In another section of the building was 
shown a pool containing a family of live beaver, an interesting animal 
common to the streams and lakes of Canada. 

Besides those already enumerated, Canada made a very creditable 
display of figure and landscape paintings in the Palace of Fine Arts, 
as well as a collection of various subjects in water colors. 

Later in the season Canada made a very successful exhibit in the 
live-stock department. Her display was especially large in sheep 
and swine classes and almost equally good in poultry and pet stock. 

In addition to those enumerated in the foregoing list, Canada is 
entitled to credit for a number of individual exhibits of various kinds 
scattered over the exposition grounds; for example, in the Building 
of Mines and Metallurgy there was an exhibit of natural and wrought 
nickel, every pound of the raw material coming from the Sudbury 
mines, in the Province of Ontario. The exhibit occupied a large 
space in the Mining Building and consisted of a varied and compre- 
hensive display of nickel and nickel goods, from the natural ore to 
the finest and most polished culinary and domestic utensils. Every 
pound of raw material used in this display was from the mines situ- 
ated in Denison Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, Canada. 

In Machinery Hall there was an exhibit comprising a great variety 
of corumdum products, every pound of whose raw material came from 
Canada. The exhibit showed corumdum in bulk, in large wheels, 
small wheels, hones, and every variety of grinding and sharpening 
specialties. The amount of raw corumdum used annually by the com- 
pany reaches nearly 1,000 tons. In the Machinery Building, also, 
was an exhibit of asbestos and its products, the raw material of which 
came from Canada. The display consisted of steam-pipe coverings, 
mattings, packings, and everything of that nature required in heat- 
ing and steam machinery; also asbestos mattings and fire screens, 
heavy papering and cardboards, and other things that asbestos can be 
worked into. All the asbestos came from the Shedford and Black 
Lake mines, in the Province of Quebec. 

In the Manufactures Building was a very fine assortment of stones, 
etc., from different parts of Canada. Among the assortment were 
garnets from the Stikine River and also from the Province of Que- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 187 

bee; amethysts from Thunder Bay; labradorite, finest in the world, 
from the Isle of St. Paul; spinel from Ottawa County, Quebec; 
sodalite from British Columbia ; pitanite, Litchfield, Quebec ; lercon 
and perthite from Quebec; sunstone and lebra stone from Perth, 
Ontario, and crown sunstone from Renfrew County, Ontario. 

Besides the exhibits mentioned there were in the Mines Building an 
exhibit of mineral water from Abenakis Springs, Quebec; in the 
Philadelphia exhibit in the educational department a fine display of 
asbestos and pulp. 

Ceylon. 

Consequent on the visit to Ceylon of Hon. John Barrett, commis- 
sioner of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in the latter part of 

1902, Hon. W. H. Figg was dispatched as advance commissioner to 
St. Louis to investigate the conditions of the proposed World's Fair 
of 1904 and to make preliminary arrangements for the representation 
of the colony thereat, Mr. Figg's report, dated New York, February, 

1903, was followed by the appointment of a commission composed of 
the following members : 

Hon. Stanley Bois, commissioner-general; Mr. R. Huyshe Eliot, 
assistant commissioner; Mr. P. E. Pieris, assistant commissioner; Mr. 
Russell Stanhope, assistant commissioner ; Mr. Peter De Abrew, com- 
mercial agent; Hon. J. Ferguson, C. M. G., Mr. F. C. Roles, Mr. H. 
Van Cuylenberg, and Mr. D. Obeyesekeri, official visitors. 

By vote $150,000 was placed at the disposal of this commission, and 
a further sum of $10,000 was contributed by the Planters' Association. 

The scheme finally adopted for the exploitation of the products of 
Ceylon at the World's Fair was that all articles of artistic interest 
should be displayed in a special court and those of commercial im- 
portance in the various palaces. It was agreed that the practical 
demonstration of the use of tea should be carried on in the court and 
made as attractive as possible to the American public. A concession 
was accordingly obtained from the Exposition Company for the sale 
of tea in the cup at a nominal price, and an excellent site was allotted 
to the Government of Ceylon immediately west of and adjoining the 
lake, where the United States Life-Saving Service had its daily dis- 
play and facing the north end of the Palace of Agriculture. The 
building (which was designed in Ceylon by Mr. Skinner) was rectan- 
gular in form, 120 feet long and 60 feet wide, and two stories in 
height, 

Broad verandas, so characteristic a feature of oriental nouses, ran 
round each floor, and there tea was served daily by 20 Cingalese 
servants. These tea servers dressed in spotless white, and with long 
hair fastened with big tortoise shell combs, made a most picturesque 
appearance and gave a touch of reality to the Cingalese pavilion. 



188 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

From the center of the building sprang an octagon 75 feet high, 
reproducing the building where the kings of Ceylon used to show 
themselves to their subjects at their ancient capital of Kandy. 
Smaller octagons rose from the four corners. The ornamentation 
was characteristically Cingalese. Broad friezes painted by native 
artists represented the various birth stories of the Buddha. The door 
panels and quaint capitals were such as may be seen at many a temple 
in Ceylon and formed an appropriate setting for the impassive 
images of the Buddha. The building was constructed by Messrs. 
Broderick & Wind, contractors of New York, under the general 
supervision of Mr. Russell Stanhope, representative at St. Louis of 
the commissioner-general, at a total cost of $30,000. 

Downstairs were the offices of the commission, while on the upper 
floor the greater portion of the fine art exhibit of Ceylon was situ- 
ated. The native artist was seen at his best in the magnificient 
jeweled caskets of carved ivory and the exquisite reprousse work in 
silver, representing an art which has been handed down from father 
to son for twenty-five centuries in the caste of Cingalese silversmiths. 

The department of manufactures was represented by massive fur- 
niture in calamander, ebony, and satinwood, carved with the most 
elaborate devices, dainty laces made by the nimble fingers of village 
women, beautiful productions on tortoise shell and gold, heavily 
embroidered cloths of gold, and a large collection of the various 
curios for which the East is famous, besides a display of tanned hides 
and jewelry of exceptional merit. There was a further display of 
art work in the international room of the Palace of Fine Arts. More 
than 100 exhibitors were represented in this building, the total value 
of their exhibits exceeding $50,000. Outside on the lake was an out- 
rigger canoe of full size, such as is still in use among the fishermen of 
Ceylon. 

The chief commercial exhibit of the country was to be found in the 
Palace of Agriculture, where a space of 2,000 square feet had been 
allotted to it. First and foremost was the great industry of tea 
cultivation. Thirty years ago the island exported a million tons 
of coffee annually, and tea was an unknown article; last year the 
quantity of the leaf which was exported to all parts of the world 
exceeded 150,000,000 pounds (of which 18,000,000 was sent to the 
United States), while coffee hardly figures on the customs returns. 
The industry is almost exclusively in the hands of Europeans. All 
the chief producers were represented at the exposition, their interests 
forming the special province of an assistant commissioner. 

The cocoanut palm and its cultivation was fully represented. The 
nut itself, the various fibers, matting and ropes made from its husk, 
the copra or dried kernel, from which is extracted the oil now so 
largely used in the manufacture of best soaps and hair oils; the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 189 

desiccated and " shredded " cocoanut, the demand for which among 
confectioners is rapidly increasing; cocoanut butter, an excellent 
emollient and substitute for lard; the arrack, distilled from the 
" toddy " extracted from the flower, a valuable liquor, after a few 
years in cask; the vinegar and "jaggery," or molasses; down to the 
brooms, made from the " ekels " or midrib of the leaves, were shown 
in infinite variety. 

Rice, the staple food of the country, was represented in a few of its 
350 varieties, and cinnamon in bark or oil, cloves, nutmegs, mace, 
cardamoms, pepper, vanilla, and citronella oil, cocoa and coffee, 
rubber, cinchona bark, from which quinine is prepared, croton seed, 
and annotto dye might also be seen. The fibers included those of the 
Kitul and Palmyra palms and the silky niyande (sansevier zeylan- 
ical). One hundred and twenty exhibitors were represented, and the 
value of the collective exhibit was $5,000. 

The educational exhibit, which had been prepared under the direct 
supervision of the director of public instruction in Ceylon, illustrated 
the procedure adopted by the British Government in dealing with 
races with an advanced literature of their own, to whom a certain 
knowledge of English is a necessity. The present conditions of edu- 
cation — elementary, advanced, and technical — were well depicted, 
and the exhibit contained in addition a collection of the various 
scientific journals issued by the Colombo Museum and the depart- 
ment of the botanical gardens in Ceylon. 

Graphite, locally known as plumbago, the only commercial min- 
eral of the country, might be seen in the Palace of Mines and Metal- 
lurgy. More than 600,000 hundredweights of this valuable com- 
modity were exported in 1899, the greatest demand being in the 
United States, where the article is employed in the manufacture of 
crucibles, for stove polish, and for lubricating purposes. A few of 
the choice rubies and sapphires, for which the island is so famous, 
were on view in the Ceylon court. Thirty firms and private indi- 
viduals were represented in this department, the exhibits exceeding 
$12,000 in value. 

In Liberal Arts the government of Ceylon snowed the admirable 
work turned out by its printing offices, and various private firms of 
printers and photographers were represented. The large model of 
the artificial harbor of Colombo was of particular interest as illus- 
trating the position of the city as the tenth port in the world for 
tonnage entering and clearing. There was also a good private col- 
lection of coins found in Ceylon and covering a period of nearly two 
thousand years. The space occupied in the Palace of Liberal Arts 
was 600 square feet, and the value of the total exhibit was $1,000. 

The musical instruments of the country, chiefly consisting of drums 
and the varied equipment of the "devil dancers," were shown in the 
Ceylon Building. 



190 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In the Palace of Forestry a space 01 oOO square feet was occupied 
by Ceylon. The chief exhibit there consisted of the massive trunk of 
a satinwood tree, hollowed out so as to form a receptacle for " books," 
which consisted of blocks of all the various trade timbers of the coun- 
try. An exhibit prepared by the marine biologist illustrated every- 
thing connected with fishing in the Ceylon waters, from the crude 
fish trap of the villager to the latest addition to knowledge regarding 
the origin of the lustrous oriental pearl. Models of the various kinds 
of boats employed in the country were also shown. The wild animals 
of the country, its beautiful birds (including the swift, which builds 
the edible nest), and gorgeous butterflies, were well shown. The 
exhibit represented a value of $3,000. 

Finally, in the department of anthropology there were shown, in 
the Ceylon Building, types of the various races found in Ceylon, illus- 
trations of their pre-Christian civilization, the utensils of brass and 
wood still used in their houses, and all the accompaniments of their 
philosophic religions. 

A special handbook was prepared by a subcommittee in Colombo 
containing information for the use of the American people regarding 
the trade and resources of the country. 

China. 

The participation of China at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
was authorized by an imperial decree issued in January, 1903. The 
same decree appointed an imperial commission, as follows : 

His Royal Highness Prince Pu Lun, imperial high commissioner; 
Sir Robert Hart, Bart., G. C. M. G. (inspector-general of customs), 
president ex-officio; Mr. Wong Kai-Kah, imperial vice-commis- 
sioner; Mr. Francis A. Carl, imperial vice-commissioner; Mr. D. 
Percebois, secretary of Chinese imperial commission ; Mr. J. A. Ber- 
thet, assistant to secretary of Chinese imperial commission. 

The amount set apart by the Chinese Government to meet the 
expenses connected with China's participation in the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition was 750,000 taels, or, roughly speaking, $500,000 
gold. As with all previous expositions in which China has taken 
part, the collecting of exhibits was intrusted to the imperial Chinese 
maritime customs service, under the control of Sir Robert Hart, Bart., 
G. C. M. G., inspector-general of customs. This service, with its 
numerous branches and ramifications throughout the Empire and an 
experienced staff acquainted with both native and foreign tastes, 
was in an exceptional position to succeed in making a representative 
collection of the best in Chinese arts, manufactures, and products. 
The commissioners of customs at the principal trading centers took 
the, work in hand, selecting such exhibits as were suitable when 
offered by merchants, and purchasing outright such articles as could 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 191 

not be procured otherwise. The collections were made at the follow- 
ing treaty ports : Newchang, Tientsin, Chefoo, Chungking, Hankow, 
Kiukiang, Wuhu, Nanking, Chinkiang, Shanghai, Hangchow, 
Ningpo, Wenchow, Foochow, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, Pakhoi, 
Kiungchow, Mengtse, Lungchow, and Szemao. 

Besides the Government exhibits from the foregoing-mentioned 
places, the provincial authorities of Hupeh, Hunan, Kiangaan, and 
Fukien also made collections. This is noteworthy, as it was the first 
time on record that the regular Chinese officials have taken any inter- 
est in a foreign exhibition. In addition to the Government partici- 
pation, fifty-three firms and private individuals sent their quota of 
exhibits. The following table gives the kind, class, and approximate 
value of exhibits installed by each : 

Porcelain curios, cloisonne, carpets, art work in metal, tapestries, fur- 
niture, silks, ivory, fans, and jade $510,200 

Furs and skins 6,500 

Cement and fire bricks 1,000 

Fancy articles, wood carvings, paintings, and drawings, etc 11, 600 

Collections of butterflies 100 

Preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruit 100 

Chinese postal stamps and coins 5,000 

Silverware and lanterns 2,750 

Total 537, 250 

Government exhibits 40, 000 

Provincial 61, 000 

Grand total 638, 250 

The collection made by the twenty-two treaty ports comprised such 
articles as were not offered by the mercantile class. In nearly every 
case the ports' collection included samples of products and manufac- 
tures typical to the district, models of the prevailing architecture 
and of any special costume worn by the people, models of the types 
of boats in use, carriages and wheelwrights' work, agricultural imple- 
ments and farm machinery, appliances and methods used in agricul- 
tural industries, agricultural seeds, equipment and method employed 
in the preparation of foods, minerals and stones and their utilization, 
musical instruments, chemical and pharmaceutical arts, gold and sil- 
ver ware, weights and measures, coins and medals, and photographs 
of the port. The collections made by the provincial authorities com- 
prised art work in jade, crystal, porcelain and bronze, Chinese books 
and publications, lacquered ware and fancy articles. 

The total approximate value as given above was $638,250, but 
this sum included the cost of transportation and installation. It 
represents in fact the market value in the United States. There 
was in the neighborhood of 2,000 tons of shipments from China 
to St. Louis — 800 tons from the south of China, and 1,200 from 



192 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

the north of China. The rate from the south of China, i. e., Hong- 
kong, was $8 per ton, while from the north of China, i. e., Shanghai, 
or nearly 900 miles shorter trip, the rate was $14 per ton. The 
amount paid for transportation was more than $20,000, to which must 
be added some $2,000 for terminal and switching charges. The cost 
of installation for the entire exhibit was about $7,500. The exor- 
bitant wages necessary for all work done at the exposition accounts 
for this heavy expenditure. Another large item of expense, accord- 
ing to the Chinese commissioner, was the 5 per cent rate charged in 
this country for fire insurance. Most of the foreign countries taking 
part in the exposition effected insurance in home companies at about 
half the above rate. 

The total cost of the Chinese Government Pavilion amounted to 
$75,000. It was partly a reproduction of a portion of Prince Pu 
Lun's palace at Peking. Models were sent from China and copied 
in this country, the large arch at the entrance being a " Pai-Lou," or 
memorial arch, common in China as entrances to palaces, temples, 
and tombs. A small octagonal pavilion or tea house was shown. 
They are always at some beautiful spot in the gardens of the wealthy. 
Two flagstaffs outside were also copies of Chinese models. The wood 
carvings were very expensive, and good examples of what the Chinese 
workman can do in that line. Special men from China were im- 
ported to carry out the designs of the building and to do the painting 
in the Chinese style. 

The space occupied by the Chinese in the Liberal Arts Palace was 
28,000 square feet, and, with the exception of another 1,500 square feet 
in the Educational Department, China was not represented in other 
buildings of the exposition. The small exhibit in the Educational 
Palace was not an attempt to illustrate the Chinese system of educa- 
tion. It was intended simply to give the world an idea of the work 
being done by foreign societies — missionary and otherwise — in the 
educational line in China. 

The maintenance of the staff looking after exhibits was about 
$30,000. The expense connected with the repacking and return of 
freight and unsold exhibits was about $15,000. 

Cuba. 

On July 20, 1903, the Cuban Congress passed the following resolu- 
tions authorizing the participation of that country at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition : 

The Executive is hereby authorized to dispose of $80,000 from the 
public treasury to meet the expenses which the representation of the 
Republic of Cuba will incur at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 
which will take place at St. Louis, Mo., in the year 1904. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 193 

Of this amount $30,000 shall be set aside to meet the expenses of a 
special commission whose object is to study the advancement which 
may have been realized in agriculture, chemistry, and mechanical 
industries applicable to the industries of Cuba, also public instruc- 
tion in l^giene. 

The commission will report the results of their investigation to 
the Executive, which reports will be duly published. 

The expenses incurred in the publication of the reports will be met 
by the public treasury and will not be included in the above allowed 
sum. 

On the 15th of July, 1904, the Congress voted $50,000 as an addi- 
tional sum for the same purpose. 

The Cuban Pavilion at the exposition was constructed on a lot 
140 by 170 feet. The building was 100 feet by 80 feet surrounded 
by a garden containing more than five hundred native plants. It was 
one story high. At its front was a beautiful terrace, and there were 
extensive porticoes on the sides. Access to the building was gained 
by a 32-foot stair on the front, and by lateral stairs of smaller size. 

Five rooms surrounding a central court. Access to the roof was 
obtained by a winding stair placed on a tower. The style of archi- 
tecture on the building in its exterior court and entrances was 
Florentine-Renaissance, from the last half of the fourteenth century. 
The other salons were decorated in the modern style, called " New 
Art." The building was lighted by more than four hundred incan- 
descent lamps, arranged in such a manner that they formed part of 
the decorations. The cost of erecting the building was $31,050. 

The members of the Cuban commission were as follows : 

Mr. Gonzalo de Quesada, honorary president; Mr. Esteban Duque 
Estrada, commissioner-general; Mr. Antonio Carillo, secretary of 
the Cuban commission; Mr. Eduardo Morales de los Rios, commis- 
sioner of education ; Mr. Sixto Lopez Miranda, technical commissioner 
of education for Cuba; Dr. J. J. Luis, commissioner of social econ- 
omy; Mr. Enrique B. Barnet, sanitary commissioner; Mr. J. W. 
Flanagan, honorary commissioner; Mr. J. E. Bernal, Mr. Fernando 
Mesa, Mr. Francisco de Armas, assistant commissioners ; Mr. Antonio 
E. Trujillo, disbursing officer; Mr. John R. Taylor, assistant sanitary 
commissioner. Technical commission : Dr. Enrique Jose Varona, doc- 
tor in philosophy and letters; Dr. Carlos de la Torre, doctor of 
natural sciences ; Senor Carlos Theye, chemical engineer ; Senor Man- 
uel D. Diaz, civil engineer; Seiior Ramon Jimenez Alfonso, agro- 
nomical engineer; Dr. Gaston Alfonso Cuadrado, doctor of sciences 
and pharmacy. 

The exhibit of Cuba in the Department of Education comprised 
the whole educational system from the kindergarten to the university. 
For the organization of this exhibit the secretary of public instruc- 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 13 



194 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

tion, Dr. Leopolds Cancio, appointed a committee of seven. The 
committee issued several circulars inviting the teachers to contribute 
to the educational exhibit. 

Toward the beginning of March the first contributions began to 
arrive, and in the early days of April the first shipment was made. 
This was followed by others, and by the 25th of April all the educa- 
tional exhibits were in the various booths and ready for display. 

This exhibit was classified in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, which left 
the only two groups, 5 and 7, in which it was not represented. 

In group 1 it was represented by the normal school of kindergarten 
of Habana, and by kindergarten public schools of Habana, Guana- 
bacoa, Matanzas, Gardenas, Sagua la Grande, and Cienfuegos, by 
elementary public and private schools from most of the school dis- 
tricts of the country, by a teachers' academy, and by training and 
correctional schools for boys and girls. 

In group 2 the six public secondary schools of the country were 
represented by photographs, reports, collections of shells and butter- 
flies, pupils' work and reports. 

The " San Alijandro " School of Painting and Sculpture of Habana 
appeared with a report and photographs in group 4. 

In group 6 the School of Arts and Trades of Habana had a very 
good display of manual training and photographs. 

Correspondence schools, the Academy of Science, meteorological 
and magnetical observations of the Belen Observatory, geological col- 
lections, text-books, school appliances, and a collection of the text- 
books used at the present and of those used under the Spanish Gov- 
ernment in the public schools were all classified in group 8. 

One of the most important features of the exhibit was the display- 
of photographs showing over 500 views of schoolrooms, school build- 
ings, groups of teachers and children, institutions of secondary educa- 
tion, institutions of special education, and the university. 

In these photographs the department showed the best schools, such 
as " Luz y Caballero," of Habana, and the " Eseulen Modelo," of 
Santiago de Cuba, and the least advanced rural schools located in 
thatched-roof huts 20 or more miles from the nearest town. 

The exhibit showed not only the great increase in the last few years 
in the number of schools and in the school expenditures, both of which 
have increased about tenfold, but the great change undergone in the 
methods of teaching, which at present accord with the most modern 
standards, the old methods having been entirely abolished from the 
public schools. 

The superior board of health of Cuba was represented at the 
exposition by Dr. Federico Torralbas, as medical inspector of the 
sanitary department of Habana; Dr. Emilo Martines, as assistant 
professor of pathology of the National University, and member of the 
commission for infectious diseases of the sanitary department of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 195 

Habana ; Dr. Juan H. Davalos, as chief of the section of bacteri- 
ology of the laboratory of the island of Cuba, who is considered the 
leading authority on bacteriological subjects in Cuba; Dr. Enriqui 
B. Barnet, as the executive officer of the sanitary department of Ha- 
bana and acting secretary of the superior board of health of Cuba; 
Mr. John R. Taylor, as preparator of the laboratory of Las Animas 
Hospital, of Habana, having a thorough knowledge of the transmis- 
sion of diseases by the medium of the mosquito. He was one of those 
who voluntarily allowed himself to be bitten with infected mos- 
quitoes known to be capable of transmitting yellow fever, recovering 
after a severe attack of the disease. 

In the Department of Mines and Metallurgy, Cuba's exhibition 
consisted of Portland cement and its products, asphaltum (crude and 
refined), iron, manganese, copper, zinc, tin, gold, and silver ores, and 
a collection of marbles of the Isle of Pines. 

In Liberal Arts Cuba's exhibition consisted of photographs, en- 
gravings, periodicals, perfumes, soaps, and other manufactured 
articles. 

In the Department of Art Cuba had a room where about one hun- 
dred and fifty pictures were hung, consisting of oil paintings and 
water colors. 

In the Department of Agriculture Cuba's exhibit consisted of 
manufactured cigars, chocolate, jellies, beer, preserved fruits of all 
descriptions, cotton, hemp, coffee, sugar, and various other agricul- 
tural products of Cuba. 

In the Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game Cuba's exhibition 
consisted of samples of woods used in construction and for furniture, 
house decorations, etc. The collection of woods at the Forestry 
Building was given to the Yale University Forestry Schools at the 
close of the fair. The mineral collection at the Mines Building was 
subsequently donated to the United States National Museum, at 
Washington, D. C. 

Denmark. 

The Government of Denmark, while making no appropriation for 
a participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, appointed Wil- 
liam Arup as commissioner-general to look after the interests of the 
Danish exhibitors. At the same time the Government appointed a 
committee, consisting of the following-named persons, to assist him in 
his work : Charles Ambte, director of State railways ; Mr. N. Ander- 
son, councilor of state, P. D. ; Arnold Krog, professor in arts, P. D. ; 
Admiral Richeleu St. Kors, of D. ; Philip Schon, councilor of state. 
Of these gentlemen only Admiral Richeleu visited the fair. 

Commissioner- General Arup personally bore the total expenses of 
transportation and installation, which amounted approximately to 
$25,000. 



196 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Denmark had no official building on the grounds but confined her 
space to the principal exhibition palaces. Her principal displays 
were installed in the Palace of Varied Industries, where she occupied 
about 5,000 square feet of space. 

Twenty exhibitors displayed goods in the Palace of Varied Indus- 
tries. Their displays consisted principally of porcelain, silverware, 
art pottery, cabinet works, embroideries, photography, ship models, 
and a ship model of the free port of Copenhagen. The last-mentioned 
model was subsequently donated to the Chicago Municipal Museum. 

In the Palace of Electricity, the Agricultural Building, and the 
Palace of Fine Arts Denmark occupied smaller spaces, but her 
exhibits attracted general attention on account of their universal 
excellence. 

Egypt. 

The amount of Government appropriation for Egypt's participa- 
tion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was approximately $50,000. 
The principal exhibit made by the Government of Egypt consisted 
of a representation of antiquities in the Anthropology Building ; an 
exhibit by the Sudan Government in the foreign section, comprising 
ivory, gum, rubber, various cereals, and a variety of ancient weapons 
and curious articles in use by the natives of Sudan. In the same 
section were exhibited some heads of wild animals including hippo- 
potamus and the buffalo. In the Liberal Arts section was displayed 
a large relief map showing the system of irrigation in use in Egypt 
with the canals clearly marked. This exhibit was made by the ad- 
ministration of the Daira Sanich, which forms part of the Govern- 
ment, and in the same section the public works department of the 
Government exhibited various models of the Delta Barrage and other 
irrigation works existing in various parts of Egypt. 

In the Agricultural Building, through the Khedivial Agriculture 
Society and the Produce Association of Alexandria, a complete col- 
lection of cotton and cereals and every kind of agricultural product 
grown in Egypt were shown, in addition to which the Campagnie 
des Sucreries of Egypt had a very fine display of sugar, and the Port 
Said Salt Association sent samples of various kinds of salt. 

The commissioners appointed by the Egyptian Government were 
Herman E. Lawford and Abdel Hamid Abazza. The latter was in 
charge of the agricultural section. He is connected with the Khe- 
divial Agriculture Society of Egypt, and was requested by the Gov- 
ernment of Egypt to make a report on the cotton industry in this 
country, particularly with regard to diseases of the cotton plant. 
Mr. Lawford has resided in Egypt for several years and has been 
connected with various land and industrial companies. Mr. Quibell, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 197 

who was attached to the commission, is an inspector of antiquities 
in the employ of the museum at Cairo, and has been in Egypt for a 
number of years, his time being devoted to scientific researches. 

France. 

The French Government, at the time when the general commission 
to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was appointed, appropriated 
a sum of 600,000 francs for its expenses and a sum of 600,000 francs 
for the participation of the fine arts. Later on an appropriation 
of 350,000 francs was made for the educational exhibit and several 
other exhibits over which the Government had immediate and direct 
control. The entire charge of putting up the French commercial 
exhibits in the various palaces, except Fine Arts and Education and 
National Pavilion, had been granted, in April, 1902, to a permanent 
committee on foreign expositions, which worked under the super- 
vision of the French general commission. The committee raised 
from private sources a sum of 5,000,000 francs. 

Aside from the above sums, an appropriation of 100,000 francs 
was made by the department of the colonies for the participation 
of the different colonies at the exposition. 

Another appropriation of the same amount was made for the 
social economy exhibit. 

The approximate amount of money spent by France for its partici- 
pation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was Tj^OjOOO francs. 

The contract for building the French Government Pavilion was 
let to a general contractor in Paris, who undertook to build it for 
the sum of 500,000 francs. 

In addition to the above sum, an appropriation of 100,000 francs 
was made for the painting of the building; 10,000 francs for the 
statuary over the roof. An appropriation of 150,000 was made for 
the gardens. 

The commission appointed by the Government of France was as 
follows : 

Mr. Alfred Picard, special envoy of the French Republic; Mr. 
Georges Gerald, commissioner-general; Mr. Jules Boeufve, assist- 
ant commissioner-general; Mr. Felix Lamy, secretary of the French 
commission; Mr. Robert Delaunay-Belleville, private secretary to 
the special envoy; Mr. Max Ferlaud, private secretary to the com- 
missioner-general; Mr. Emile Heurteau, private secretary to the 
special envoy; Mr. Marcel Estieu, attache; Mr. Andre Artoine, 
attache. French commercial section: Mr. Ancelot, president; Mr. 
Gustav Kester, vice-president; Mr. Perdoux; Mr. Maurice Estieu, 
treasurer. Fine arts section: Mr. Andre Saglio, commissioner; Mr. 
Horteloup ; Mr. Delestre, attache. 



198 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The National Palace of France, as erected at the St. Louis World's 
Fair, was a reproduction of the Grand Trianon, at Versailles. It was 
located at the west end of the Louisiana way, one of the main avenues 
on the fair grounds; at the other end of the avenue was located the 
United States Government Building. 

The French Pavilion consisted of three rectangular buildings bor- 
dering on a main state court. Large pilasters of white and pink mar- 
ble were arranged as the frame work for high windows, topped with 
decorative arches. An outside flight of stairs and porphyrolite sills 
of imitation marble gave that impression of luxury and good taste 
which is characteristic of all productions of the Louis XIV period. 

Two large wrought-iron brackets supported lanterns in the same 
style and gave a more animated appearance to the main entrance at 
the end of the court. Part of the arch decorations were reserved for 
the entrances; the balance of the arches used in the arrangement of 
windows with balcony were fitted with wrought-iron balustrade rail- 
ings, in the general style of the palace. 

Only one change was made in the otherwise exact reproduction of 
the Grand Trianon. According to documents published in the sev- 
enteenth century, and especially to the tentative drawings made by 
Lepautri himself, the Grand Trianon architect, that monument was 
originally to be decorated over its high balustrade railings with some 
artistic devices and groups of children, each to be found in the present 
French monument. The architects of the St. Louis Palace, Messrs. 
Gustave Umbdenstock and Roger Bouvard, conceived the happy 
thought of making that restoration complete, and thus contributing a 
more lifelike appearance to the whole palace. 

On the other hand, a large allegorical medallion was arranged over 
the central decorative device, which was indicative of the national 
character. The medallion bore the coat of arms of the French Re- 
public topped with the " Phrygian " cap, being flanked on either side 
by two allegorical female figures, one of which was symbolic of the 
Armed Peace protecting herself with a sword, and the other was in- 
tended to represent French trade. Over the allegorical medallion 
was the mainmast used to display the French flag. Owing to the ar- 
rangement of the palace itself the flag was thus displayed in the con- 
tinuation of the center of the main monumental avenue of the fair. 

From the entrance to the French Concession, which covered an 
area of about 150 meters in width by 250 meters in depth, a large 
monumental grill in the style of Louis XIV covered the entire front 
of the grounds separating the garden from the avenue which bounded 
it at the right corner. The grill included three large gates supported 
by four metal towers which were topped by lanterns and decorated 
with allegorical panels, producing the finest effect. The grills were 
devised on the same lines as those exhibited at Versailles and on the 
Placo Stanislas, at Nancy. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 199 

A large garden, laid out in French style, was arranged in a border 
on the central path leading to the palace. The latter, with flower 
beds in the border, was ornamented with vases and statuary on ped- 
estals. 

The interior arrangement of the palace was such that the public 
would visit it regularly in its entirety without the necessity of passing 
twice through the same rooms. Double doors were provided so as to 
permit a continuous circulation for entrance and egress. 

The building at the farthest side of the state court was devoted to 
the large state room, the decoration of which was intrusted to the 
National " Garde-Meuble," or " Historical Furniture Depot." The 
size of the room was 30 meters in length by 9 meters in width, and it 
was lighted by seven large windows; its height was 7 meters to the 
ceiling. The entrance stairs on the outside and the entrance hall 
were paved with imitation marble of pink and white. The carved 
ceiling was arranged as a framing for three large decorative paint- 
ings executed by Mr. George G. Roussel. The subject selected by the 
artist was Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. The Liberty allegory repre- 
sented France placing her sword in 1772 at the service of America for 
the conquest of the latter's independence. 

In " Equality " the figures were personifications of the commerce 
and industry of both nations. 

" Fraternity " represented America receiving the France of 1904 in 
a symbolic group. 

In the corner of the ceiling were a child uniting the flags of both 
nations and goddesses personifying Fame hovering over a globe re- 
presenting Earth in glorification of that cordial understanding. 

The large state room contained fine Gobelin tapestries reproducing 
scenes of the reign of Louis XIV, as follows : 

(1) Audience of Cardinal Chigi (July 29, 1664). This was a 
tapestry woven of wool and silk set off with wold manufactured at 
the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century. It was one of a 
series illustrating the history of King Louis from Van der Meulen 
et de Charles Le Brun. It had a very rich border by Yvart. 

(2) Entrance of the King into Dunkerque (December 2, 1662). A 
wool and silk woven tapestry set off with gold, made at the Gobelin 
factory in the seventeenth century ; one of the series of the history of 
King Louis XIV from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun 
drawing. A rich border by Yvart. 

(3) The Siege of the City of Douai (July, 1667). A wool and 
silk woven tapestry with gold, made at the Gobelin factory in the 
seventeenth century; one of the series of the history of King Louis 
XIV from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun drawing. A rich 
border by Yvart. 

(4) A piece of tapestry. This was woven from wool and silk and 
made at the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century; one of the 



200 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

series of hangings (portieres) of the Triumphal Chariot and bearing 
the coat of arms of France and Navarre ; made from the drawings of 
Charles Le Brun (the final drawings). 

The right wing of the palace was used first by the National Fac- 
tory of Sevre, with a room 12 meters by 8 meters and a hall in front 
which measures 8 meters by 3.50 meters. 

The decoration of this room was subdued to enhance the appear- 
ance of the vases and bisques exhibited. The walls were hung with 
watered silk to a height of 4.50 meters, the tone of the silk being well 
adapted to set off the whiteness of the china. Above this hanging 
a painted frieze was decorated with gray and blue leaves set off with 
medallions of crystallized pink stone work. The application of 
ceramics to decorative purposes was again found in the trimmings of 
the portieres in the shape of pendentves. 

The objects exhibited in these rooms were especially selected with 
due consideration to the place they were to occupy and with a view 
to making up a complete decorative whole. 

In the main room the place in the center of the longest sides were 
occupied by Houdon's bust of Lafayette, with a small statue of Lib- 
erty by Aube in front, and by a Puech's bust of President Loubet, 
with a small statue of De la Paix by G. Michel in front. 

On either side of these busts were seen four pink vases of the so- 
called " Cleremont " class and four vases of the " Chelles " class 
representative of the four seasons in floral decorations. 

At the corners of the main room in niches especially provided for 
them were four Blois vases, decorated with hollyhocks, Chinese lilies, 
and magnolias. On either side of the window were two d'Auxerre 
" Flambets " (signed) vases. 

The city of Paris occupied three rooms in the right wing of the 
National Palace. 

There were in the exhibit many statues, pictures, objects of the 
Paris municipal council and of the council-general of the Department 
of Seine, the insignia of councils, engravings, reproducing the most 
important decorative works in the Paris Hotel de Ville (city hall) ; 
also work done by pupils of the professional and industrial art 
schools, such as the Germain Pilon, Bernard, Palissy, Dorian, Diderot, 
Estienne, Boulle, etc.; such work includes ceramic pieces, modeling, 
bookbinding, furniture, chasing work, pottery, etc. The architec- 
tural service was represented by plans and drawings illustrating 
some types of the main edifices in Paris, such as the Sorbonne, 
Palais des Beaux Arts de la Ville de Paris, the barracks, mayoralty 
buildings, professional schools, primary schools, etc. 

The departments of public highways, public lighting, water and 
health exhibited some graphical and statistical information in refer- 
ence to their undertakings. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 201 

The Metropolitan Underground Railway sent most complete infor- 
mation covering its most interesting work. 

The department of public charity exhibited water colors which 
gave useful information in reference to its various branches and 
modes of operating. 

The department of historical work and the committee of ancient 
Paris showed a collection of publications covering the history of the 
city and of its several transformations. The general decorations 
included views of Paris, public gardens, and two large panels by de 
Grinberg, showing the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Pavilion de 
Flore, in the Tuilleries. 

There were also frontispieces and escutcheons by the master decora- 
tor Jambon. Elaborate middle pieces and a beautiful chandelier in 
the middle of the main room attracted considerable attention. 

There was a small horizontal show case containing a collection of 
objects employed by the teacher in lecturing on civic instruction. 
These objects included various kinds of tickets, stamps, tax bills, 
receipts, official postals, etc. 

Agricultural education occupied an extensive area, showing the 
importance attached in France to that department. A very remark- 
able collection, filling seven volumes, showed the really wonderful 
result that an inspector of the Brittany region was able to obtain in a 
district consisting of some hundred townships. There was also an 
" experiment case," which was to be found again in the normal school 
graduate's outfit, and a set of small instruments made by the country 
teachers. 

The series, drawings, samples of manual work, of sewing, etc., 
showed how republican schools in France care for the workman's 
interests. 

Other superior schools were represented in adequate manner 
through the aggregate exhibits. That at Onzain showed a few pecu- 
liarities of the rural type. 

Superior primary schools for girls only showed a few specimens 
of several collections of work. The department of technical educa- 
tion, as represented by practical, industrial, and commercial schools, 
gave a fair idea of what is done in France in that branch. 

The aggregate display gave a fair idea of what is going on in 
France in the normal schools, where teachers of both sexes are being 
prepared for their work. 

Attention was particularly directed to manual work, especially to 
the scientific training that the girls of the normal school receive on 
leaving school. 

A show case in one of the compartments contained a complete col- 
lection of documents relating to primary education in France. Sev- 
eral displays of that kind were attached to the walls, such as the six 



202 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

graphical tables made by Levasseur, which are summaries of statis- 
tical documents. 

The Museum of Pedagogy had collected in similar summary form 
the most important results obtained for the past twelve years in the 
work done in promoting special work as a complement to school 
education. 

Enlarged photographs representing scenes of school life were 
placed practically everywhere throughout the exhibit of French 
primary schools. They were prepared by the school administration 
as a reproduction, on a smaller scale, of the exhibit which proved 
such a success at the Paris Exhibition Fair in 1900. 

The exhibit of higher education included displays from universi- 
ties and scientific institutions, the leading ones being the College of 
France, the Museum of Natural History, the Practical of Highest 
Studies, the School of Charters, the School of Living Oriental 
Languages. 

An inquiry was instituted in 1883 in academic councils and facul- 
ties in reference to drafting a plan for the constitution of univer- 
sities that should administer and manage themselves under the 
supervision of the State. 

Many had been impressed with the inconvenience caused by a lack 
of cohesion in the work. Attention was called to those many com- 
mon interests of which the faculties should have been the guardian, 
but of which they could not take care on account of their isolation. 
Inquiry, begun in 1883, made the necessity of a reform obvious. It 
ended in the rendering of the decrees of July 25 and December 28, 
1885. These decrees may be divided into two distinct parts — one 
covering the interior life of faculties, the other providing for a 
grouping of faculties established in each academic center and the 
general council of faculties to be the representative organ and ex- 
ecutive power of the new faculty life created. 

Appreciable results were derived from these reforms. However, 
they were incomplete, and it was thought, in consequence, that a 
genuine unity should be given to a superior education. The estab- 
lishment of the new universities had been a legal consequence of that 
express wish. 

The law of July 10, 1896, gave the name of university to each body 
of faculties, substituting the university council for the general 
council of faculties, the duties and powers of such university coun- 
cil being regulated by the decreee of July 21, 1897. The rector of the 
university is president of that council by right, and is the legal 
representative of the university before the courts. 

In the Department of Machinery the French exhibit included, 
according to the general classification groups, steam engines, various 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 203 

motors and engines, sundry general machinery, machine tools, and 
shipyard machinery. All of these several groups and classes were 
united in order to form a collective exposition for the whole de- 
partment. 

To the above groups there were added the following: Spinning 
and rope-making machinery and weaving machinery and materials. 
The latter groups included machinery that could also have been 
placed in the department of general machinery. 

In compliance with a suggestion made by the head of the engi- 
neering service at the fair, all machines and mechanical appliances 
exhibited in the Palace of Machinery were distributed, not in accord- 
ance with the nationality of exhibitors, but in accordance with the 
character and nature of the machinery. 

French manufacturers had nothing to fear from the fact of their 
machinery having been placed in the immediate vicinity of other 
similar machines made by foreign manufacturers. On the contrary, 
a closer contact only resulted in setting off in a better light those par- 
ticular qualities that have made France so successful in that branch of 
industry on previous occasions. 

Outside of the Palace of Machinery there were exhibited in the 
boiler buildings five steam generators made by French manufacturers. 
These boilers contributed to the generation of the steam required for 
the power houses of the fair. 

The distribution of exhibits all over the Palace of Machinery has 
made it impossible to arrange any decorative devices for the whole 
group of French exhibitors. 

Another manifestation of the French mechanical industry was 
found in a pavilion which was built on ground between two of the 
main gates leading to the main entrance to the Hall of Machinery. 

The French department of electricity was located on the left of the 
main entrance to the Palace of Electricity, occupying an area exceed- 
ing 2,000 square meters. In the center of the exhibit there was a 
space 350 square meters in area, used as a resting room for visitors. 
There were to be seen in a circular arrangement the show cases that 
made up the retrospective and modern exhibits sent by the French 
department of commerce, industry, post, and telegraph. 

The decorative frieze arranged around the room bore, between 
laurel wreaths, the name of the most illustrious French physicians or 
electricians from the eighteenth century to this date. 

The French exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture occupied an area 
of nearly 2,800 square meters. It was located in the northern corner 
and next to one of the main gates, fronting the French National 
Palace. 

The French exhibit extended along the front of the palace on the 
northern and eastern sides. 



204 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The French exhibit of social economy occupied an area of TOO 
square meters in the Palace of Education. The main entrance formed 
one of the largest avenues in that palace, giving access to a main hall 
50 meters in length by 12 meters in width, both front sides of 
which were subdivided into a score of small rooms 3 by 5 meters. 
The front sides of these small rooms were made up of partitions 4 
meters high, decorated with mural paintings, and topped with a deco- 
rative frieze that bore the titles and subtitles belonging to the group 
of exhibits represented in the room. A shelf 0.50 meter wide, with a 
ledge, was arranged all along the rooms at the height of 1 meter from 
the ground, and supported all pamphlets, books, and other docu- 
ments that supplemented the information supplied by the exhibits on 
the walls. 

A show case and bookcase were put in the center of each room, con- 
taining the documents placed in view by the several exhibitors who 
were represented through publications only. 

The individuality of each of the several groups was evident by 
titles or medallions of a decorative character, which also included a 
subtitle and index, arranged with as many particulars and in as 
methodical manner as possible, of all exhibitors, in order that the 
visitor might be saved as much labor as possible in his inquiries. 

Germany. 

Members of commission. — Dr. Theodor Lewald (privy councilor), 
imperial German commissioner-general; Dr. Eugene Wagner (supe- 
rior Government councilor), vice- commissioner; Mr. Otto Zippel 
(imperial councilor), treasurer; Mr. Heinrich Albert, assistant com- 
missioner ; Mr. Paul A. Zilling, commercial attache, department of 
arts and crafts; Dr. Fritz Kestner, attache; Dr. Hugo Hardy, at- 
tache; Fritz Von Bardeleben, attache; Dr. F. C. Rieloff, imperial 
consul; Baron von Reden, imperial vice-consul; Count Limburg- 
Stirum, general commissioner education department; Dr. Leopold 
Bahlsen (professor), substitute to the general commissioner educa- 
tion department; Mr. Herman Albert, commissioner mining depart- 
ment; Mr. Alard Scheck, commissioner of forestry department; Dr. 
Ludwig Wittmark (privy councilor), agricultural department; Dr. 
Hugo Kruss, scientific instruments; Dr. Johannes Breger, hygienic 
deparment ; Dr. Otto Zwingenberger, chemical exhibits. 

By order of the German Emperor, the German House (das Deutsche 
Haus) was erected on a prominence in the center of the World's Fair 
near the Cascades. It was a replica of one of the German castles 
most celebrated in history and art, and the most prominent German 
architects reproduced it in St. Louis and equipped it with the best 
products of modern art industry. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 205 

In the year 1902 the great question arose as to what kind of style 
and which building should be erected in America as a symbol of 
Germany. The Emperor decided that Charlottenburg Castle should 
be used for this purpose, as one of the most aristocratic and charac- 
teristic monuments of the first epoch of the Prussian Kingdom. The 
location of the German House on a towering hill and its purpose 
called for a different architecture from that of the Charlottenburg 
Castle, which is situated in a plain and which at the same time serves 
as a dwelling house. So the two wings of the Charlottenburg Castle 
were omitted, one of them to give room to the Pergola and the Ger- 
man Wine Restaurant. The place of a court of honor was here taken 
by the massive stairway and there were new ideas produced in the 
cupola, the exterior ornamentation, and in some of the interior apart- 
ments. The erection of the building was awarded to Prof. Bruno 
Schmitz, of Berlin, who in Germany has built some great monuments, 
and who is no stranger to the American public. 

The equipment of the interior rooms was awarded to a number of 
the first German manufactories in the line of art furniture, the art 
of weaving and illuminating, and was finished by the most skillful 
artisans. The German House was on the same level as the Palace of 
Fine Arts and Festival Hall. Its base was 47 feet higher than the 
Mining Building. From the State buildings in the southern divi- 
sions of the World's Fair a wide path led through artistic garden 
spots to the rear entrance of the German House and from the Mining 
Building large stairs led up to the German Eestaurant. Ascending 
the hill of the German House, the first impression was that of a castle 
front. The dimensions of the castle were: Length, 150 feet; depth, 
(59 feet ; the height of the building to the apex of the cupola was 160 
feet; it covered an area of 10,000 square feet, while the complete 
site with the terraces amounted to 174,931 square feet. 

The castle consisted of a two-story gable, the front of which was 
almost exclusively occupied by the high windows and two by-parts 
with four axes, each with three-quarter Corinthian columns. Of the 
three stories, the uppermost — the mezzanine story — served only as a 
storeroom. The gable above the center part bore in large letters the 
inscription " Das Deutsche Haus." Groups at the corners of the 
gable represented Power and Wisdom. The capitals of the columns 
were molded from the original and the balustrades of the cornices 
were made from designs. The roof of the house was a platform like 
the original in Charlottenburg, surrounded by a cast-iron balustrade. 

As at the prototype, in front of the German House the two Borghe- 
sian gladiators with sword and shield kept guard. The death masks 
on the sentry houses were Schluter's work and were erected after 
models taken in Charlottenburg. The dark color of the building 
and the patina of the roof accentuated the historical character of the 
building. 



206 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Around the building on the broad terraces, surrounded by a bal- 
ustrade in modern Baroque, were long rows of laurel trees and 
rhododendrons which were brought over from Germany. 

In the lower story was a circular center hall, the flat ceiling of 
which was supported by 8 columns, a true copy of the entrance hall 
of the Charlottenburg Castle. In the two wall niches, between high 
laurel trees, were placed busts of the Emperor and Empress. The 
pedestals were done in gray, specially prepared oak wood. Behind 
the busts were two stucco reliefs molded from the originals in Char- 
lottenburg, representing scenes from Roman history. 

A room with modern escritoire equipment served as reading and 
writing room for the members of the German press. 

Off the center hall and facing the front was the extensive reading 
hall, likewise a copy of the room of the Charlottenburg Castle. 

Noticeable in the room was a picture of the capital of the German 
Empire, Berlin, showing the bridge across the Spree, with the re- 
nowned statue of the Great Elector; behind this the great Royal 
Palace ; also a picture of the " Hohkonigsberg," in olden times a 
mighty castle in German Alsatia, which for centuries has been a 
desolate ruin, but now is built anew in its old pomp and splendor. 
The series of pictures was concluded by a view of a plaza in the 
Hansa Town Lubeck. 

In addition to these views, around the hall were the busts of emi- 
nent scholars, artists, poets, musicians. Besides other pieces of orna- 
ment, the reading room contained choice pieces of the royal porcelain 
manufactory, as well as a series of artistically finished groups rep- 
resenting the different countries of culture. Finally, to symbolize 
the character of the reading room, on the right table a bronze figure 
was placed showing the greatest German historian of all times, 
Theodore Mommsen, who only a short time ago died in extreme old 
age. 

In the rear of the reading hall a broad terrace led down to the gar- 
den plots, embellished by the group by Professor von Uechtritz, Ber- 
lin, " The Crown is the safeguard of peace." 

At both sides of the reading hall the office rooms were situated; 
to the right a large office room of the imperial commissioner or his 
representative, very tastefully equipped in modern style. The walls 
were wainscoted in oak and had capacious book shelves. From the 
ceiling, the beams of which were ornamented, numerous lamps and 
large candelabra were suspended. The room was completed by a 
comfortable fireplace, and to the left side of the room, or reading 
hall, were office rooms. 

The upper center hall,with its eight columns, was a copy of the 
center hall of the Charlottenburg Palace, and in its quiet dignity 
highly characteristic of the Prussian development of the art of the 
Baroque. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 207 

In front of the nether window, between two columns, was placed 
the bust of the German Emperor in the uniform of the Gardes du 
Corps, with the eagle helmet, from the royal porcelain manufacturer 
in Berlin. 

Another interesting feature of the German Building was the 
Gobelin hall. The rich ceiling in its pure plastic was modeled after 
the Elizabeth hall in the royal palace of Berlin, the stucco figures, 
as well as the decorations of the ceiling, likewise the golden medal- 
lions at the four corners, representing a procession of bacchantes, 
while the rich door panelings were modeled in the royal palace and 
placed here. The walls all around were wainscoted with palisander. 
But the main interest in this room centered in the four mighty 
gobelins. These gobelins were, by the charm of their colors and the 
delicacy of the composition, a source of enjoyment to every lover of 
art. 

The Gobelin hall was laid out with a gorgeous modern carpet from 
the carpet works at Barmen. Of surprising delicacy were the cur- 
tains and the golden hangings above the windows, all masterpieces 
of the modern art of weaving, as were those all over the house made 
by the concern Hertzog in Berlin. The great candelabra of bronze 
and mountain crystal were lighted by wax candles. 

Off the Gobelin hall was one of the richest rooms of the castle, the 
Bradenburg chamber. This red- velvet chamber was used for one of 
the most brilliant ceremonies in the royal palace, the solemn decora- 
tion of the Knights of the Order of the Black Eagle. 

Adjacent to this rich room was the main hall of the Deutsche 
Haus, the famous oak gallery, 115 feet long and 20 feet broad. 
The oak gallery forms in Charlottenburg the most important apart- 
ment of the castle and is characteristically German. The combina- 
tion of the simple oak wood with the delicate gold carving produced 
a most original and most restful effect. The wonderful dimensions, 
the beautiful material, the harmony of colors, and perfection of 
artistic details all combined to impress the observer. The entire 
length of the long wall was divided into niches by pilasters. Each 
niche contained a mirror and over that a picture from the ancient 
classics. Along the walls of the hall were placed on marble pedestals 
the busts of former Prussian rulers. 

The series of state rooms was concluded by one of the very finest 
rooms, the Tressen Saal (galloon room), also a copy from the Char- 
lottenburg Castle. In contrast to the substantial splendor of the oak 
gallery, this apartment showed the whole delicacy and refinement of 
the Baroque. The name " Tressen Saal " was given to this room in 
consideration of the gold interwoven bands (tresses) which were 
sewn on to the red damask. 

The harmony of the oak carvings, of the gilt stucco, the red dam- 
ask, and the gold galloon composed one of the most delicate decora- 



208 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

tions of Prussian castles. This was finished by the ceiling, where 
were seen allegories painted and mounted on linen in imitation of the 
Tressen Saal in Charlottenburg Castle. 

There was no special act authorizing the German exposition. In 
accordance with the general principles of the German constitution, 
the sum required for this purpose was entered in the budget. After 
an approval of the budget by the Bundesrath and the Reichstag 
the participation of Germany became a law. The fire insurance of 
the combined German exhibits covered $4,000,000, and this sum may 
be regarded as the approximate value of the exhibits. The aggregate 
cost of the organization, installation, and transportation paid by the 
Government was $1,300,000, of which the Imperial Government paid 
$900,000, the Prussian government $250,000, and the other Federal 
States $150,000. 

Great Britain. 

Members of commission. — His Royal Highness the Prince of 
Wales, K. G., president of the royal commission; the Right Honor- 
able Viscount Peel, chairman of the royal commission ; Col. Charles 
M. Watson, R. E., C. B., C. M. G., commissioner-general and secre- 
tary of the royal commission; Mr. J. H. Cundall, general superin- 
tendent ; Mr. Edmund H. Lloyd, general superintendent ; Mr. Lucien 
Serraillier, secretary to the commissioner-general and for juries; Mr. 
C. D. Barrett, accountant ; Mr. Herbert Langridge, in charge of cor- 
respondence and catalogue. Clerical assistants: Mr. R. Grant Dal- 
ton, Mr. S. G. Hutchinson, Mr. J. Perrin Harris. Department of 
education: Capt. P. H. Atkin, representative of the education com- 
mittee; Mr. C. E. Down, assistant superintendent. Department of 
art: Mr. R. S. Hunt, representative of the art committee; Mr. 
Alfred A. Longdon, representative of the applied art committee. 
Department of liberal arts: Mr. J. E. Petavel, scientific manager 
of low temperature exhibit; Mr. H. Payne, assistant. Assistant 
superintendents of exhibits: Mr. J. F. Barrett, mines and metal- 
lurgy; Mr. John E. Blacknell, manufactures; Mr. J. T. Christie, 
liberal arts; Mr. Harold Darby, transportation; Mr. Joseph Dev- 
lin, agriculture, fish, and game; Mr. Edward Dixon, electricity; 
Mr. H. Werninck, liberal arts; Mr. W. C. Forster, Queen Victoria's 
jubilee presents; Mr. W. Brown, in charge of the British Pavilion 
garden ; Mr. Arthur Smith, general foreman. 

On April 23, 1903, the royal commission of King Edward VII was 
issued at Whitehall under His Majesty's royal sign, appointing the 
following commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition : 

The Prince of Wales; Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Peel; Victor 
Albert George, Earl of Jersey; Richard George Perm, Earl Howe; 
Bernard Edward Barnaby, Baron Castletown; George Arbuthnot, 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 209 

Baron Inverclyde; Richard Barnaby, Baron Alverstone; John, 
Baron Avebury; Horace Cruzon Plunkett; Charles Napier Law- 
rence; Sir Charles William Fremantle; Sir George Hayter Chubb; 
Sir Edward John Poynter ; Sir Charles Rivers Wilson ; Sir Edward 
Maunde Thompson ; Sir William Henry Preece ; Sir William Turner 
Thiselton-Deyer ; Sir Herbert Jekyll ; Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema ; 
Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke; Sir George Thomas Livesey; Henry 
Hardinge; Samuel Cunyghame; Edward Austin Abbey; Charles 
Vernon Boys ; Thomas Brock ; George Donaldson ; Clement Le Neve 
Foster; John Clarke Hawkshaw; Thomas Graham Jackson; Wil- 
liam Henry Maw ; Francis Grant Ogilvie ; William Quiller Orchard- 
son; Boverton Redwood; Alfred Gordon Salamon; Joseph Wilson 
Swan; Jethro Justinian Harris; Teall, and Francis William Webb. 

Col. Charles Moore Watson was appointed secretary to the com- 
mission. Subsequently, on the 6th of June, 1903, Sir John Benjamin 
Stone, M. P., was appointed additional commissioner. 

At the first meeting of the royal commission, held at Marlborough 
House on the 28th of April, 1903, Flis Royal Highness the Prince of 
Wales, K. G., made a speech showing the interest that was felt in the 
exposition generally throughout Great Britain. 

The interest taken in the exposition by Great Britain was exempli- 
fied strikingly in the amount of space which she occupied in the 
various exhibition buildings, amounting in the aggregate to no less 
than 206,642 superficial feet, of which only 8,000 feet was occupied 
by the Royal Pavilion. An idea of the vast scope of the exhibit may 
be learned from the following table, which gives the amount of space 
in each of the various exhibit palaces occupied by Great Britain's 
display : 

Superficial feet. 

Education 6,500 

Social economy 810 

7,310 

Art — ! 20, 872 

Liberal arts 35,500 

Manufactures 58,000 

Electricity 5,960 

Transportation 33,500 

Agriculture 20,400 

Horticulture 500 

Forestry, Fish, and Game 3,900 

Mines and Metallurgy 11,700 

Physical Culture 1,000 

In making choice of an interesting type to be followed in the 

British Royal Pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it was 

felt that the Orangery of the Royal Palace of Kensington would be 

representative of English domestic building at one of its happiest 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 14 



210 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

periods, and a tribute also to the memory of the great architect, 
Sir Christopher Wren. In the Orangery of Kensington was found 
a building that could be strictly reproduced to its real size. The 
Orangery was 170 feet long and had a range of sash windows uninter- 
rupted by doorways, the central and end windows having stall boards 
under them, making the entrances. The long line of roof was broken 
only by the three brick parapets or pediments, the center one being 
carried on half-round columns and pilasters of gauged brickwork. 
The walls were of red brick and stock brick spaced out with design, 
imitation white stone being sparingly introduced in cornices or key- 
stones to give a note of white in the color scheme. The long hall 
ended in circular anterooms. In the replica, at St. Louis, of Wren's 
building, the only departure from the original was the introduction 
of an enriched plaster ceiling, such as would be found in a house of 
the period; the real Orangery was left bare and whitewashed. 

The architects used the Orangery as the principal front to a quad- 
rangular building, the necessary offices and accommodation for the 
royal commissioners and executive staff being provided in wings 
that led from the two circular anterooms. The fourth side of the 
open court was made by a colonnade, the royal arms being above the 
central opening. The character and details of the Orangery were 
carried through as far as possible, so that harmony and unity was 
given to this pleasant composition. 

In the garden surrounding the pavilion an attempt was made to 
reproduce on a small scale the style of garden that was generally 
attached to the mansion residences in England during the reign of 
William III and Mary, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, 
and at the time of Queen Anne, in the early part of the eighteenth 
century. The old-fashioned garden with characteristic features of 
shady terraces of " peached alleys," as they would be called, inclosed 
by hedges clipped into shapes and embellished with topiary work, 
with the forms of animals and birds cut out of yews and boxes, 
attracted much attention. The garden was filled with old-fashioned 
flowers. A water basin and fountain, typical of the old English 
gardens, were there, as also were stone statues and lead urns and 
vases. The garden became one of the sights of the exposition and 
was usually crowded with interested and delighted sightseers. 

His Majesty King Edward VII was graciously pleased to lend the 
Queen Victoria jubilee presents to the exposition. The valuable and 
unique collection was placed in the upper story of the Hall of Con- 
gresses, one of the permanent stone buildings, now a part of the 
Washington University, and, according to the terms of loan, admis- 
sion was free to the public. The royal presents included in this 
collection chiefly consisted of gifts made to Her Majesty the late 
Queen Victoria on the occasion of the jubilee celebrations of 18S7 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 211 

and 1897. Of these, the greater number came from India, where 
native princes of all grades and representatives of all nationalities 
and religions vied with each other in offering to her majesty the 
splendid tribute of her Indian Empire. 

These Indian presents were of great interest, not merely on account 
of the precious metals and rare woods in which they were worked, 
but as showing how in recent years European ideas have influenced 
native Indian art, which, in many instances, was represented in its 
most characteristic and unaffected form. 

The remainder of the collection included gifts offered by the repre- 
sentatives of the British colonies, many of them richly illuminated 
addresses, inclosed in caskets handsomely worked in metal or in 
native woods, or, as in the case of Cape Colony, which was repre- 
sented by a magnificent screen of ostrich feathers, by objects recalling 
an important industry of the colony. These presents formed only a 
small proportion of the thousands sent from every part of the British 
Empire. 

The presents were guarded night and day by members of the con- 
stabulary- force of the city of London. Policemen from the same body 
patrolled the British Pavilion and grounds. The uniform courtesy of 
these men and their patience in answering the many questions put 
to them by a curious public spoke well for the corps which they 
represented. 

The grant voted by the British Government for participation at 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was £150,000. Private exhibitors 
bore all the expense connected with the collection, installation, and 
maintenance of their exhibits. 

Government of Guatemala. 

The small but artistic pavilion erected by the Government of 
Guatemala was situated at the extreme northern end of the World's 
Fair grounds, just east of the Administration Building and beside the 
pavilion of the Argentine Republic. It was intended as an exhibit 
palace, with the object of installing all the Guatemalan exhibits, as 
well as being a bureau of information. 

In its exterior fagade appeared an extensive, semicircular peristyle, 
sustained by columns of the renaissance style, and in front two doors 
leading to the two rooms into which the building was divided. In 
the upper part of the middle of the doors was placed the national 
shield, with the American flag on the right and the Guatemalan 
ensign on the left, both surrounding the bust of Extrada Cabrera, the 
present President of this wealthy and prosperous section of Central 
America. 

The salon to the left was decorated with pictures by Guatemalan 
artists and had other artistic features, such as native pottery, statu- 



212 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

ettes, etc. Here every afternoon the coffee for which Guatemala is 
so justly famous was served to visitors. In the same room also were 
placed an extensive collection of newspapers and a series of literary 
works, scientific and didactic, by Guatemalan authors. 

In the department to the right, arranged very tastefully and skill- 
fully, were samples of valuable products, demonstrating the agricul- 
tural and mineral wealth of Guatemala. Among the exhibits was a 
collection of specimens of all classes of coffee, arranged in 160 recep- 
tacles and two small crystal columns. A magnificent collection of 186 
specimens of cabinet work wood, beautiful in construction and color- 
ing, attracted much attention by its wonderful variety. 

The mineralogical section was not so extensive as that devoted to 
wood, but it showed magnificent specimens from the gold mines, also 
samples of silver, copper, lead, isinglass, coal, marble, kaolin, etc. 
Another installation showed some samples of native beer of excellent 
quality. There were also samples of rum and brandies, distilled 
from sugar cane and native fruits, among these products being the 
"banana whisky," a delicious liquor, exhibited for the first time to 
the public. The manufacture of this whisky is a new industry, and 
promises an excellent future. 

The cereal and grain section was notable for the great variety of 
corn, frejols, wheat, barley, etc. The famous cocoas known by the 
name of " Socomusco," and which since the earliest time have been 
recognized as among the best produced on the continent, were also 
represented in this section, as well as sugar, which is being produced 
in the country in respectable quantities. The attention of visitors 
was attracted by the silk (or " ceiba ") cotton, installed in the same 
section. It is remarkable for fineness, softness, and special color. 
It is locally known as "Algodon de Cajeta." 

The extensive and variegated collection of roots, barks, and medici- 
nal plants constituted a special section. Among them were different 
kinds of quinine, sarsaparilla, ipecacuana, and other herbs. Elastic, 
or " india rubber," stearin, gums, vanilla, etc., made up an interesting 
exhibition of native products. Tobacco, similar to the kind grown in 
Cuba, which is produced in great abundance in Guatemala, was pre- 
sented in its various processes of development, from the native leaf 
to the finished cigar or cigarette. Samples of fibers, grasses, flowers, 
roots, and palms were shown in abundance. From the palms of 
Guatemala are manufactured the so-called " Panama hats." Visitors 
were much interested in their extreme lightness and the uniformity 
of tissue of the Guatemalan hand-made straw hats. 

The building was erected at a cost of $10,000. This sum included 
ornamentation and the landscape gardening. The cost of the ex- 
hibits, freight, and installation was approximately $10,000, and the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 213 

expenses of the commission extant during the exposition was esti- 
mated at $5,000. "this brought up the expenditure to the amount 
appropriated by the Guatemalan Government for the expenses of the 
exhibit. 

The exhibit was authorized by a decree issued by the President of 
Guatemala appointing the commission to represent the Government 
at the St. Louis Universal Exposition, dated the 7th of April, 1904, 
which reads as follows : 

The constitutional President of the Republic has resolved that the 
official representation of Guatemala at the Universal Exposition of 
St. Louis shall be in charge of the legation of this Republic at Wash- 
ington, D. C, and designates Mr. Carlos F. Irigoyen as special com- 
missioner to be in charge of the exhibition, and appoints Mr. Manuel 
M. Jiron as attendant to the commission and to have charge of the 
degustation of our coffee. Mr. Jiron shall receive orders from the 
special commissioner, who in turn shall receive his instructions from 
the minister of fomento. 

Haiti. 

Members of Haiti commission. — Mr. J. N. Leger, president; Mr. 
Edmond Roumain, commissioner-general; Mr. Joseph Duque, com- 
missioner ; Mr. Price Mars, commissioner. 

The participation of the Government of Haiti in the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition was decided by the deliberation of the minis- 
terial council, presided over by the President of the country. The 
decision was taken previously in 1901, under the former government 
of Gen. Tiresias Simon Sam, and maintained by the actual govern- 
ment of Gen. Nord Alexis, in February and March of this year. The 
amount of the appropriation by the Haitian Government spent in its 
exhibit was $50,000. 

Haiti unfortunately arrived too late at the fair to construct a 
special building, but installed excellent exhibits in the Forestry, Fish, 
and Game Building and in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. 

The Haitian exhibit at the World's Fair was located in the south- 
western section of the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, next the 
California exhibit, and covered a space of 30 by 75 feet. In the 
center was a beautiful pavilion in which the following species of 
native woods were represented : Mahogany, Santa Maria, tacha, rose- 
wood, and tavernon. The woods most used in the construction were 
mahogany and Santa Maria. Most of the panels and all of the 
columns were made of these two woods, and they blended in such a 
manner that they looked as if they were one and the same wood. The 
other varieties were used in the smaller decorations. The object in 
making the pavilion was to show the native cabinet woods of Haiti, 
especially that of Santa Maria, a wood which very much resembles 



214 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

mahogany. Four columns of the pavilion were made of Santa Maria, 
one of mahogany, and one partly of each. In the pavilion were 
served coffee and cocoa, native products. 

Just at the rear of the pavilion was a display of imported liquors 
and sirups from the land of Haiti, including anisette, maraschuino, 
repikes, creme de menthe, sirup d'orfeat, sirup de granadine, and 
creme de cocoa ; also triple-distilled bay rum and rum of good quality 
from four distilleries in Haiti. On either side were glass cases in 
which were shown other interesting exhibits. First a collection of 
cigars and of beeswax in molds. Next a sectional case containing 
samples of cotton mapon, used for the filling of mattresses and pillows. 
Then the cocoa bean ; also coffee taken from the cherry, peanuts, sugar 
from the sugar cane, and bottled honey. In the next case were hides, 
leather, and a collection of fine shoes made in Haiti. Next to this 
case was a display of coffee beans and an interesting exhibit of hats 
made from palm leaves and corn husks. The chairs were made from 
the osier, or water willow. In the rear was a cabin made from the 
natural woods imported from Haiti. The roof was covered with 
palm leaves. The entrance was draped with an American flag on the 
left and the red and blue flag of Haiti on the right. This Haitian 
flag was made entirely by hand. In the interior was a fine collection 
of hand-carved vases, pedestals, mortar and pestles, bowls, urns, and 
tobacco boxes. 

Honduras. 

Members of Honduras commission. — Mr. Salvador Cordova, com- 
missioner-general ; Mr. Howard S. Reed, executive commissioner; 
Mr. Alejandro Bauer, assistant commissioner. 

In the Palace of Agriculture, surrounded by a tropical bower of 
graceful palms and thousands of yards of long gray Spanish moss, 
was shown a collective exhibit of the wondrous and little known 
country of Honduras, Central America. Upon all sides the visitor 
was confronted by most curious and interesting samples of its varied 
resources. Crowds were constantly gathered about the rubber tree 
with its white, milk-like sap, and everyone seemed interested in the 
great bales of dried raw rubber, while questions, opinions, and discus- 
sions were many regarding this little known raw product. Even the 
great scarlet and blue macaw, from his high perch overhead, joined in 
with wild screeches when the crowds got too noisy. 

Curious bales of sarsaparilla wrapped in white cowhide, great 
clusters of cocoanuts in their thick hulls, long tables with hundreds 
of specimens of dug plants and medicinal barks and roots, attracted 
curious crowds. The banana bulbs and stalks, 20 feet high, eleven 
months' growth, with the fruit which they had produced, gave the vis- 
itor an idea of what is possible by systematic culture, as a banana plan- 
tation with the proper care will produce fifty-two crops a year, which 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 215 

means a cutting every week. The consumption of the banana has 
increased with greater rapidity than any other fruit, and it occupies 
a position second to none as a food and fruit. The sarsaparilla in its 
original packing case was unique, and it represented its share in the 
country's exportations. Honduras sarsaparilla has taken the highest 
award at the last five expositions. 

The cocoanut in its fibrous hull was a surprise to many, as the 
market shows them only clear of the hull. It is said that each cocoa- 
nut tree in Honduras averages about 365 nuts a year, or a nut each 
day. Brazil nuts were shown, with their hard outside shell, in which 
some 15 to 20 of the nuts are closely packed. 

Of the 400 specimens of cabinet woods which were displayed, only 
about 100 are known to commercial uses; the rest are awaiting devel- 
opment. In this exhibit were the woods which neither burn nor float. 
Lignum-vitae, which is one of the heaviest woods known to science, 
and used extensively in the manufacture of mallets, etc., was dis- 
played; also the San Juan wood, which has lately been discovered, 
and is found extensively on the coast. This wood is practically non- 
combustible, and is said to be the coming wood for car building, fur- 
niture, and interior finishing, being susceptible of a high polish. The 
mahogany, for which Honduras is noted, was shown in many varie- 
ties, as were rosewood, redwood, hard pine, cedar, etc. 

The exhibit of native drug plants received special recognition. 
Among other herbs were the Peruvian and cinchona -bark quinine, 
rhubarb, vegetable wax, and many others unknown to science. Sugar 
planters were astounded at the cane only three months old and 12 feet 
high, grown without cultivation, and stalks were exhibited 24 feet 
high of twelve months' growth. At present there is not a sugar 
refinery in the country. 

The ores exhibited were many specimens of quartz and placer gold, 
silver, lead, copper, and magnetic iron, of which there is practically 
an inexhaustible supply. The work of the natives was shown in hats, 
baskets, hammocks, etc., being of a high order of perfection. Many 
of the finest panama hats are made by the Indians in Honduras. 
The different kinds of sisal and hemp shown were pronounced by 
manufacturers to be of the very highest grade. 

Many people, when the name Honduras, Central America, is men- 
tioned, think of a far-away land untrodden by man. As a matter of 
fact, it was pointed out that it is not as far from New Orleans to 
Honduras as it is from St. Louis to either New York or Boston. 

Hungary. 

Several causes prevented an appropriation by Parliament for Hun- 
gary's participation at the Universal Exposition held in St. Louis; 
consequently the royal Hungarian minister of commerce, anxious that 



216 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Hungary should be represented at the Congress of Nations in St. 
Louis, decided to furnish a sufficient sum out of funds at his disposal 
to make this participation possible. 

Acting upon this decision, he appointed George de Szogyeny, LL. D., 
at that time commissioner of commerce, and accredited to the State 
Department in Washington, D. C., as commissioner-general, and com- 
missioned the Hungarian Society of Fine Arts and the Hungarian 
Society of Applied Arts to arrange the exhibits in the Fine Arts 
Building and to arrange for the exhibit of applied arts. 

The Hungarian Society of Applied Arts sent Paul Horti as its 
representative. Mr. Paul Horti is a well known art critic of Hun- 
gary. Mr. R. E. Rombauer was also a member of the commission. 

The cost of Hungary's participation was approximately 200,000 
crowns. The value of exhibits was as follows : 

Fine arts, 150,000 crowns ; applied arts in the Manufactures Build- 
ing, 600,000 crowns. There were other individual exhibits scattered 
through the palaces of Agriculture, Mines and Metallurgy, and Edu- 
cation, but they represented only a small value. 

East India. 

The government of India and the provincial governments of Ben- 
gal, Assam, and Mysore jointly contributed the sum of 105,000 rupees 
(equivalent to about $35,000), and the Indian Tea Association, 
Indian Tea Cess Committee, and the United Planters' Association of 
southern India, contributed 90,000 rupees (equal to about $30,000) 
for the erection of a building and expenses attendant on the work of 
the exhibition proper, which was designed to promote and encourage 
the use of India tea and coffee in America. When it was decided that 
India should take part in the exhibition, exhibitors of Indian manu- 
factures, for whom no space had been reserved in the exhibition pal- 
aces, were referred by the government of India, the exhibition author- 
ities, and by the British royal commission to the commissioners in 
charge, and their exhibits, together with those made of tea, coffee, 
cardamoms, and pepper, were installed in the government building 
and formed practically the entire exhibit from India. 

Mr. R. Blechynden was the only executive officer appointed for 
East India. F. C. Williams, of New York, was subsequently ap- 
pointed as honorary assistant commissioner. 

The exhibit would not have been made but for the urgent request 
of those representing the tea interests, through the Bengal Chamber 
of Commerce, and it was intended primarily and mainly for the 
exploitation of Indian teas in America, thus finding a wider market 
for their use. In addition to the erection of a building and the 
serving of tea in liquid form to the visitors at a nominal charge, a 
considerable fund was set apart for advertising the merits of these 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 217 

teas in the Middle West. Part of this sum was expended during the 
continuance of the exhibition, and the work was all coordinated and 
in the hands of the commissioner. The exploitation may continue for 
several years. Advertisements have appeared in newspapers in St. 
Louis, Omaha, Chicago, Columbus, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Louis- 
ville, and many other smaller towns. The aggregate of expenditure 
in the next few years will be much more than set apart for the 
exhibition. 

All of the East India exhibits were contributed by individuals and 
were confined to the East India Building, but were grouped under the 
heads of art, liberal arts, manufactures, and agriculture. 

Italy. 

Members of Italian commission. — His Excellency Baron E. Mayor 
des Planches, honorary commissioner-general ; Mr. Giovanni Branchi, 
commissioner-general; Mr. Adolf o Appoloni, commissioner of fine 
arts; Chev. Vittorio Zeggio; Mr. Guido Pantaleoni; Mr. Alberto 
Alfani, Mr. Tullio Giordana, Mr. Cesare Delia Chiesa, Mr. Jerome 
Zeggio, secretaries; Mr. Giuseppe Sommarauga, architect of the 
pavilion. 

The Italian pavilion was one of the most artistic and beautiful, 
if not one of the smallest, foreign buildings on the World's Fair 
grounds. It was a construction of Roman travertine stone, orna- 
mented with bronze and marble sculptures. It was an architectonic 
fancy, Grseco-Roman, on the style of the ancient villas of the emper- 
ors of the Caesarian age, with garden and fountains. 

The front colonnade ended in two stout lateral " pillars," crowned 
by two " victories " of gilded bronze (a work by Bialetti, of Milan), 
one of which bore the Italian laurel and the others the olive branch, 
as a token of peace and welfare. 

After ascending the first stairs, about 90 feet wide, and passing 
through all the colonnade of ionic style, was the garden where the 
ancient Romans used to grow their laurel, an image of glory. 

The building was erected on a strong base more than 15 feet high, 
with another flight of stairs more than 45 feet wide. 

The front was formed by a central body of the Corinthian style of 
the best epoch, flanked by two lower parts ornamented by marble and 
bronze works. The caryatides of the three latticed windows were 
authentic copies of the ancient caryatides of Greek origin now in the 
Castle of Abano, near Rome. 

In the hall, together with cases and various ancient works, there 
was a faithful copy of the famous Etruscan vase called " Of Fran- 
cois," belonging to the gallery of Florence, and a good copy in marble 
of the Roman group of wrestlers. Also in the same halls, in the cavi- 
ties at the end under the frieze, with the inscription in Roman charac- 



218 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ters, " Italia lux alma preevit," were two great oil paintings of their 
Royal Majesties the King and Queen of Italy. 

This monument of art was the work of Giuseppe Sommarauga, 
architect, of Milan, who had also the task of originating and direct- 
ing all the principal decorations made and shipped from Italy. 

The participation of Italy at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
was authorized by a law of the Italian Parliament dated December 
27, 1903. The participation was prepared by the department of 
agriculture, industry, and commerce, under the direct supervision of 
the minister, Hon. Luigi Rava. A special committee was appointed 
for that purpose by the King, and the Hon. Angelo Pa vis, a promi- 
nent member of the Italian Parliament, was elected chairman of the 
committee. The Italian ambassador to the United States, the Baron 
Edmondo Mayor des Planches, who advised the Italian Government 
to let Italy appear officially at the exposition, was appointed honorary 
commissioner-general, and Hon. Giovanni Branchi, the Italian consul- 
general in New York, was appointed commissioner-general. Adolf o 
Appoloni, one of the members of the royal commission in Rome, was 
appointed special commissioner for fine arts, and Mr. Branchi chose 
as members of the commission Guido Pantaleoni, electrical engineer, 
of St. Louis, and Chev. Vittorio Zeggio, who was special delegate 
from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to promote the participa- 
tion of Italy to the World's Fair. Besides these members of the 
commission four secretaries and several assistants helped the commis- 
sion in the work of arranging and distributing the different exhibits. 

The appropriation of the Italian Government for the exposition 
was 650,000 lire ($130,000), but this appropriation was raised in 
progress to 800,000 lire ($170,000). A small fee of $4 per square 
meter was assessed to the exhibitors, but the artists and the schools 
had nothing to pay. No private contributions were accepted by the 
Government. The Government paid the cost of transporting and 
maintenance of exhibits, which amounted to about $30,000. The 
number of exhibitors was about 1,100. Many more firms would have 
sent their products to this exposition had they had time to arrange a 
fitting display. For this reason the Italian display was not a full 
demonstration of what Italy produces. 

The largest Italian displays were in the Fine Arts, the Manufac- 
tures, and the Agriculture buildings. The paintings and the sculp- 
tures exhibited were sufficient to give an idea of the modern art in 
Italy. They were all quite recent, with the exception of some pic- 
tures exhibited as loan, which were painted before the Chicago Ex- 
position. The largest and most important art societies of Italy took 
a great interest in the exposition, but lack of time prevented the 
artists from preparing special works to be exhibited. The spirit of 
modern Italian art was individual, all working for the development 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 219 

of a national art. Among the sculptures were Monte verde, Fontana, 
Origo, and Romanelli. Among the painters, Previati, Rizzi, Man- 
cini, Gioli, Morbelli, DalFOca Bianca Laurenti, Ciardi, Fattori de 
Karolis, Nomellini, Gelli, etc. 

In the Manufactures Building the exhibits of carved wood fur- 
niture was displayed, together with ceramics, pottery, marble, bronzes, 
silks, textiles, laces, embroideries, paving bricks, and many other ex- 
hibits of great importance. Among the show cases was a large and 
artistic one, in which was exhibited the silk factories' display. 

In the Agriculture Building Italy had a large display of samples 
of the many kinds of wines and olive oils it produces, and there was 
a large display of seeds sent by the department of agriculture. 

In the Mines Building a beautiful collection of marbles and sul- 
phur showed the wealth of the under-soil resources of Italy. 

The photographs, the plans, and the maps of the electrical power 
houses and diverting works for the production of electricity in the 
Electricity Building attracted many visitors. 

In the Transportation Building the Rete Mediterranes, one of the 
railroads that operates in Italy, exhibited the electrical system used 
on some of its lines. 

One of the best and most important Italian exhibits was in the 
Educational and Social Economy Building. In both these lines 
Italy stood among the most progressive nations in the world. The 
results of the schools, the people's banks and savings banks, and the 
mutual help societies were an excellent demonstration. 

In the Liberal Arts were to be seen musical instruments, books, and 
products of the paper factories. 

Corals, cameos, and mosaics were exhibited in the Varied Indus- 
tries Building, and some of them were remarkable works of art. 

Japan. 

On July 10, 1903, an imperial ordinance for the organization of 
the imperial Japanese commission to the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition was issued by the Mikado to the effect that the imperial com- 
mission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition should be under the 
supervision of the minister of state for agriculture and commerce, 
and should deal with all the matters relating to the participation 
of the Japanese Empire in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition; that 
the imperial commission should consist of the following: 

Nonresident: Baron Keigo Kiyoura, president; Baron Masanao 
Matsudaira, vice-president. Resident: Mr. Seiichi Tegima, commis- 
sioner-general; Mr. Hiromichi Shugio; Mr. Ushitaro Beppu; Mr. 
Naozo Kanzaki. Nonresident commissioners: Mr. Hajime Ota, Mr. 
Haruke Yamawaki, Mr. Masanao Hanihara, Mr. M. Isobe, Mr. J. 
Koyama, Mr. M. Oka, Mr. Okamoto. Resident: Mr. Keisuke Niwa, 



220 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

director of works; Mr. Yukio Itchikawa, landscape architect; Mr. 
Saizo Tajima; Prof. Yoshitaro Wantanabe; Mr. Mosuke Matsumura, 
secretary education department; Mr. Kannosuke Miyashima, expert 
home department. Secretaries (resident) : Mr. Harukazu Miyabe, 
Mr. Michio Hattori, Mr. Toyozo Kobayashi. Attaches (resident) : 
Mr. Shun Suzuki, Mr. Kiro Harada, Mr. Teiichiro Gejyo, Mr. Risa- 
buro Ota. 

Beginning with the international exposition held at Vienna in 
1873, and including the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Japan has 
participated in twenty-seven world's fairs. Her participation in 
the exposition at St. Louis was more memorable in many respects 
than at any preceding exposition. In the first place, the exhibits 
never before occupied such an extensive area. It was three times 
as large as that occupied by Japan at the Chicago World's Fair of 
1893 and the Paris Exposition of 1900, respectively. In each depart- 
ment where Japan took any part at the fair her location was excel- 
lent. The enthusiasm of Japanese manufacturers and traders in 
their desire to participate in the exposition was so intense that 
despite the effort of the Government to discriminate between numer- 
ous applicants the quantity of exhibits was swelled to such an 
extent that it was a matter of no small difficulty to find places for 
all the articles sent in for exhibition. Notwithstanding the fact 
that there was only a short period of nine months between Japan's 
decision to participate and the opening of the fair, and that in the 
course of that comparatively short period the rupture of friendly 
relations between Russia and Japan greatly handicapped the latter's 
endeavors concerning the exposition, the officials and exhibitors pur- 
sued their preconceived plan without an interruption. In view of 
such disadvantages, the promptness and accuracy with which articles 
were brought into their destination, arranged, and displayed season- 
ably in proper form may well be regarded as remarkable. By the 
time the gates of the fair were thrown open to the public the display 
had been well-nigh completed, to the gratification of the Exposition 
Company and the Japanese exhibitors. 

When Japan was first invited to take part in the exposition she 
was busily engaged in preparing for the Fifth National Exhibition 
held in the city of Osaka. For that reason she declined reluctantly 
to accept the invitation; but as the inauguration of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition was consequently postponed until the 1st day 
of May, 1904, Japan was later enabled to accept the invitation. 

Early in the year 1904 the imperial Government sent a corps of 
officials to St. Louis to select a suitable location for the Government 
buildings, and to apply for space in the various departments of the 
exposition. Due to the prompt attention of the Japanese Govern- 
ment and the courtesy of the managers of the exposition, the desired 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 221 

arrangements were accomplished without the slightest difficulty. A 
bill appropriating $400,000 to be expended for the exposition was 
passed by both houses of the legislature, and in July, 1903, the Gov- 
ernment formally notified the Exposition Company at St. Louis that 
Japan would be represented at the fair. 

The Japanese commission for the exposition took great care not 
to accept for exhibition any articles which had mere virtue of novelty, 
without practical value, or any articles not produced in large volume. 
The idea of the Government in employing such discrimination was 
to so plan the exhibition that it would leave some lasting effects 
after the exposition upon the world's trade and commerce. The 
exhibition of matters relating to education was executed under the 
direct supervision of the department of education, and was so planned 
as to make it represent a complete system of the education now in 
vogue in Japan. In regard to the exhibitions of mines, fish, forestry, 
agriculture, and horticulture, the department of agriculture and 
commerce exercised the authority of deciding what articles should 
be displayed. The arrangement of articles exhibited in various 
departments of the exposition was made so that those independent 
of the Japan Exhibits Association were arranged by individual ex- 
hibitors under the supervision of the Japanese commission, while 
others were set out in proper order by the association. 

There was no department or palace in which Japan did not exhibit. 
Displays on an especially elaborate scale, however, could be found 
in the following eleven palaces, namely: Palaces of Education and 
Social Economy, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Varied In- 
dustries, Transportation, Mines, Forestry, Fish, and Game, Elec- 
tricity, and Agriculture. The total area of space of the Japanese 
sections in these departments was distributed among different sections 
as follows: 

Square feet. 

Palace of Education 6,299 

Palace of Fine Arts 6, 825 

Palace of Liberal Arts 400 

Palace of Industry 27,384 

Palace of Manufactures 54,737 

Palace of Transportation 14, 160 

Palace of Electricity 1, 100 

Palace of Mines 6,903 

Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game 2, 982 

Palace of Agriculture 8,667 

Total 129, 457 

Besides the above areas in the various departments, a garden of a 
genuine Japanese style covered an extensive space of ground, in 
which stood the Government building. Attached to it was a recep- 
tion hall and several artistic mansions. Displays of Japanese garden 



222 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and floricultural arts were exhibited in the garden. In the reception 
hall were exhibited various data showing the growth and present 
status of the Red Cross Society of Japan. Altogether, the dimension 
of space taken by Japan for the garden aggregated approximately 
148,361 square feet. Artistically distributed within the precincts of 
the garden were the reception hall, the office building, the Formosa 
tea house, the Kinkaku tea house, and several cottages and a bazaar. 
Hills and waterfalls, ponds and bridges were presented in miniature 
scale. In the verdant lawns flowers of different colors were all har- 
monized into an artistic unit in unique landscape gardening. Beauti- 
fully trained dwarf trees, centuries old, were brought from Japan for 
the special purpose of ornamenting the garden. There were also the 
drooping wisteria and gay peony, the scented lily and blushing maple. 
The building materials for the reception hall, the office building, 
and resting cottages were brought from Japan. The reception hall 
was built entirely by native carpenters, after the style of a daimyo's 
goten (palace of feudal lord) of some six hundred years ago. The 
architectural style of the building was what is termed Heike, a style 
prevailing at the time when a military family called Heike held a 
paramount power. The artistically curved roofs, projecting one 
upon another, were a modest representation of architectural accom- 
plishment already attained in Japan several centuries ago. Hanging 
on the inner wall of the hall was the portrait of Her Majesty the 
Empress of Japan, and occupying a section of the room were the 
exhibits of the Red Cross Society of Japan, in which the Empress 
takes a keen interest. The resting cottage was modeled after a cot- 
tage in a shogun's (military magistrate) garden, two or three cen- 
turies ago. Close to the south bank of the lake was a small reproduc- 
tion of Kinkaku Temple. Close to the right of the front gate of the 
garden stood the Formosa mansion, a fair representation of charac- 
teristic native dwellings. The Kinkaku Temple was built under the 
auspices of the Japan Tea Traders' Association, and the Formosa 
mansion by the initiative of the Formosa government. 

Mexico. 

Members of Mexico commission. — Engineer Albino R. Nuncio, 
commissioner-general; Mr. Benito Navarro, assistant to the commis- 
sioner-general; Mr. Juan Renteria, assistant to the commissioner- 
general; Engineer Lauro Viadas, chief department of agriculture; 
Mr. Daniel R. De la Vega, assistant to the chief; Mr. Isidoro Alda- 
soro, chief department of art and ethnology; Mr. Leopoldo Tellez, 
and Mr. Octavio Andrade, assistants to the chief; Mr. Maximiliano 
M. Chabert, chief department of liberal arts; Mr. Alberto Ocampo, 
assistant to the chief; Mr. Julio Poulat, chief department of educa- 
tion; Mr. Manuel Costa, assistant to the chief; Mr. Enrique Gari- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 223 

bay, chief department of forestry, fish, and game ; Mr. Jorge Salazar, 
assistant to the chief; Mr. J. Alberto MacDowell, chief department 
of horticulture; Mr. J. M. Nuncio, chief department of manufac- 
tures; Mr. Antonio Sierra Cruz, assistant to the chief; Engineer 
Eduardo Mantinez Baca, chief department of mines and metallurgy ; 
Mr. Miguel Peinado, assistant to the chief; Maj. S. Garcia Cuellar, 
chief department of transportation; Lieut. Manuel Garcia Lugo 
and Lieut. Jose Ortiz Monasterio, assistants to the chief; Mrs. 
Laura M. De Cuenca, Dr. Plutarco Ornelas, Prof Teofilo Frezieres, 
Mr. E. H. Talbot, Mr. Jose M. Trigo De Claver, Mr. Roberto Garcia, 
Mr. Jose A. Bonilla. 

The amounts voted by the Mexican Congress, according to dates 
sinec the organization of the work, for the participation of Mexico at 
the Universal Exposition of St. Louis, were as follows : 

October 22, 1901 $50,000 

July 1, 1902 70,000 

November 23, 1902 15,000 

July 1, 1903 90,000 

December 3, 1903 250,000 

July 1, 1904 100,000 

November, 1904 300, 000 

Total 875, 000 

The Mexican exhibit in the department of education, as a whole, 
demonstrated the remarkable development of public instruction from 
primary to scientific, and at the same time the progress made by 
adopting new plans and systems. The exhibit as a whole could also 
be studied in detail by looking over the regulations, plans of study, 
statistics, texts, etc., which were displayed there. 

The Gallery No. 94 of the west pavilion of the Fine Arts Building 
was the one assigned by the Exposition Company to the exhibition of 
fine arts from the Republic of Mexico. This small gallery contained 
38 oil paintings, 2 pen drawings, and 2 sculptures. The paintings 
belonged to 11 exhibitors. 

The importance of the exhibition as relates to the art cultivated 
in Mexico was represented by the famous works of the Artist Fabres, 
which attracted a great deal of attention. 

In the Palace of Liberal Arts Mexico exhibited technical works 
and diversified industrial products. Among the most important 
were those of official character, such as geographical maps, the sj^stem 
used for the illumination of the seashores, the construction of build- 
ings for special works, etc. Also plans and constructions of archi- 
tectural character from prominent architects of Mexico. 

Displayed here were exhibits from the manufactures of drugs and 
chemical products, perfumes, paper, printing and binding companies, 



224 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and many others comprised in the extensive official classification. 
One most important exhibit was that of chemical products and 
pharmacy. 

Another very important branch of liberal arts, and very well 
developed, was that of photography. Very remarkable works of the 
most expert photographers of the country were exhibited. 

In the Department of Manufactures the industrial concerns from 
Mexico were represented as follows: The cotton and woolen mills, 
which have greatly developed in the Republic; the leather and shoe 
industry was well demonstrated by a number of factories which 
exhibited their products ; there were also shown a number of samples 
from the manufacture of furniture and decorating fixtures for 
buildings and residences. 

Full information about the railroad lines, general railroad map, 
and great number of photographs of the most important points on 
the lines, plaster models of the Tehuantepec Railroad connecting the 
two oceans, and statistical information of the railroad development 
were exhibited in the Transportation Building. Models of light- 
houses and original light-houses that will be used in the Vera Cruz 
Harbor were displayed also, as well as models of the harbors of Man- 
zanillo, Salina, Curz, Coatzacoalcos, and Tampico. Tools, bags, 
scales, etc., used in the mail service, and statistical information of 
the development of the service were shown, as were carriages, harness, 
saddles, and all kinds of implements used for driving and riding. 

The war department had a general display of educational methods 
used in the military and naval academies, and maps, military library, 
improvements invented by some member of the army and samples 
of materials made by its factories. 

In the Electricity Building were maps and reports of the most 
important electrical installations of the country. 

In the Machinery Hall were displayed machines made in the facto- 
ries of the army for the manufacture of cartridges, and antiscaling 
substance. 

Among the Mexican exhibits at St. Louis, the largest number was 
in the Agricultural Building, where the display occupied over 900 
square feet of space. The exhibits made by the three leading brew- 
eries of Mexico was noticeable as to elegance and artistic good taste. 
Great importance was attached to the exhibits of leaf and manufac- 
tured tobacco. The coffee exhibit attracted general attention. 

The exhibit of fibers, especially that of Henequen, from Yucatan, 
was very important and complete, the last named being the cause of 
flourishing trade with the United States. The exhibit of sugar 
showed the great resources of Mexico in this product. A splendid 
exhibit of Mexican vanila attracted the attention of all visitors. The 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 225 

exhibit of agronomical maps by the Mexican Commission was of 
much scientific value, and the collection of insects and injurious par- 
asitical plants was also worthy of attention. 

The Mexican exhibit in the Department of Forestry, Fish and 
Game consisted of 600 specimens, arranged and classified by the 
Medical and National Institute of Mexico, and attracted considerable 
attention. The magnificent exhibit of animals and stuffed birds 
was also admired. The exhibit was arranged and presented by the 
Geographical Commission of Mexico. The collection of woods pre- 
sented by the governments of the States of Colima, Durahgo, Mexico, 
Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Michoacan, Yucatan, and the department 
of fomento was noticeable for the diversity of kinds of woods form- 
ing the collection, amounting to 800. The exhibit of broom root 
from Mexico was the only one of its kind in all the Department of 
Forestry, and concerning which the largest number of inquiries was 
made. 

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy Mexico occupied 13,000 
square feet of space. A great variety of ores and minerals was dis- 
played, viz, gold, silver, lead, iron, copper, antimony, zinc, etc. The 
number of exhibitors amounted to 330. The Geological Institute 
of Mexico presented maps, geological plans, mineral rocks, publica- 
tions, etc. Among the latter a very interesting study of the veins 
of the mines of Pachuca and Real de Monte, also another of the 
Rhyolitas of Mexico. 

The social and economical conditions of the Republic of Mexico 
were splendidly represented in the Department of Social Economy 
by numerous official and private publications and photographs. The 
wise steps taken by the Government, which have changed the econom- 
ical conditions of the country, constituting an intellectual, material, 
and positive development, were logically collected according to the 
department of state to which they belong. The exhibit was com- 
pleted by a numerous collection of photographs of cities, ports, public 
buildings, monuments, residences, etc., showing how Mexican cities 
have been improved and beautified and how the Republic of the south 
has progressed from a material and artistical standpoint. 

New Zealand. 

Members of commission. — Mr. T. E. Donne, representative; Mr. 
Frederick Moorhouse and Mr. Thomas Clarkson, attaches. 

When the New Zealand government received the invitation of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition executive to be represented at the 
World's Fair the colonial parliament gave the utmost publicity to 
the proposal and offered to allow any of its business firms a share 
of the space that was to be placed at its disposal. The tariffs of the 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 15 



226 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

United States, however, proved a serious obstacle, as the chief busi- 
ness houses of the young nation failed to see how their interests 
would be served by advertising in a country which placed a heavy 
tariff on their goods. However, the executive of the government, 
recognizing the cordiality of the invitation and with a desire to em- 
phasize its wishes for the closest relationship with the American 
people, decided to be represented directly by one of its own depart- 
ments — the department of tourist and health resorts. The chief of 
that branch of the public service, Mr. T. E. Donne, was therefore 
authorized to prepare an exhibit setting forth the attractions of 
New Zealand to tourists and the work the department is doing in 
that connection. When compiling the exhibit Commissioner Donne 
represented to his government that it would be advisable also to 
include a few of the country's general products, and it therefore ex- 
tended the original idea in this direction. 

In the Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game New Zealand had 
a unique and tastefully arranged display that attracted keenest 
interest. A collection of Scotch red deer and fallow deer heads tes- 
tified to the magnificent hunting that is obtained among the virgin 
forests of New Zealand, and specimens of trout — rainbow, salmon, 
fario, and fontinalis — taken from the mountain- fed streams that 
intersect the country from one end to the other appealed to the 
fishing enthusiast. 

Pictures and paintings around the walls were fascinating in that 
they served to indicate to visitors the character of a country which 
nature has blessed, when judged from a point of view of the beau- 
tiful and picturesque. Mount Cook, majestically rising to a height 
of nearly 13,000 feet, was shown in paintings and photographs. 
Lakes Taupo, Te Anau, Wakatipu, Manawapouri, Waikaremona, and 
others, whose clear, glassy waters, surrounded by verdure-covered 
hills, gave some idea of the loveliness of New Zealand lakes. The 
Wanganui River, Milford Sound, one of the world's wonderful 
fiords, and the canyons known as the Otira and Buller gorges were 
some of the features that interested the visitors. 

The thermal districts were chiefly represented by the great Wai- 
mangu geyser and its crater, 2J acres in extent, which throws up boil- 
ing water, mud, and stones to a height of 1,500 feet, claiming a place 
as one of the " wonders of the world." 

Forestry was represented by beautifully finished ornamental woods 
and a splendid exhibit of the famous Kauri gum. This gum, which 
is used principally in the manufacture of varnish, takes an important 
place among New Zealand products, no less than five million dollars 
worth being exported last year. Of special interest to ornithologists 
were the native wingless birds of New Zealand. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 227 

The ancient habits of that interesting and progressive race, the 
Maori, who preceded white people in New Zealand, were shown in 
some remarkably realistic and unique carvings and paintings. The 
Maori has long since passed the savage state and has shown his 
ability to attain the highest stages of modern civilization. The con- 
trast between the position of the Maori in 1840 and in 1904 constitutes 
a remarkable progress in racial development. Formerly the Maori 
was a savage, clever and enterprising, but ferocious, cruel, and a can- 
nibal. To-day he tills the soil, speaks English, and sends his children 
to school and college, where they study for the highest professions, 
such as medicine, law, teaching, etc. Contact with a highly civilized 
community has diverted the natural intelligence of the Maori to use- 
ful channels, while Christianity has developed the best instincts of 
a fine race of people. In the to-day the Maori stands side by side with 
the white man, a welcome comrade in the building of a new nation. 
Six Maoris occupy positions in the New Zealand legislature, and one 
is a cabinet minister. 

In the Agricultural Building a score of sacks containing wheat, 
oats, peas, beans, clover, grass seed, etc., paid tribute to the climate 
and soil of New Zealand. The extreme interest shown by all visitors 
constituted a very high compliment to the country. The demand 
by farmers for samples of wheat and oats was great. The attention 
bestowed by farmers and grain merchants upon the New Zealand 
grain display had its counterpart in the attitude of women visitors 
toward the exhibit of woolen rugs and blankets. Its exceptional soil 
and climate enable the New Zealand farmer to rear sheep with a 
grade of wool that can seldom be obtained elsewhere. Factories that 
have been established in the principal cities weave the wool into cloth- 
ing, rugs, and blankets of an excellent strength and quality. Fleeces, 
both scoured and greasy, afforded wool experts an opportunity of 
closely examining the staple in raw material. Other products shown 
in the Palace of Agriculture were bales of hemp manufactured from 
New Zealand flax, a very fine sample of hops grown in the Nelson 
district, rabbit skins packed and ready for export, kegs of tallow, 
crude petroleum, etc. These served to indicate partially the resources 
of a wonderfully rich and productive country. 

A chief attraction of the New Zealand exhibit was the opportunity 
it provided Americans for personally interrogating the New Zealand 
representatives concerning the government of their country. Polit- 
ical economists in America, as in other parts of the world, have in 
recent years been pointing to New Zealand as a country where a 
government fulfills its proper functions in caring for the welfare of 
the whole of the people, where each man and woman takes a recog- 
nized and effective part in the making of the laws which govern them, 
and where high ideals of modern civilization are lived up to. 



228 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Norway and Sweden. 

The Norwegian Storthing (Parliament) on the 20th of January, 
1904, failed to pass a bill appropriating funds for Norway's partici- 
pation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The Government, how- 
ever, being aware that there would be some individual exhibitors, 
decided to accept the invitation from the American authorities to 
have a commission appointed. 

By resolution of the Crown Prince Regent on March 25, Frederick 
L. M. Waage, vice-consul for Sweden and Norway to St. Louis, was 
appointed commissioner-general for Norway. No Government ap- 
propriation and no money was raised by private subscriptions. 

Three individual exhibitors displayed goods : 

David Andersen, Christiana, in the Varied Industries Building, 
silverware and enamel. Cost of exhibit, $40,000 ; installation, $500 ; 
transportation, $800. 

Chr. Knag, Bergen, furniture of the old Norwegian style in the 
east wing of the Fine Arts Building. Cost of exhibit, $3,000 ; trans- 
portation, $125. 

Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseum, Dortheim, tapestries, old 
and new Norwegian patterns and designs by Gerhard Munthe. Cost 
of exhibit, $10,000 ; transportation, $35, 

Sweden's participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was 
authorized by the following decree addressed by King Oscar, of 
Sweden and Norway, to A. R. Akerman, director-general and presi- 
dent of the board of trade, which decree appointed Mr. Akerman 
commissioner-general to the exposition. The decree gives fully an 
account of the Swedish participation and was as follows : 

Greetings, etc. 

Since the President of the United States has invited the govern- 
ments of other states, including Sweden, to participate in a Universal 
Exposition in St. Louis, originally intended to be held in 1903, but 
now being decided to be open during the period from May 1 to Decem- 
ber 1, 1904, and we, through gracious proposition, of which a copy 
is herewith attached, suggested to the Riksdag to appropriate, on an 
extra budget for 1904, an amount of 120,000 kronor for Sweden's 
participation in the art and educational exhibits of the exposition, 
has the Riksdag in a communication of May 22, 1903, with reference 
to the arrangements of expenses of the State budget, eighth section, 
communicated the following : 

The Riksdag had considered the advisability that Sweden be offi- 
cially represented at the Universal Exposition in St. Louis 1904, 
especially as this could be supposed as being in line with the desires 
of the Swedes residing in the United States and serving to strengthen 
the ties that still unite them with their Fatherland, and in accordance 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 229 

with the expression of the chief of our ecclesiastic department in the 
minutes of our ministry had the Riksdag embraced the opinion that 
the official participation of Sweden should embrace the departments 
of art and education, in which sections our country seems to have 
especially good possibilities successfully to compete with the greater 
countries of culture. 

In a letter to the Academy of Fine Arts, incorporated in the min- 
utes of our ministry, the three societies of artists had expressed the 
desire that from the collections of art belonging to the State works 
of art should be contributed that might be required in order that the 
exposition in question should give a complete illustration of the 
development of art in our country. In consequence of this, the Riks- 
dag had considered it necessary to point out the fact that as it has 
occurred that works of art contributed from the collection of the 
States to be exhibited at other places at the return of the same were 
more or less damaged, and that as in consequence of the transport 
that would be necessary in this case absolute guarantee for the resti- 
tution of these works of art in an undamaged condition could hardly 
be had, doubts seemed to meet as to such a contribution as had been 
suggested by the societies of artists. 

Calling attention to what has just been pointed out, the Riksdag 
stated that the Riksdag, with consent to our proposition in question 
regarding the participation of Sweden in the art and educational 
departments of the Universal Exposition in St. Louis 1904, had 
appropriated on an extra budget for the year 1904 the sum of 120,000 
kronor. 

Having had this presented before us, we have, accepting on Swe- 
den's behalf the above-mentioned invitation as far as concerns the 
art and the educational departments of the exposition, resolved to 
appoint a committee, who is hereby empowered to take all measures 
necessary for the participation of Sweden in these departments of 
the exposition and to transact all business belonging to the same 
which is not of a nature to be submitted to our gracious considera- 
tion; and we have appointed you as president of the committee and 
as members of the same selected the principal of the technical school 
of Stockholm, Bror Viktor Adler; the inspector of the common 
schools at Stockholm, Carl Gustaf Bergman ; the vice-general consul, 
Bror Axel Fredrik Georgii; the assistant professor at Ostermalms 
public secondary school, Stockholm, Nols Gerhard, Eilhelm Lager- 
stedt, and the superintendent of the art section of the National 
Museum, Carl Ludvig Loostrom. 

We, intending to appoint in the future, on the recommendation of 
the committee, a commissioner for Sweden at the exposition, herewith 
empower the committee to appoint a secretary and necessary assist- 
ants and in as far as it is found necessary to secure the cooperation of 
persons whose insight and ability can secure for Sweden a successful 
and honorable representation at the exposition. 

Finally, we authorize the committee to collect after the beginning 
of 1904, at our exchequer department, the above-mentioned amount 
appropriated by the Riksdag to be used as demands require for the 
purpose intended, with the obligation to account for same and with 
the understanding that the committee assumes the responsibility that 
this amount under no circumstances is exceeded ; and we have ordered 



230 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the exchequer department to pay from moneys on hand in advance, 
on requisition and to be deducted from the mentioned appropriation, 
what is necessary to carry on the work of the committee during the 
year 1903, not exceeding an amount of 20,000 kronor. Which we 
herewith communicate for your knowledge and abeyance as far as 
you are concerned, at the same time as a gracious letter is sent to the 
exchequer department. 

Peru. 

For the representation of Peru at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion, the Peruvian Government appropriated approximately $100,000. 
The President of Peru appointed Mr. Alexander Garland, a distin- 
guished Peruvian and noted writer of international and economical 
matters, commissioner-general. Mr. Garland, it is said, has always 
been noted in his country as a strong upholder of favorable trade rela- 
tions with the United States. Mr. Miguel Miro-Queseda, a news- 
paper man of Peru, was appointed secretary to the commission. 
Subsequently Mr. Ernest H. Wands, of New York, and Wilfred H. 
Schoff were appointed commissioners and Mr. Manual C. Velarde 
secretary. 

A variety of samples of cotton and woolen goods manufactured by 
factories lately established in Peru, at La Victoria, Vitarte, La Provi- 
dencia, San Jacinto, Malastesta, etc., was displayed in the Peruvian 
section of the Agriculture Building, together with abundant samples 
of different qualities of Peruvian cotton. In the same building were 
exhibited excellent samples of sugar cane from Grande, Cartavio, 
Roma, and Chiquitoy. Samples of other products of the soil, as cot- 
ton, coffee, cacao, cocoa, cocaine, rice, etc., which figure under the 
exports of Peru, were also exhibited. In the same section were sam- 
ples of Peruvian maize, white, yellow, and red, at least double the 
size of the corn raised in other parts of the world, as well as other 
specimens of the agricultural products of Peru. 

The mines section showed the mineral resources of the country. 
Gold, silver, copper, lead, cinnabar, manganese, and all kinds of 
minerals were represented by a large variety of rich samples. Large 
blocks of lignite, anthracite, etc., gave an idea of the importance of 
the coal fields of Peru. Mineral oils, mineral waters, sands from 
placers, and a variety of salts samples were exhibited demonstrating 
that Peru is well endowed in minerals. There was also a mineral 
map of Peru made under the direction of the Sociedad Nacional do 
Mineria. 

The Peruvian section in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Palace had 
samples of rubber of the Peruvian varieties in large quantities. 
Samples of wood gave an idea of the inexhaustible amount of raw 
materials that are contained in the vast forests of Peru, valuable for 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 231 

civil and naval construction and cabinetwork. Barks, resins, nuts, 
roots, seeds, and leaves for medical use and dyeing and tanning pur- 
poses confirmed the richness of Peruvian soil. 

Russia. 

Russian Commission. — Mr. Edward Grunwaldt, executive com- 
missioner; Mr. Jacob Godberg, Mr. Max Berkowitz, Mr. L. A. 
Robinson. 

Russia was at different times invited to participate in the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition of 1904, but no definite acceptance was received 
until Mr. Thomas H. Cridler, the foreign representative of the Expo- 
sition Company, made a personal visit to the Emperor. His Majesty 
was heartily in favor of the proposition, and in proof of his good, 
feeling toward the American people, ordered an appropriation of 
450,000 rubles be set aside to meet the preliminary expense of the 
Russian exhibit. 

A commissioner-general was appointed. He was instructed to 
proceed to St. Louis and secure the necessary space for exhibits and 
a site for Russia's pavilion. 

Committees were appointed for the purpose of collecting exhibits 
and to look after the work of installation and maintenance. 

On the outbreak of the Russia-Japan war it was deemed advisable 
to withdraw the Government exhibit. This was a cause of consid- 
erable concern to the Russian Emperor, who had been anxious to 
show his appreciation of the friendship that existed between Russia 
and the United States. 

The commissioner-general then made a report that was unfavorable 
to Russia's participation at the exposition, and he was then informed 
through the minister of finance of the withdrawal of Russia as a 
Government exhibitor. 

The question of having Russia represented at the exposition by 
private exhibitors was then considered. The minister of finance in- 
formed Mr. Grunwaldt that the Government would offer no objection 
to individual participation. 

The Exposition Company allotted space to Mr. Grunwaldt in the 
various buildings. Exhibits were installed in the Fine Arts, Liberal 
Arts, Manufactures, Varied Industries, and Agricultural buildings. 
The exhibits were very extensive in all the departments. 

The entire cost of collecting, transportation, and installation of ex- 
hibits, and the maintenance of same, was borne by Mr. Grunwaldt. 

Siam. 

While making an extended tour of the United States in 1902, His 
Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Siam visited St. Louis and was 



232 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the guest of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. His enter- 
tainment was so generous and his reception throughout the entire 
country so cordial that he decided to use his influence toward inducing 
His Siamese Majesty to participate in the exposition of 1904. The 
plan, consequently, that suggested itself as to the character of Sianrs 
display was to send to St. Louis the most interesting articles and the 
best examples of Siamese industries. 

The National Siamese Pavilion, a typical specimen of the archi- 
tecture of the country, was a reproduction of the Wat (or temple), 
Benchamabopit, now in the course of erection at Bangkok. The 
plans were closely followed, thus creating a type of Siamese archi- 
tecture which in itself was an exhibit of interest and instruction. 
The building cost $25,000. 

Within the pavilion were placed many objects from the Royal 
Museum, notably a large collection of ancient weapons, drums, cym- 
bals, temple gongs, howdahs, some wonderful examples of mother-of- 
pearl work, hammered silver of antique designs, old lacquer, enormous 
elephant tusks, ancient theatrical costumes and properties, and por- 
traits of Their Majesties the King and the Queen and His Royal 
Highness the Crown Prince. 

In the Agricultural Building were displayed models of farming 
implements of all kinds and examples of the agricultural products of 
the land. Especially noticeable was the large collection of rice, the 
most important of Siam's exports. 

The exhibit in forestry, fish, and game showed the great variety of 
woods that grow in Siam, the appliances that are used for fishing, 
skins of the many wild animals of the country, and a large collection 
of forest products. 

Teak, for which Siam is famous, was shown in a number of ways — 
cross sections, longitudinal cuts, and portions of the outer surface. 

In the Transportation Pavilion were shown models of boats, pan- 
niers, and carts, howdahs, a buffalo cart, and a buggy in full size. 
The boat models were especially interesting. Because of the many- 
navigable rivers and canals a greater part of transportation is by 
water ; consequently a large variety of boats has been evolved to meet 
the various conditions. 

The collection of spinning and weaving appliances in the Manu- 
facturers' Building was large and instructive. Here, too, were many 
fine examples of mother-of-pearl work, pottery, hammered silver, and 
lacquer ; also a collection of mats and textiles, both cotton and silk. 

In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were displayed samples of 
the many minerals that are found in the country and models of the 
appliances used to secure them. 

Altogether nearly six thousand individual articles were on exhibi- 
tion and represented more completely the industries and resources of 
Siam than has any previous collection. In each State or Province of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 233 

Siam a local committee was appointed with instructions to gather 
and forward to Bangkok at least one example of every article pro- 
duced either for home use or sale. From these consignments a selec- 
tion was made by the Commission and forwarded to St. Louis. In 
this way objects representing every section and all the arts and 
industries were shown. The total cost of the exhibition of the Gov- 
ernment of Siam was approximately $120,000. 

Although the trade of Siam has developed very rapidly during the 
past few years, the exhibits sent did not have for their purpose the 
extension of commerce with this country. The relations between the 
United States and Siam are most cordial. The latter recently ac- 
credited to the United States a minister, and Congress very promptly 
elevated the rank of the United States representative to that of 
minister plenipotentiary. Thus when the invitation to participate 
in the exposition was accpeted, prospects of commercial gain were 
not in contemplation. The one idea was to contribute in every con- 
ceivable manner to the attractiveness of the exposition and add to its 
educational possibilities. The invitation was looked upon by the 
Siamese Government as a compliment, and the unselfish manner in 
which its acceptance was shown proved conclusively that the compli- 
ment was appreciated. 

On the occasion of the exposition there was published by the Com- 
mission a richly illustrated book entitled " The Kingdom of Siam." 
This work was presented to the educational institutions of this coun- 
try, to public libraries, and to all persons who were known to be 
interested in Siam. The book, written by experts, will be an au- 
thority for years to come upon Siam, its climate, resources, people, 
institutions, and industries, and will doubtless supplant the writings 
of hurrying traveler and transient visitor. 

The commissioners appointed by the King of Siam were as follows : 

His Royal Highness the Crown Prince, president. Vice-presidents : 
His Royal Highness Prince Devawongse Varopakar, minister of for- 
eign affairs; His Royal Highness Prince Mahisra Rajaharudhai, 
minister of finance; His Excellency Chow Phya Devesra Wongse 
Vivadhna, minister of agriculture; Mr. A. Cecil Carter, M. A., de- 
partment of education, secretary-general. Members: His Royal 
Highness Prince Sanbasiddhi Prasong, His Royal Highness Prince 
Marubongse Siribadhna, His Highness Prince Vadhana, His Excel- 
lency Phya Vorasiddhi Sevivatra, His Excellency Phya Sukhum 
Nayavinit, His Excellency Phya Amarindra Lujae, His Excellency 
Phya Surasih Visisth Sakdi, His Excellency Phya Kamheng Song- 
kram, His Excellency Phya Sunthorn Buri, His Excellency Phya 
Rasda Nupradit, His Excellency Phya Kraibej Rat ana Raja Son- 
kram, His Excellency Phya Vijayadibadi, Phra Phadung-Sulkrit. 
Prof. James H. Gore, Columbian University, commissioner-general. 



234 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Spain. 

The only Spanish exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
were shown in the Agricultural Building. There were but three dis- 
plays, one being of pure sherry brandy, another of wines, and an- 
other of olive oil. 

D. Mauricio Mandil was the only exhibitor from Spain, and he had 
the brandies, wines, and olive oil analyzed by well-known analytical 
chemists. The brandy exhibit consisted of a pyramid of ten barrels, 
well finished and varnished, placed on a fancy stand in the center of 
a well-polished platform, in the corners and sides of which were 
piled up polished pine cases of pure brandy distilled from sherry 
wine. On the top box of each pile were pyramids of bottles of differ- 
ent fancy packings artistically located. 

The wine exhibit occupied a square 20 feet on each side. It repre- 
sented a vine in full growth, being 18 feet high. The four corners 
were the trunks, on which were painted life-size figures of Spanish 
girls surmounted by the vine, bearing grapes. This square was cov- 
ered by a silk awning made in the Spanish colors. In the center of 
the tent and on a platform was located a pyramid 15 feet high, com- 
posed of barrels and bottles artistically placed. The wines exhibited 
were mostly of old vintages, dating as far back as 1809, and among 
these was a special brand brought to America for the first time, and 
called Solera Lincoln, it being of the vintage of 1865, the year of 
Lincoln's assassination. 

The olive-oil exhibit was made by one of the largest exporters of 
olive oil in the world. 

Turkey. 

The Imperial Government of Turkey with great regret decided, 
for financial reasons, not to participate officially in the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, and therefore no official pavilion was built. 
The three functionaries appointed for the Turkish commission were 
instructed to aid and to give advice to private exhibitors only who 
were Turkish subjects and who could be accommodated in exhibit 
buildings. 

The three officials appointed were Chekib Bey, envoy extraordinary 
and minister plenipotentiary to the United States, commissioner- 
general; Dr. Hermann Schoenfeld, consul-general in Washington, 
associate commissioner-general; George Eli Hall, consul-general in 
San Francisco, secretary-general of the commission. 

Venezuela. 

The participation of Venezuela in the St. Louis Exposition was 
authorized in the month of October, 1903, immediately after the end 
of one of the most sanguinary civil wars known in the history of the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 235 

country. The following-named gentlemen were appointed as com- 
missioners of the Venezuela Government : Gen. Cipriano Castro, hon- 
orary president ; Eugenio M. Ambard, commissioner-general ; Dr. H. 
Lameda, attache; H. Meinhard, secretary. 

The amount of the Government appropriation was at first $25,000, 
but this amount was soon exhausted and smaller amounts were subse- 
quently sanctioned for the maintenance, transportation, and installa- 
tion of exhibits. The total amount of appropriation was $30,000. 
There was absolutely no private contribution in cash. The approxi- 
mate value of the exhibits was about $105,000. 

Some of the most interesting features of the exhibition were: 

First. A collection of over 200 varieties of fibers prepared under 
different processes and taken from different altitudes. Nearly all 
were prepared by a machine invented by Dr. J. Lameda, who col- 
lected and took the greatest interest in the fiber exhibit. From the 
coarsest to the finest were to be found among these fibers. The long- 
est was of the musa variety, a coarse fiber which grows to the length 
of 10 feet. The Annanassa sativa, a fine fiber, grows to the length 
of 5 feet. This was the only collection of the kind at the exposition 
or which has ever been shown at any other exposition. 

Second. The magnificent collection of hard woods from the Gov- 
ernment States of Carabobo, Zulia, and Guayana, each comprising 
over 600 specimens of native logs, woods for cabinetwork, for build- 
ing construction, lumber, staves, dyewoods, tanning, resinous, oil, 
rubber, and fragrant woods. 

Third. A most unique and complete collection of forest plants, 
roots, herbs, leaves, barks, seeds, fruits, resins, gums, and dyeing and 
flavoring materials used by herbalists and pharmacists. These were 
collected, prepared, and classified by E. M. Ambard. 

Fourth. A complete collection of all the minerals and precious 
stones (uncut) found in South America, prepared, collected, classi- 
fied, and catalogued by Dr. Louis Plazard, who devoted nearly all 
his life to this work. 

Fifth. A collection of cocoa beans from different regions, which 
is considered to be one of the best and most nutritious cocoas in the 
world, and has always obtained a far higher price than any other 
cocoa; also a collection of coffee from different altitudes, considered 
by authorities to be of very fine flavor and high grade. 

The Venezuela Government had no special building. The exhibits 
were shown in the various exhibit palaces on the grounds. 

Vatican. 

The Holy See having been requested to take part in the Louisiana 
Purchase Exhibition, accepted the invitation and sent to St. Louis, 
Mo., as its commissioner, Mr. Francis Cagiati, of Rome. 



236 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The exhibits sent by the Vatican to the fair were phototypical 
reproductions of the most valuable manuscripts existing in the Vat- 
ican Library, as well as some excellent specimens of works in mosaic, 
manufactured by the Studio del Mosaico Vaticano. 

No special building was erected for the Vatican exhibit, but as the 
special nature of the objects required, the entire exhibit was placed 
in the Administration Building. 

The exhibits sent b}^ the Holy See to the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition were as follows: 

Copies of valuable manuscripts, codes, and documents from the 
Vatican Library. 

The Roman Virgil (fifth century), the miniatures of the Greek 
Palatine Baiter (twelfth century), the famous Greek Vatican Bible 
(fourth century), the Vatican Virgil (fifth century), the miniatures 
of the Bible of the Patricins Leo (tenth century), selected pages 
from the Papal Letter Book (eleventh century), Papal letters re- 
garding Greenland (ninth century), earliest Papal documents regard- 
ing America (sixteenth century), the miniatures of the Ottobonian 
Pontifical (fifteenth century), the Palmipsett manuscript of the 
(de republica) of Cicero (fifth century), the ivories of the Christian 
Museum of the Vatican Library. 

Many phototypical and photographical reproductions of the Bor- 
gia rooms, Sistine Chapel, Raphael's Stanze. 

Forty-one different pieces of mosaic work. 

The death mask of Leo XIII. 

Cast of the right hand of Leo XIII. 




APPENDIX 4. 



REPORTS OF STATES, TERRITORIES, AND 
DISTRICTS. 



Alabama. 



COMMITTEE on Birmingham district exhibit: Fred M. 
Jackson, president; J. B. Gibson, secretary; J. A. Mac- 
Knight, special representative ; Kuf us N. Khodes, Culpep- 
per Exum, F. H. Dixon, George H. Clark. 
The legislature of Alabama failed to provide any funds for an ex- 
hibit of the resources of that State. A commission which had been 
appointed by the governor to attend to the business for the State was 
powerless to act and gave up the undertaking. In consequence of 
this failure the Commercial Club of Birmingham decided, when it 
was almost too late to arrange for any kind of an exhibit, to make a 
display of the State's mineral resources by means of a fund raised by 
popular subscription. The actual amount of money raised was ap- 
proximately $20,000. 

After considerable discussion the Commercial Club decided, upon a 
suggestion made by J. A. Mac Knight, to build a colossal statue of 
Yulcan, god of fire and metals, in iron. F. M. Jackson, president of 
the club, and J. B. Gibson, secretary, took a deep interest in the mat- 
ter, and as a result the work was commenced in October, 1903. Great 
difficulty was met with in securing the services of a competent sculp- 
tor who was willing to build the model for such a statue, which was to 
be of a height of at least 50 feet. Mr. Mac Knight was appointed 
special representative of the club to promote this work and finally 
secured the services of Mr. G. Moretti, a sculptor residing in New 
York, who undertook to perform the task and to complete it in time 
for the exposition. 

The model of this colossal statue of Vulcan was first built in clay 
at Passaic, N. J., where Mr. Moretti carried on the work under ad- 
verse circumstances and through the zero weather of the winter of 
1903-^. It was then cast in plaster of Paris in sections, which 

237 



238 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

were braced and stayed with scantling on the inside of the shell, to 
be used as patterns in the foundry. The entire model was shipped 
to Birmingham, Ala., on seven flat cars, its bulk rendering it impossi- 
ble to put it in box cars. As soon as it reached Birmingham the work 
of casting the figure in iron was begun in the foundry of the Bir- 
mingham Steel and Iron Company. 

Mr. Moretti went to Birmingham to keep the patterns in condition 
during the process of casting, and it was well that he did so, because 
the extreme cold had frozen the plaster casts before they were dry, 
rendering them so brittle that many of them were broken in handling, 
and the head itself was crumbled into a hundred pieces and had to be 
entirely remodeled. 

Iron manufacturers from all parts of the world have said in regard 
to this statue that it was the most remarkable piece of iron casting 
they had ever seen. An agent of the Japanese Government was 
present at Passaic to watch the building of the model, and followed 
the work to Birmingham to make notes on the methods of casting it 
in iron. He also went to St. Louis and remained during its erection 
in the Mines Palace, and made an extended report to his Government 
on the subject. 

The statue was successfully completed and set up in the exposi- 
tion within three weeks after the day of opening. At the close of the 
exposition it was taken down and removed to Birmingham, where it 
is to be set up in a public park. Its height is 56 feet, and its weight 
a little more than 60 tons. The head was cast in one piece and 
weighed over 17,000 pounds. There were 20 casts in all, includ- 
ing the anvil and anvil block. The statue, which was intended to 
show forth the colossal iron deposits of Alabama, representing prim- 
itive man at the time he discovered the method of hardening iron into 
steel. Vulcan held aloft in his right hand the finished spearhead 
as a result of his knowledge and handicraft. It is the largest cast 
statue in the world, and it could not be duplicated for less than 
$40,000. 

The space occupied by the exhibit collected and installed by the 
Commercial Club was 62 by 32 feet on the south side of the Mines 
Building, and contained approximately 2,000 square feet. The statue 
of Vulcan stood in the center of one side of the space facing the center 
of the Mines Palace. It was placed on a platform built upon nine 
heavy piles, which were driven to bedrock. The figure was perfectly 
poised when set up, but as an additional safeguard anchor bars were 
run down through the legs and through a heavy timber, which was 
bolted to the piles. These passed through plates on the inside of the 
timber and were screwed up tight. The rest of the space was occupied 
by a complete exhibit of raw mineral products from all parts of 
Alabama and especially iron and coal from the Birmingham district. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 239 

The raw materials embraced the following: Brown hematite iron ore, 
soft red ore, hard red ore, bituminous coals, building stone, gray iron, 
limestone, dolomite, kaolin, clays, cement rocks, gold ores, copper ore, 
lignite, and glass sand, and a long list of other minerals which have 
not been developed. The products of coal and iron were coke and pig 
iron. The finished products were as follows : Open-hearth steel rails, 
bar and angle iron, car wheels, bar steel, steel plate, sewer pipe, and 
vitrified brick. This entire exhibit was displayed in an attractive 
manner and was the object of a great deal of comment by visitors to 
the exposition and by newspapers throughout the country and 
Europe. 

A display of Alabama marble was made in the form of a head of 
Christ, which was carved by Moretti, while he was at work on the 
Vulcan statue at Birmingham. This marble is of exceedingly fine- 
ness and whiteness. Moretti gave it as his opinion that this marble 
is equal to the best Carara or Parian marbles, and it is believed that 
the making of this exhibit will lead to the development of the marble 
deposits of Alabama, which are believed to be very extensive and of 
superior quality. The raw materials displayed offer to capital and en- 
terprise a number of splendid opportunities. The glass sands are 
probably destined to place Alabama in the front rank in glass making 
in the future, while the following resources were displayed in such 
abundance and were of such excellent quality as to offer the greatest 
inducements to capital and skill : 

An exhibit of porcelain clays and kaolins, which should lead to the 
establishment of the manufacture of all kinds of crockery and pot- 
tery ware near these deposits. 

The cement rocks, which formed a principal part of the exhibit, 
have already attracted capital, and Portland cement of the highest 
quality is now being manufactured to a limited extent. Large in- 
dustries in this line are to be located near these deposits, which are 
among the finest in the world and in inexhaustible quantity. 

The beds of lignite, of which samples were on exhibition, are said 
to be of very superior quality. No artificial binder is required to 
make this material up into briquettes for fuel. It is understood that 
very profitable enterprises in this line are to be built up near these 
deposits. 

The marble deposits, gold and copper ores, and other mineral de- 
posits were sufficiently exhibited to warrant the assertion that they 
were worthy of the fullest investigation. The large deposits of low- 
grade gold ore in the eastern part of Alabama, according to exhibit- 
ors, will undoubtedly prove immensely profitable to anyone who may 
establish a system to extract the gold economically. 

Owing to the failure of the State to make an exhibit, the authori- 
ties of the exposition recognized the Birmingham committee as the 



240 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

State commission of Alabama and extended to them the courtesies 
due to a State commissioner. The exhibit was maintained through 
the period of the exposition, and many thousands of souvenirs of the 
great statue of Vulcan were sold at the exhibit. An electric picture 
machine was installed, which gave a large series of moving pictures 
representing the scenery and life of the Birmingham district. The 
business of the exhibit was under the direction of J. A. MacKnight, 
of Birmingham, throughout the exposition, and he had his office at 
the exhibit. 

Alaska. 

Members of the Alaska commission. — Thomas Ryan, First Assist- 
ant Secretary of the Interior, chairman; Governor John F. Brady, 
executive commissioner; Joseph B. Marvin, resident representative; 
Mrs. Mary E. Hart, hostess. Honorary commissioners : M. E. Martin, 
mayor of Ketchikan; Peter Jensen, mayor of Wrangell; O. H. 
Adsit, mayor of Juneau; Frank Bach, mayor of Douglas; John 
Goodell, mayor of Valdez; L. S. Keller, mayor of Skagway; D. B. 
Miller, mayor of Eagle City; W. H. Bard, ex-mayor of Nome; 
Anthony Tubbs, mayor of Treadwell ; H. P. King, mayor of Nome. 

The district of Alaska appeared at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition as an exhibitor in a national exposition for the first time. 
The conception of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and its plans 
were presented for the consideration of the Congress of the United 
States at a time when the reports of the committees of Congress sent 
to Alaska to investigate its resources and needs had aroused the Con- 
gress to the duty of enacting legislation for the development of this 
great region. In appropriating the large sum of $50,000 for an 
Alaska Building and an Alaska exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition it was the purpose of Congress to afford an object lesson 
as a means of education to the millions of people who should attend 
the exposition as to the extent and resources of this country or terri- 
tory. The sequel showed that the money was wisely expended, as the 
Alaska exhibit had the distinction of being regarded by the thousands 
of its visitors as forming one of the most interesting, instructive, and 
surprising exhibits shown at the great World's Fair. 

When the United States, thirty-seven years ago, paid to Russia the 
sum of $7,200,000 for the almost unknown territory of Alaska, the 
purchase was not generally approved, and even members of Congress 
denounced it, regarding the acquisition as a region of icebergs and 
glaciers. Later, when gold was discovered in Alaska, the region was 
regarded as being one of ice and almost inaccessible gold, and few 
had the hardihood to venture within its precincts, even with the 
possibility of finding gold as an inducement for the venture. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 241 

Still later, after the reports of the Revenue-Cutter Service and the 
recognizances of army officers and naval commanders, the United 
States Geological Survey sent men into Alaska to investigate its 
resources. The Department of Agriculture tested its capacity for 
agriculture, the Bureau of Education established schools and intro- 
duced reindeer from Siberia, the Signal Service began to build tele- 
graph lines and to inspect the country as to the availability of its 
rivers and harbors for navigation, and it became known by the 
Government that Alaska was richer in resources by far than had been 
supposed. This knowledge was not common to the public, and emi- 
gration to that region was tardy. 

The United States could hardly have done more for the further- 
ance of the development of the great rich district of Alaska, with its 
untold wealth in minerals and its great possibilities in agriculture, 
than it did by securing to the people of Alaska an opportunity to dis- 
play their resources and products to the inspection of the millions 
who have visited the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The exhibits 
shown by them excited the utmost wonder and surprise in the minds 
of many witnessing them, who had been in ignorance of the resources 
of their country. Thousands have been led to investigate and seek 
further information. The effect of the Alaska exhibit will undoubt- 
edly be far-reaching and permanent ; nor can it be doubted that Con- 
gress will supplement this contribution to Alaska's welfare in the 
near future by legislation which shall secure the one great need of 
Alaska — inland transportation. 

An appropriation of $50,000 for the Alaskan exhibit at the Loui- 
siana Purchase Exposition was made by act of Congress March 3, 
1903, as follows : 

To enable the inhabitants of the district of Alaska to provide and 
maintain an appropriate and creditable exhibit of the products and 
resources of that district at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in the 
city of St. Louis, Missouri, in nineteen hundred and four, and to 
erect and maintain on the site of said exposition a suitable building 
to be used for the purposes of exhibiting the products and resources 
of said district, the sum of fifty thousand dollars, to be subject to the 
order of the Secretary of the Interior, who is hereby authorized to 
expend the same in such manner as in his judgment will best promote 
the objects for which said sum is appropriated in accordance with the 
rules and regulations to be prescribed by him. 

After the passage of the act of Congress which made appropriation 
for the Alaska exhibit, providing that the sum appropriated should 
be expended by the Secretary of the Interior in such manner as in 
his judgment would promote the objects for which the sum was 
appropriated, in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed by 
him, one of his first acts was the appointment of Hon. Thomas Ryan, 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 16 



242 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

First Assistant Secretary of the Interior, chairman of the Alaska 
commission, to have immediate charge at the Department of the 
elaboration of the exhibit. Later Governor John G. Brady was ap- 
pointed executive commissioner, and entered upon the task of gath- 
ering together and forwarding to the exposition such collections of 
exhibits as would best represent and illustrate the products and re- 
sources of Alaska. 

Still later Mr. Joseph B. Marvin was appointed special agent of the 
Alaska exhibit and was sent to St. Louis in December, 1903, to super- 
intend the construction of the Alaska Building, to attend to all 
accounts with the Department, and to arrange for the installation of 
the exhibits as they arrive. 

Mrs. Mary E. Hart was employed January 1, 1904, to assist in the 
securing of the exhibits in Alaska, especially in the Department of 
Education, and upon the opening of the exposition Mrs. Hart was 
directed to proceed to St. Louis, where she was designated as hostess 
and placed in charge of the bureau of information in the Alaska 
Building. At the same time attendants were selected, whose duty it 
was to explain the exhibits to visitors. 

The executive commissioner, the honorary commissioners, the 
hostess, all of the attendants, and those employed in collecting ex- 
hibits in Alaska were all Alaskans, the attendants being especially 
selected because of their acquaintance with Alaska and its products. 

It was the desire of the executive commissioner that the utmost 
hospitality should be shown to all visitors at the Alaska Building, 
and the commodious and homelike parlors on the second floor of the 
building were free to the public, maids being employed for special 
attention to the wants of ladies and children. 

The principal exhibits in the Alaska Building related naturally to 
the mining interest of the country. 

One of the most impressive and significant exhibits was a gilded 
cube, about 3 feet in diameter, representing the size of a block of gold 
worth $7,200,000, which was the amount paid by the United States 
to Russia for Alaska, and beside it, inclosed in a brass railing, a 
gilded pyramid of blocks representing the amount of gold taken each 
year since 1882 from the Treadwell mine in Alaska, aggregating 
$21,800,000, a sum which is three times the amount paid for Alaska, 
taken from one mine. 

The ore exhibit, especially of gold and copper ores, was very large, 
filling a glass case 75 feet long and 5 feet high. These ores were col- 
lected by an expert mineralogist employed by the Alaska commission, 
and included specimens from nearly all the mines in Alaska. 

Following is a list of exhibits, snowing the principal industries of 
the country, as displayed throughout the building: Marble, canned 
goods, furs, coal, oils, guano, vegetables and fruit, Indian basketry 
and curios, and mounted specimens of game and fish. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 243 

An interesting exhibit of Alaskan ethnology was made, twenty 
totem poles and two native houses and one war canoe being located 
about the building. The totem poles came from different places on 
Prince of Wales Island and from two different tribes. At an old 
village called Tuxekan four were obtained. These represented the 
totem or heraldic sign of each family, and the back part of the totem 
was excavated to receive the charred bones of friends and ancestors 
of the man who raised it. The Thlingits were in the habit of burning 
their dead, but carefully preserved all the charred embers from the 
funeral pile. These totem poles were always erected on great occa- 
sions, and the bones were usually carefully wrapped in a new blanket 
and incased in the back part of the totem. 

The Commission was fortunate in securing for the exhibit a fine 
collection of samples of grains raised at the experiment stations at 
Alaska, consisting of the grains in the straw and thrashed grains, 
including wheat, rye, barley, and oats. These samples were hand- 
somely displayed, some of the grains and straw being tastefully 
arranged on the walls, covering a space 10 by 40 feet, and the balance 
in a pyramid some 10 feet high and 8 feet in diameter. The thrashed 
grains were displayed in glass jars. The grasses were shown in bales 
of hay. The display of cereals and grasses was one of the most 
important, instructive, and surprising to visitors of any display in 
the Alaska Building, for it demonstrated the fact that agriculture 
is possible in Alaska, and seekers of the treasures of the mines may 
always feel sure of subsistence. 

Arizona. 

Arizona commisssion. — A. J. Doran, chairman; B. F. Packard, 
treasurer; H. B. St. Claire, secretary; Mrs. J. A. Black, commis- 
sioner ; R. N. Leatherwood, superintendent of exhibits. 

The Arizona Building stood near the southeast entrance of the 
grounds. Its architecture was Spanish, belonging to the sixteenth 
century. It contained seven rooms, elegantly furnished and deco- 
rated. The cost of the building was approximately $5,000. During 
the exposition period a large amount of literature descriptive of the 
Territory and its various resources was distributed. 

The exhibits in the Arizona State Building other than those placed 
therein by the board of managers were a prehistoric collection loaned 
by Mrs. M. Aguria, of Tucson, Ariz., valued at $5,000 ; an oil paint- 
ing of a mountain scene in southern Arizona, loaned by Mr. A. J. 
Scofield and valued at $4,000 ; a collection of Indian baskets, rugs, and 
blankets (Navaho), valued at $600; an exhibit of cactus picture 
frames, loaned by F. E. White, of Florence, Ariz., valued at $250. 

The Territory made exhibits in the departments of Mines and Met- 
allurgy, Education, Agriculture and Horticulture. The exhibit in 



244 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy occupied a space of 80 feet front- 
age by 20 feet in depth. In all, nearly 300 mines were represented 
by characteristic ores showing actual values rather than specimens, 
including in nearly every exhibit the inclosing and country rocks in 
which the vein matter occurred. These exhibits were arranged in two 
tiers, running the full length of the space, each mine having its dis- 
tinctive ore placed on wooden mounts, appropriately labeled, giving 
the county, district, owner, name and character of ore, and its value 
per ton in gold, silver, copper, or lead. The exhibit also showed free 
gold, native silver, native copper, copper bars, lead-silver bars, copper 
ingots, onyx (rough and polished), marble (rough and polished), 
building stone of various kinds, lithographic stone, petrified wood in 
rough and polish, meteoric iron, etc. ; also photographic views of 
many of the mines, mills, reduction works, and localities from which 
the exhibits were taken. The value of the exhibit was approximately 
$20,000 and the cost of installation $1,900. 

The educational exhibit in the Education and Social Economy 
Building represented the school work of the Territory from the kin- 
dergarten to the academic grade, showing the educational system and 
the progress made in Arizona. The value of the exhibit was approxi- 
mately $2,500 and the cost of installation $750. 

The agricultural exhibit in the Agricultural Building showed the 
various products of the soil of the Territory. Wheat, oats, barley, 
corn, Kaffir corn, sorghum, millet, alfalfa seed, alfalfa, hay, vege- 
tables, olives, olive oil, preserved fruits, dates, etc., were displayed. 
The exhibit cost approximately $875. The cost of installation was 
$1,500. 

In the Horticultural Building there were maintained throughout 
the fair from 130 to 160 plates on the table, which held the following: 
Valencia late oranges, Washington navel oranges, Mediterranean 
sweets, lemons, limes, grape fruit, citronella, tangarines, grapes, 
plums, quinces, apricots, plum grabites, pears, cantaloupes, melons, 
olives, olive oil, pickled olives, etc. The value of the exhibit was 
approximately $2,500 and the cost of installation $950. 

The amount appropriated by the legislative act for the participa- 
tion of Arizona was $30,000 in bonds, which were sold for 7 per cent 
premium, thus making available from that source $32,000. No other 
funds from any source came into the hands of the board of managers. 

Arkansas. 

Members of Arkansas commission. — George R. Belding, president ; 
J. C. Rembert, secretary; Thomas W. Milan, manager; George T. 
Lake; John P. Logan, superintendent horticultural department; 
A. H. Purdue, superintendent mines; H. T. Bradford, agriculture 
department; Miss Lizzie Cage, assistant lady manager. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 245 

In May, 1901, the legislature of the State of Arkansas enacted a 
bill appropriating the sum of $30,000 for the erection and mainte- 
nance of a State building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and 
for the installation and maintenance of the exhibits of the State. 
Subsequently, in 1903, the State legislature appropriated a further 
sum of $50,000 for the purpose of the State exhibit. There were no 
private subscriptions, the entire cost of the State building and mainte- 
nance thereof being borne by the State appropriation. 

The cost of the installation and transportation of the different ex- 
hibits made by the commission was $18,102, besides the cost of return- 
ing the exhibits. 

The Arkansas Pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was 
a fine specimen of Georgian architecture, of the type so much used 
throughout the South in antebellum times. The adaption of the 
colonial features to the purpose for which the building was used was 
most admirable. The location, with its foreground of grass and forest 
trees, produced an effect suggesting age and permanency that few 
buildings on the ground possessed. In fact, on coming upon the build- 
ing unexpectedly, one would presume that it had occupied its site for 
two generations at least. The building was arranged for the enter- 
tainment of the Arkansans visiting the fair, and served the purpose 
of a clubhouse and general headquarters for thousands of people. 

The principal feature of the plan of the building was the large 
reception hall in the center, connecting through wide openings two 
reception rooms, one on either side, and an exhibit room in the rear. 
On this floor there were also four smaller rooms used as commis- 
sioners' headquarters, manager's office, post-office, and lady manager's 
headquarters; also wide hallways at right angles to the principal 
axis of the building. 

The second story of the building contained the library, auditorium, 
headquarters of the State Bankers' Association, and ladies' parlor, 
four sleeping rooms, together with the general toilet rooms. 

The three exterior porticos were connected with wide terraces, 
affording over 3,000 square feet of floor space. The building was con- 
structed entirely of Arkansas timber, and was designed by Frank W. 
Gibb, A. I. A. A., architect, Little Rock, Ark., and constructed at a 
cost of $19,944.05. 

At the conclusion of the fair the building was sold to a citizen of 
Arkansas, where it is to be reerected as a residence. 

In the building were exhibited many handsome pieces of art and 
fancywork, burnt-wood plaques and panels, china work, a large silk 
map of the United States, showing States, rivers, railroads, principal 
towns, etc.; oil paintings, pictures, and portraits, and miscellaneous 
exhibits. 

In the main exhibit hall of the building was a composite exhibit 
made by the land department of the Iron Mountain Railroad, consist- 



246 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ing of a collection of minerals found in the State, samples of the vari- 
ous woods of the State, a wooden library of seventy-five volumes, each 
book being made of a different kind of Arkansas wood, paintings and 
pictures of Arkansas scenes, and a historic clock made in Germany in 
1763 for the Duke of Saxony, and samples of mineral waters of 
Montgomery County. 

The Arkansas State commission maintained five exhibits in the 
exhibition palaces, viz, Agriculture, approximate value, $7,500 ; Horti- 
culture, approximate value, $9,300; Forestry, approximate value, 
$3,500; Mines and Metallurgy, approximate value, $6,500; Educa- 
tion, approximate value, $3,600. In addition to these State exhibits, 
the city of Hot Springs maintained in the Government Building a 
unique exhibit in the nature of a cave or grotto made of quartz 
crystals. 

California. 

Members of California commission. — Frank Wiggins; J. A. 
Filcher ; George A. Dennison, secretary ; Lewis E. Auburg, chief de- 
partment of mining; George C. Roeding, chief department of horti- 
culture; W. H. Mills, chief department of forestry; Robert Furlong, 
chief department of education. 

On March 25, 1903, the legislature of the State of California passed 
a bill appropriating the sum of $130,000 for the purpose of adequately 
exploiting California's resources and progress at the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition, and providing for two commissioners — one to have 
had one year's residence in the southern half of the State; both to 
have had experience in installing and managing exhibits at former 
expositions. In addition to this appropriation, there was about 
$120,000 raised by the various counties of the State for exclusive 
county displays to be installed in the Agricultural Building. These 
displays were intended to set forth the possibilities of California in 
an agricultural and horticultural way. The cost of installation of 
said features was about $40,000. The transportation of all the ex- 
hibits, including those of the counties, which were paid by the State, 
amounted to, approximately, $15,000. 

The California State Building was located on " The Trail " in the 
vicinity of the buildings erected by Georgia and other Southern 
States, and was always an object of interest to sightseers at the fair. 
The pavilion was built after the Mission style of architecture, mod- 
eled after the houses in which the old Spanish settlers in California 
used to live. The front of the building was an exact copy in reduced 
proportions of the Mission at Santa Barbara, which was erected by 
the Franciscan monks in 1786. The pavilion contained no special 
exhibits, but its furnishings and decorations were entirely of Cali- 
fornia!) material, manufactured by California!! labor. The cost of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 247 

the building complete was about $17,000, the balance of the appropri- 
ation by the State being consumed in the collection of the exhibit, its 
maintenance, and in general demonstration. 

In the Forestry Pavilion California showed altogether 73 varieties 
of commercial and cabinet woods. A separate exhibit in the same 
place displayed an exhibit of the fish and game of the State. Just 
outside of the building there was an exhibit of forestry containing 
five logs, or timbers, which were too heavy to be placed on the Exhi- 
bition Building floor. 

In the Agricultural Building the State made a distinctive feature of 
wine, dried fruits, canned fruit, processed vegetables, honey, hay, 
hops, canned fish, seeds and cereals, grasses and vegetable fibers, etc. 
A facade was erected in this department and decorated most artis- 
tically. The counties made separate displays. Altogether 23,300 
feet of space was occupied by the State in agriculture, exclusive of 
aisles. 

In the Horticultural Building the State occupied 9,000 square feet 
of space and made a strong showing of processed fruits, fresh fruits, 
nuts, and a panoramic scene illustrating methods of orchard irriga- 
tion. There was also shown a cabinet containing the insects that 
prey on California orchards, and their parasites. 

An operating mill and concentrators were displayed in the Mining 
Gulch, and in the Palace of Mines the State occupied 5,200 feet of 
floor space with an exhibit showing all the commercial minerals of 
California. Altogether there were forty-odd varieties. 

In education a strong showing of the university work was made in 
one of the alcoves, 40 by 40 feet, and 2,000 feet of floor space was 
occupied for the general artistic exhibit of school work from the 
kindergarten to the high school. This was inclosed within a charac- 
teristic facade of California redwood, finished in natural color. 

A handsome display was a butter feature in the refrigeration 
department of agriculture with a beautiful modeled goddess of 
California, draped in fruits. Incubators were shown in the proper 
department, and on the grounds and in the conservatory were ex- 
hibited about 600 rare plants and shrubs and some tropical fruit trees. 

Colorado. 

The Colorado legislature of 1901 appropriated $50,000 for the pur- 
pose of making a display of Colorado products and resources at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition and provided for the appointment 
by the governor of the State of a board of five commissioners, of 
which the governor should be a member and ex officio president. In 
1903 an additional $100,000 was appropriated and the board was in- 
creased from five to seven members. 



248 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

The following-named persons composed the Colorado commission: 

Governor James H. Peabody, president; T. J. O'Donnell, vice- 
president ; Paul Wilson, commissioner in chief ; I. N. Stevens, secre- 
tary; Harry Cassady, treasurer; Mrs. Lionel Eose Anthony; Wil- 
liam F. Sperry ; John A. Wayne, assistant to commissioner in chief ; 
Maria W. Stewart, assistant treasurer. 

The appropriation by the legislature of 1903 unfortunately was 
placed in the fifth-class appropriation, and not all of the sum was 
available for the use of the board; but by arrangement of other 
departments of the State government and with the State institutions 
of Colorado $80,000 of the $100,000 was made available for the State's 
participation in the exposition. 

The work of the board was divided into six departments, all under 
the direction of Commissioner in Chief Paul Wilson, as follows: 

Mining Department, Mr. I. N. Stevens, chairman; Horticultural 
Department, Mr. Paul Wilson, chairman; Agricultural Department, 
Mr. Harry Cassady, chairman; Educational Department, Mrs. I. E. 
Anthony, chairman; Forestry, Fish, and Game Department, Mr. 
T. J. O'Donnell, chairman ; Fine Arts Department, Mr. W. F. Sperry, 
chairman. 

The exhibits of the resources of the State were collected from every 
portion of the State in these various departments. 

The value of the mining exhibit placed by the State of Colorado 
on exhibition in St. Louis was $500,000; the value of the agricul- 
tural exhibit, $10,000; horticultural exhibit, $8,000; educational ex- 
hibit, $15,000 ; forestry, fish, and game exhibit, $7,500. 

The approximate cost of installing and caring for these exhibits 
was as follows : 

Mining Department $25,000 

Horticultural Department 10,000 

Agricultural Department 15,000 

Educational Department 12,000 

Forestry, Fish, and Game Department 10,000 

Connecticut. 

The legislature of Connecticut appropriated $100,000 for the par- 
ticipation of that State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The 
following commissioners were appointed by the governor of Connec- 
ticut, according to an act of the legislature passed April 2, 1903 : 

Frank L. Wilcox, president ; Charles Phelps, vice-president ; J. H. 
Vail, secretary-treasurer; Edgar J. Dolittle, Isaac W. Birdseye, 
Phelps Montgomery, Mrs. Louis R. Cheney, Mrs. George H. Knight, 
Miss Anne H. Chappell. National commissioners: Frederick A. 
Betts, Mrs. John M. Holcombe. Resident commissioner, Hobart 
Brinsmade. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 249 

The Connecticut State Building was intended to represent colonial 
design. In its main exterior features it was a replica of the Sigour- 
ney mansion in Hartford, built about 1820 by Charles Sigourney, 
whose wife Lydia Huntley Sigourney, was highly regarded as a poet 
in her time. In later years it was the home of Lieut. Governor Julius 
Catlin. The architect of the Connecticut building was Edward T. 
Hapgood, of Hartford. The interior plan was designed to combine 
colonial ideas with modern requirements, which were carried out to 
such extent as to make it one of the most attractive and homelike 
structures on the exposition grounds. It was erected by The H. Wales 
Lines Company, of Meriden, Conn., at a cost of about $31,000, and 
official inspectors pronounced it the best-built edifice at the exposition. 
The walls of the rooms on the first floor and the upper hall were hung 
with five different designs of exquisite silk tapestry, the gift of the 
Cheney Brothers, of South Manchester. These added a " finishing 
touch " that found no comparison elsewhere on the grounds. The 
furnishing of the building was in excellent harmony with its colonial 
design. Highboys and lowboys, Chippendale, Hepplewhite and 
Windsor chairs, Sheraton and thousand-legged tables, flax wheels 
and warming pans were associated with canopied high-post bed- 
steads, while corner cupboards revealed rare copper-luster china of 
almost untold value. As a colonial exhibit it was unique, and had 
it been entered in competition for reward would most surely have 
been given the grand prize. The souvenir catalogue issued by the 
Connecticut commission contains a list of 514 articles, most of them 
loaned from various Connecticut homesteads. The catalogue also 
contains a list of oil paintings and water colors, all by Connecticut 
artists, which embellished the walls of the building, the selection 
being made by Charles Noel Flagg, of Hartford, chosen by the com- 
mission for that service. 

The collective exhibits of Connecticut were in the following-named 
departments: Education, farm products, tobacco, dairy, horticulture 
(including pomology), herbarium, public parks and residential 
grounds (photographs), and shellfish. The grounds surrounding the 
Connecticut Building form part of the State horticultural exhibit. 

On account of the limited appropriation it was necessary to abandon 
the live exhibit of Connecticut in the Fish and Game Building. 
With the limited amount of stock which the oystermen had, owing to 
the lack of " set " for a number of years, they considered it a detri- 
ment to advertise, and it was only through a regard for the commis- 
sion that any of the larger cultivators would contribute to the ex- 
hibit. 

The exhibit was advantageously placed in the center of the Forest, 
Fish, and Game Building and attracted a great deal of attention from 
visitors and will undoubtedly prove of material advantage to an 
immense State industry. 



250 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

On one side of the booth the strictly State exhibit was placed, 
showing in the cases the oysters of all ages, their enemies, and various 
curiosities in growth and development. Over the cases were maps 
of the oyster grounds, with photographs showing the oyster houses, 
docks, and steamers. On the opposite side were individual displays 
of several of the larger cultivators. 

Connecticut made a good display. Fifty-eight different speci- 
mens of nuts attracted much attention, many of the varieties shown 
now growing in the West and South, and being seen for the first 
time by many of the visitors. 

Much interest was manifested in flint (Yankee) corn, as it was 
called by people of the West and South, and many samples were given 
to people from all parts of the United States and to some from for- 
eign countries. 

Samples of grass taken from a field yielding 12} tons to the acre 
far surpassed any yield of alfalfa claimed from the rich soil of Cali- 
fornia or any other Western State. 

Exhibit of tobacco leaf and the continuous and frequent favorable 
comment demonstrated clearly that its reputation as a State growing 
fine quality of wrapper leaf is confined to no small area. 

Connecticut has the credit of being the only New England State 
which made any dairy exhibit, and in this exposition Connecticut 
did what she has never before attempted. An entry was made for 
the permanent exhibit as well as for the butter sent for scoring. 
The lower part of this space was filled with packages of butter, both 
tubs and prints, handsomely arranged so as to make an artistic dis- 
play. 

This was surmounted with a form like a large open book, on one 
page of which was the coat of arms, and the other the Charter Oak, 
both made from the butter from Connecticut and from true models. 

The coat of arms and the Charter Oak were exact reproductions. 

These spaces were kept at low temperature by refrigeration, and 
the exhibit lasted until the end of the fair. 

Connecticut was the first State to have her exhibit completed. 

About 775 square feet was assigned to Connecticut in Horticul- 
tural Building, and some time before the opening of the exposition 
this space was fitted with tables and other needed appliances. The 
space assigned came within the section where only low installation 
was allowed. As a result, those in charge were enabled to install the 
exhibit at much less expense than anticipated, which accounts for 
much of the unexpended portion of the appropriation set apart for 
this display. The location was very desirable, being open, airy, and 
very accessible from all parts of the hall. 

The exhibit was opened the first day of the fair and was one of 
the very few that had the tables fully occupied the opening day of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 251 

the exposition. The display, mostly of apples, but including pears 
and cranberries, was kept up from stock in storage, using from 5 
to 10 barrels per week until about July 15, when the first apples of 
1904 and some small fruits were available. Soon after that regular 
supplies were sent forward, but not until September 15 was the 
storage stock fully disposed of and the tables wholly filled with fruit 
of 1904 and kept in that condition until the close of the exposition, 
making the exhibit of great credit to the State, and the only one from 
New England. 

During the season all cultivated fruits grown in the State, ex- 
cept blackberries and raspberries, were shown, even the so-called 
tender or perishable fruits being sent in large lots, and usually arriv- 
ing in very satisfactory condition. It was expected, at first, that 
apples and pears would constitute the exhibit, but a trial shipment 
convinced the committee that it was perfectly feasible to send the 
finer fruits, and this was continued as long as they were to be 
obtained. 

In horticulture, Connecticut, after careful consideration, decided 
to make only so much of the exhibit of living plants as was needed 
for the decoration of the grounds around the Connecticut Building. 
This was done apparently to the satisfaction of those interested in 
the fair and to the pleasure of people who visited the exposition, for 
uniformly it was spoken of as being one of the best planted and 
decorated grounds around any State building. 

The collection of the herbarium was most successful. The bota- 
nists of the State gave a great deal of gratuitous labor that it might 
be completed. It was exhibited on revolving screens, the first at- 
tempt ever made to so exhibit the flora of a State. It was so arranged 
that every specimen was readily available for examination and study. 
This exhibit, after the close of the fair, was presented to Trinity 
College, Hartford, at the request of the college authorities, they pay- 
ing all expenses of its return and agreeing to give it suitable location 
for exhibition in their Natural Science Building, where it can be 
seen and studied by all interested. 

The parks and public grounds of the State were well represented 
by photographs, as were also the private grounds. These photo- 
graphs have been returned to Hartford and are now stored in the 
capitol, awaiting final disposition. 

In school-garden work Connecticut was a leader, having one of 
the best equipped school gardens in the country. Believing that a 
knowledge of what this State has done in this work should be known 
and recognized at the fair, a committee was created to arrange for 
a school garden and conduct the same during the World's Fair, and 
their work was most excellent. 



252 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Georgia. 

Members of Georgia commission. — Governor J. M. Terrell, ex offi- 
cio chairman ; O. B. Stevens, commissioner of agriculture ; Col. Dud- 
ley M. Hughes, commissioner-general; Glascock Barrett, assistant 
commissioner-general ; Hugh V. Washington, vice-commissioner-gen- 
eral; F. B. Gordon, commissioner; H. H. Tift, commissioner. Ad- 
visory board : John M. Egan, Col. P. A. Stovall, E. L. Rainey, I. P. 
Cocke, Dr. L. H. Chappell, Harry Fisher, Oliver Porter, Dr. J. H. 
Turner, W. J. Kinkaid, A. H. Shaver, W. J. Neal, Dr. T. H. Baker, 
McAlpine Thornton, James M. Smith, Dr. J. F. Erwin, H. M. Frank- 
lin, E. B. Hook, Col. J. F. De Lacy, W. S. Humphries, John A. Cobb, 
R. C. Mcintosh, James B. Gaston. 

Situated on one of the main avenues of the exposition, known as 
" The Trail," and immediately north of Virginia and opposite Ten- 
nessee and Ohio, was a replica of the home of the late Gen. John B. 
Gordon at Kirkwood, near Atlanta, erected by the Georgia State 
commission as the official headquarters of Georgia. The building 
was paid for by a fund raised by public subscription, at an approxi- 
mate cost of $16,000. The house was furnished entirely with Georgian 
manufactures. The cost of furnishing the building was approxi- 
mately $3,000. 

Although the appropriation made by the State of Georgia was 
only $30,000, the amount was largely increased by popular subscrip- 
tion from counties and cities. The $30,000 appropriated by the legis- 
lature was designated as a basis for increasing the State's museum. 

Owing to the lateness of the date that the work of preparing for 
the exposition was begun — October, 1903 — Georgia did not make so 
complete and comprehensive an exhibit of her natural, educational, 
and manufacturing advantages as she would otherwise have made. 

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game, Georgia contributed a very fine 
exhibit, at a cost of $3,500, of which much the larger part was com- 
posed of Georgia pine. In this department there was a complete 
exhibit of naval stores, beginning at the pine tree, showing in detail 
the different methods of boxing, gathering the crude products, tools 
used, distillation, turpentine, different grades of resin, and its differ- 
ent by-products. This was donated by the Board of Trade of Savan- 
nah, Ga., at an approximate cost of $2,000. 

In the Agricultural Building ? one of the most interesting exhibits 
contributed by Georgia was that of the manufacture of the celebrated 
Georgia cane sirup, which was demonstrated by two negro women 
serving waffles and sirup from a miniature log cabin. Sirup and 
cabin and expenses were donated by the Georgia Sirup Growers' 
Association, and cost approximately $1,700. There was also a com- 
plete display of sea-island cotton in bales and types, together with 
threads and the various cloths manufactured from same, the cost of 
installation and maintenance being $2,400. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 253 

Possibly the most interesting and complete exhibit made by Georgia 
at the fair was the display of its cotton industry. This consisted of 
a pyramid containing cotton-seed hulls, meal linters, crude oil, sur- 
rounded by commercial packages of meal and hulls, refined oils and 
lard compounds manufactured from cotton seed. The material and 
maintenance cost $12,000. An exhibit of cotton products showing in 
detail cotton seed, cotton on the stalk and in bales, cotton-seed oils, 
crude and refined, and oil products, lard compounds, food cooked with 
cotton-seed oils, and cotton-seed hulls and meals for cattle feeding 
showed some of the many uses to which the cotton plant can be put. 
The most interesting display in this connection was that of a fountain 
flowing cotton-seed oil and surrounded by illuminated columns con- 
taining manufactured products of oils, such as soaps, etc. This dis- 
play cost $10,000. 

Georgia being to a certain extent a tobacco State, samples of the 
" weed " indigenous to the State and said to be equal to the very best 
Cuba and Sumatra tobaccos were shown in the raw leaf and in cases. 
The exhibit cost approximately $2,900. 

In the block immediately adjoining the cotton exhibit were dis- 
played 86 commercial packages of forage grasses donated by farmers 
throughout the State, valued at $500 ; an exhibit of the silk industry, 
valued at $400; wheat, oats, field peas of seventy-odd varieties, rye, 
rice, barley, flour, bran, peanuts, pecan nuts, corn meal, and all of the 
varied agricultural exhibits. These were donated by farmers of 
Georgia. The freight, installation, and care of them was provided 
by public subscription. The cost of installation, freights, and care, 
including the proper show cases and glass containers, which belonged 
to the State museum, was estimated, in addition to the amounts 
enumerated above, at $12,000. Besides the above items, nearly every 
city of importance made appropriations to cover expenses of having 
prepared for distribution books and pamphlets calling the attention 
of the public to the many advantages of their several localities, at an 
estimated cost of $10,000. 

Subsequently the Georgia commission to the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition donated the entire furnishings of the State building to 
the Georgia Industrial Home at Macon, Ga., the only nonsectarian 
orphanage in the State. 

The resolution creating the appropriation for the installation and 
exhibit of Georgia products, which was approved August 17, 1903, 
provided — 

That the sum of thirty thousand dollars should be appropriated, to 
be expended in collecting and permanently preserving specimens of 
minerals, granite, clays, kaolin, marble, iron, and such other minerals 
and precious stones as may abound in or are found within the State ; 
to further collect specimens of the field and forest, mills and mines, 
orchards and vineyards of this State, and such other matters and 



254 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

things pertaining to the character and the productiveness of the soils 
of Georgia; that when the specimens aforesaid were collected they 
should be deposited in the State museum, there to be safely kept and 
displayed ; and that the exhibit thus collected should be displayed at 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri. 

Idaho. 

Members of Idaho commission. — Gov. J. T. Morrison; James E. 
Steele, president; E. W. McBride, vice-president; Mrs. W. H. Mans- 
field, secretary; Martin J. Wessels, Idaho section Forestry Building; 
Dr. Harold J. Read; Clarence B. Hurtt, executive commissioner; 
Miss Anne Sonna ; Miss Genevieve Vollmer. 

Idaho was represented by a State building and by exhibits in four 
of the great exhibit palaces of the exposition. The building was 
situated upon the elevated ground east of the Palace of Agriculture, 
and the surroundings made it one of the most attractive spots of the 
exposition. The Idaho Building was not big or imposing, but there 
were few State buildings on the World's Fair grounds that excited 
more interest or inquiry. The building was a bungalow with an 
open court, in which were grass and bright flowers. The structure, 
which was 60 feet square, was but 1 story high and contained ten 
rooms. The roof was of red tile and the exterior of cream-colored 
staff. The interior finish served to show the utility of Idaho woods 
for this particular use. Transparencies and mounted photographs 
illustrated the vast forest resources of the State. Around the court 
a row of heavy columns supported the overhanging roof, and a wide 
cloister behind the columns, paved with brick, afforded a charming 
resting place. At the close of the exposition the building was sold to 
a citizen of Texas, who is to have it reerected on his ranch, and it will 
still bear the name of " Idaho." 

The exhibits of the State were shown in the departments of Educa- 
tion, Mining, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The State appropria- 
tion for the World's Fair was $25,000. 

While not boasting a large acreage under cultivation, Idaho was a 
competitor at the World's Fair with the best of her sisters in the 
quality of her field products. The exhibit in the Palace of Agricul- 
ture was impartially chosen and fairly represented all parts of the 
State where agricultural interests have a foothold. In the exhibit 
were 47 varieties of wheat, 41 varieties of oats, 32 varieties of flax — 
the only specimen of white flaxseed known to exist, from the farm of 
Alonzo McWillis, of Rosetta, who received a gold medal for his 
exhibit. Wheat was shown weighing 62 to 64 pounds to the bushel 
in comparison with the standard of 60 pounds. Idaho barley weighs 
53 to 54 pounds to the bushel, while the standard is but 48. A bunch 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 255 

of alfalfa of the second cutting was received early in October and was 
more than 6 feet high. Displays of beans of many varieties, peas, 
corn, alfalfa, and clover seed all indicated the resourcefulness of 
Idaho soil. 

It was not practicable to show Idaho melons, strawberries, and 
small fruits in fresh condition, but a display with a showy array of 
canned fruits and dried fruits of favorite sorts attracted attention. 
Idaho potatoes of the 5-pound class were a part of the exhibit, along 
with turnips, carrots, parsnips, onions, and other vegetables. There 
was a small showing also of popcorn, sweet corn, and the field 
varieties. 

The effort to make a complete fruit exhibit on behalf of Idaho had 
its justification in the wide advertising its fruit and agricultural 
lands would receive from an effective presentation of the products of 
the many fine orchards of the State. The exhibit contained many 
surprises, such as the soft-shell almonds. Idaho's grape display was 
a surprise to many of the States. In the exhibit were about a dozen 
varieties that are new in this country, the vines of which were brought 
from Persia and other eastern Mediterranean countries. Among 
these were the Hunisa, a dark grape which is regarded as a distinct 
gain to the Pacific slope grape-growing interests because of its fine 
flavor and sweetness and good keeping qualities. 

The educational exhibit was collected by Miss May Scott, State 
superintendent of public instruction, installed at State expense, but 
maintained at the personal expense of Mrs. S. M. Harris, of Silver 
City, and Mrs. C. J. Johnson, of Pocatello. The Boise exhibit showed 
the work of all grades, elementary, secondary, and high school pupils 
doing themselves and the State credit in comparison with other 
States. Lessons, drawings, photographs, and maps were displayed 
in 37 bound volumes, besides 5 volumes of district school work and 
33 card mounts of lessons, embracing the 8 grades of the primary 
schools. Silver City exhibited graded work from the first to eighth 
grades, inclusive, very attractively mounted on cards. Credit is due 
the Weiser schools, also, for all-around good work. The schools con- 
tributed to the general display a fine collection of mounted cards in 
elementary work, and the Industrial School sent a good display of 
the work in manual training, including needlework and photographs 
of buildings. Moscow made a good general display of school work, 
and particularly in composition and writing. Every community was 
shown to be alive to the importance of having good schools. A part 
of the space in the exhibit was devoted to photographs of the Uni- 
versity of Idaho, about which a great many questions were asked. 
The work of the Mountainhouse School was handsomely bound in a 
burnt-leather cover. 



256 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The Pocatello public school work was delayed and reached the 
exhibit so late that it could not be judged. The display consisted of 
photographs of the children and schoolhouses and the work of the 
schools from the kindergarten to the high school. The Shoshone 
County exhibit was displayed in 79 volumes, embracing the work from 
the first grade to the high school work. A number of mounted cards 
of kindergarten work were also shown. The Wallace schools were 
commended for several excellent examples of map drawing con- 
tributed. Kendrick made a good display in 11 bound books. Cceur 
d'Alene sent a dozen volumes of bound work. Bonners Ferry and 
Sandpoint contributed good work in a number of bound books and 
photographs. Idaho County made a good display of raffia work and 
Indian pictures, besides the school-work exhibit. The Albion State 
Normal School made a large display of photographs showing the 
institution and its equipment. Oro Fino sent a collection of draw- 
ings, and Council and Harrison both made good displays of what 
their schools are doing to keep up with the times. The work of the 
Lewiston schools, which would have formed a conspicuous and very 
creditable part of the Idaho educational display, was lost in transit. 

The mineral exhibit of the State at the World's Fair at St. Louis 
embraced specimens from every county and mining district. Hun- 
dreds of mines contributed specimens of ore and they were all labeled 
and displayed to the best advantage possible in the Idaho booth. 
The largest specimens were huge nuggets of lead ore weighing 
several tons each, almost pure lead, which occupied a central place 
in the exhibit and served to draw attention to the vast collection of 
other mineral specimens. Boise, the seat of government, was repre- 
sented by specimens of gold-bearing rhyolite from the granite slopes 
north of the city, as well as by samples of fire clay of high quality 
found partly within the city limits. From the Black Hornet and 
Curlew Creek districts came quartz specimens containing gold and 
silver. From Bear Creek were cuttings from the dike formations 
of low-grade ores that may mean much to Boise if they be profitably 
handled. 

There were specimens of lead ores from Hailey and Wood Kiver 
district, where lead to the value of $20,000,000 has been taken out. 
These ores run high in silver, and the revival of interest in the work- 
ings there is a matter of comment. These specimens included some 
of the Minnie Moore deposits, the most famous mine in Idaho's his- 
tory, whose best ores show 70 per cent lead and 110 ounces of silver 
to the ton. A few specimens of gold-bearing quartz from the Boise 
basin were shown, although these deposits are but partly developed, 
more interest attaching to the placer mining, which has produced a 
hunderd million dollars' worth of gold in the history of this region. 
The Pearl district contributed good specimens of oxidized quartz 
and granite gangue, iron and arsenical pyrites with zinc blend, and 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 257 

a showing of galena and copper sulphides. Monaxite, a heavy yel- 
low sand, the ore of thorium, is found here, and is in considerable 
demand on account of the new discoveries in the radio activity of 
certain minerals. 

From the vicinity of Pocatello were fine specimens of copper and 
lead ores having gold and silver veins, iron, and manganese oxide 
ores. These came principally from the workings on Rabbit Creek, 
Pocatello Creek, and the Hovey group. Coal specimens were shown 
from the vicinity of Blackfoot and Idaho Falls. From Bear Lake 
County were ores carrying copper, gold, and silver. Coal specimens 
were shown from the Goose Creek Mountains and the ranges in the 
southern part of Cassia County. The mines all about Silver City, 
the county seat and mining center, were well represented. The South 
Mountain district, south of Silver City, was represented by ores from 
some of the reopened mines which had been idle for many years. 

Ores from the Rocky Bar, Atlanta, Pine Grove, Black Warrior, 
Neal, Lime Creek, and Dixie districts made a good representation for 
Elmore Count}^, which, on account of its nearness to Boise and rail- 
road facilities, has been better developed than many other parts of 
the State. The Yankee Fork, Loon Creek, and Stanley basin dis- 
tricts of Custer County were all contributors to the State exhibit of 
gold and silver ores. The lead-silver ores of Custer County came 
from the Bayhorse, Squaw Creek, Clayton, Poverty Flat, and Slate 
Creek districts. Copper ores from the Big Lost River Valley were 
convincing proof of the richness of mines in that newly developed 
part of the State. Fremont County sent specimens of coal from the 
rich mines opened a year ago in the eastern part of the county. 

Shoshone County was represented by huge nuggets of lead-silver 
ore. Gold ores from Shoshone County showed the wide distribution 
of the yellow metal, which appears in every county in the State. 
Copper ores from Shoshone County were an indication of future 
possibilities in copper production in the State. 

It was the earnest endeavor of the Commission to make the most of 
the opportunities and the means at their disposal to give Idaho and 
her resources a thorough advertisement. The press of the country 
was interested in Idaho's development, with the result that hun- 
dreds of articles have been printed about the State's large showing 
at the exposition in the newspapers of all States. The large number 
of gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the exhibitors bore 
evidence of the success of the work. 

Illinois. 

To Illinois belongs the distinction of having held the first and, 
until the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the greatest World's Fair. 
Naturally the State of Illinois at that time had a more immediate 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 17 



258 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

pride in its showing and spent a vastly greater sum to gather and 
shelter its exhibits than it could afford for an exposition outside of its 
own borders; but it is not the opinion of any that Illinois has been 
outclassed in any respect at the World's Fair of 1904. With com- 
paratively a small appropriation, when the $800,000 appropriated 
by Illinois in Chicago in 1893, or the $1,000,000 spent by Missouri 
in St. Louis is considered, Illinois has taken a leading part in the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. It has not only furnished its large 
share of the attractions, but it no doubt sent to the exposition the 
largest number of visitors from any one State outside of Missouri. 

Only exhibits of a public character were installed at the expense or 
through the efforts of the commission. Private enterprises, many of 
which took exhibits from this State, were not assisted at the expense 
of the commission; but the State exhibits were gathered, prepared, 
installed, and cared for wholly or in part at the expense of the State, 
authorized by an act of the Forty-second general assembly in 1901, 
which appropriated the sum of $250,000 for the purpose. 

The law provided for the appointment of a commission of 15 
members. The members of this commission as originally appointed 
were: 

Samuel Alschuler, C. F. Coleman, F. M. Blount, I. L. Ellwood, 
D. M. Funk, Jos. P. Mahoney, J. N. C. Shumway, H. C. Beitler, 
C. C. Craig, H. M. Dunlap, J. H. Farrell, J. H. Miller, P. T. Chap- 
man, C. N. Travous, C. N. Rannals. 

The commission organized by the election of officers, as follows: 
President, H. M. Dunlap; vice-president, C. N. Travous; second 
vice-president, J. P. Mahoney; treasurer, P. T. Chapman; secretary, 
John J. Brown. 

Of the members originally appointed the following afterwards re- 
signed, viz, I. L. Ellwood, P. T. Chapman, H. C. Beitler, C. K Ran- 
nals, Samuel Alschuler, F. M. Blount, and were succeeded by John 
H. Pierce, Albert Campbell, Walter Warder, W. L. Mounts, T. K. 
Condit, William J. Moxley. 

The advantage of nearness to the seat of the World's Fair which 
made possible the great displays of Missouri was enjoyed and made 
use of almost as fully by the sister State of Illinois. In every de- 
partment of the exposition the great resources of Illinois were shown. 

The State House was, with possibly two exceptions, the most pre- 
tentious of all the State buildings, and certainly its location was the 
most commanding. From the intramural cars this great white struc- 
ture, with its generous verandas and its wealth of ornament, could be 
seen at several points. It was not on the Plateau of States, but was 
the important member of another State group on The Trail, directly 
west of the Cascade Gardens. Across the way were the beautiful 
gardens of Japan, and the Lincoln Museum was directly north. 



LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 259 

The building was designed along the lines of the French renais- 
sance, but it was entirely modern in treatment. For instance, in the 
relief ornament of frieze and cornice the fleur-de-lis was replaced by 
the ear of corn motif. This was Illinois renaissance and was some- 
thing more than cut and dried ornament. It was symbolic of the 
State. 

The two great statues that greeted the visitor were those of Lin- 
coln and Douglas. The grand central reception hall was done in 
tones of ivory, green, and gold, with floor of tile. The medallion cen- 
ter of the tile was the great seal of the State. At one side of the 
broad staircase was a raised platform, on which stood a grand piano. 
The elevated apartment served as a reception and music room. 

Opening from the great hall were reading rooms, rest rooms, and 
the office of the commission. On the floor above were the suites of 
apartments for the governor, the commissioners, and the officers of 
the building. The wives of the commissioners served as hostesses, 
each doing the honors for a period of ten days at a time. 

One of the most noteworthy features of the Illinois State Home 
was its verandas. From these every part of the exposition grounds 
could be seen, and the night view was especially glorious. The 
building was designed by Illinois architects, erected by Illinois labor, 
and furnished, for the most part, by Illinois firms. Hence it was 
really an expression of the State it represented. Its cost was $90,000. 

Aside from the State House, the most remarkable exhibits of the 
State were those in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy and the 
Palace of Agriculture. In the former there was abundant evidence 
that Illinois is primarily a mining State, while the latter wholly 
contradicted this notion. As a matter of fact, Illinois ranks second 
to Pennsylvania in the production of coal, and its quarries yield a 
fine quality of both sand and lime stone. The booth in the Palace of 
Mines contained the largest block of soft coal ever removed from a 
mine. It was 6 by 7 by 8 feet in size and was hoisted 335 feet from 
the shaft. In the coal exhibit there were specimens of the product of 
over 50 mines, with chemical analyses showing their respective heat- 
ing elements. 

There was a large display of the clay industry of the State, includ- 
ing bricks, tile, and pottery. In addition there were shown splendid 
specimens of fluorspar, lead, and zinc. 

In the Palace of Horticulture there was an extensive table exhibit 
of fresh fruit, especially of apples and the more ephemeral fruits, 
such as berries and plums. However, the best display of all was in 
the Palace of Agriculture. In the cold-storage case in the dairy 
section were two exceptionally good pieces of butter sculpture. They 
were the busts of those two great Illinoisans — Lincoln and Grant. 



260 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

The most striking feature of the great corn pavilion was an enor- 
mous broom, that was typical both of the production of broom corn 
and of the State's broom industry. In the corners were small orna- 
mental booths made entirely of the native woods of the State. One 
of these was used as an office by the secretary. There were several 
excellent pictures made of various grains. Among the grain pic- 
tures were three that were worthy to stand together. They were 
President Lincoln, Governor Yates, and the great seal of the State. 

By far the largest and most significant part of the exhibit was the 
collection of samples of corn planted, cultivated, and harvested by 
boys. The League of Corn Growers numbered 8,000 members, and 
there were 1,100 prizes each year, the first being $500. Each boy sub- 
mitted 10 ears of corn from his own patch, together with an account 
of his experiences and method. The prize winners attached their 
photographs to the little pyramids of 10 ears of fine corn. For the 
farming industry of the State it was felt that nothing could possibly 
be better than this annual contest. The boy is taught to look upon 
the scientific cultivation of the soil as something worthy his best 
effort. That in which he takes a personal pride ceases to be drudgery. 
As a result of this corn contest much of the danger that all the farmer 
boys will seek the great cities may be averted, and it was felt that the 
great exposition should encourage the boys in their worthy enterprise. 

There were installed by the Illinois commission 14 separate and dis- 
tinct exhibits, including that of live stock. Each exhibit was in 
charge of a superintendent and a committee of the commission. 

As soon as the Illinois commission had been appointed the mem- 
bers of the Illinois State Historical Society felt that the society 
should make an exhibit. As the appropriation of $2,000 was small, 
and the time brief for the preparation of the exhibit, the trustees 
decided that no better and more appropriate exhibit could be made 
than a manuscript and pictorial life of Abraham Lincoln, these manu- 
scripts and pictures to be arranged so plainly that they could be 
understood and appreciated by all. 

The plan of the exhibit was to utilize all the space possible, and as 
this was the only exhibit in the Illinois Building it was made as hand- 
some in appearance as possible. Accordingly 16 large wall frames 
handsomely labeled in gold letters were prepared. The labels read 
as follows: 

(1) Ancestry of Lincoln. 

(2) Youth of Lincoln. 

(3) Lincoln at New Salem. 

(4) Lincoln as a Surveyor. 

(5^ Lincoln in the Black Hawk War. 
(6) Lincoln as a Lawyer (two cases). 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 261 

(7) Lincoln in Congress. 

(8) Domestic Life of Lincoln. 

(9) Lincoln and Douglas. 

(10) Lincoln and Douglas Debates. 

(11) Lincoln and the Foundation of the Republican Party. 

(12) The Campaign of 1860. 

(13) Lincoln in Washington, The Cabinet. 

(14) The War of Rebellion. 

(15) Assassination and Death. 

The titles indicate the character of the contents. 

The agricultural committee was organized, and the scope and char- 
acter of the exhibit to be made by Illinois was carefully considered. 

It was determined to devote entire attention to the exploitation of 
those products which can be grown most successfully and profitably 
within the limits of this State. "While the interests of Illinois were, 
of course, always given the first consideration, such an exhibit was of 
just as much interest and value to adjoining States, or, in fact, to any 
countries of the Temperate Zone where similar conditions of climate 
and soil exist as in the State of Illinois. 

Accordingly it was determined to exploit the principal crop of the 
State, which surpasses all other in value — that of corn. 

It was also planned to exhibit choice specimens of wheat, oats, rye, 
millet, sorghum, Kaffir corn, clover, broom corn, and other grains and 
grasses, and did exhibit those varieties that can best be raised in the 
different sections of the State. The grains were shown both in the 
sheaf and thrashed. There were collected over one hundred varieties 
of native woods from diffierent sections of the State. 

The installation and exhibit was completed early in May, soon after 
the fair opened, except the soil exhibit, which was not finished in all 
its details until about a month later. A company of Chicago donated 
to the committee an assortment of some thirty new by-products of 
corn, which have been manufactured by them in the last few years, 
including different varieties of glucose, starch, proteins, and different 
varieties of sugar, rubber, dextrine, corn oils, sirups, etc., which were 
exhibited in large jars arranged in the form of a pyramid. The 
entire agricultural exhibit covered 10,000 square feet of space. 

During the fair additions were made from time to time as the season 
progressed, and specimens of grains and corn from the crop of 1904 
were added. 

The exhibit as completed showed the variety and character of Illi- 
nois soil and also showed the elements which they contain and which 
they lack in various portions of the State. The proper treatment, 
cultivation, and fertilization necessary to bring each kind of soil to 
the standard and keep it there; the products that could be raised to 
best advantage on these soils; the method of raising them, and the 



262 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

appearance and characteristics of these crops at various stages of 
their growth; the best seed to plant, and, finally, the grown and 
ripened products and the various articles manufactured therefrom, 
and the uses to which they could most successfully and profitably be 
put. Attendants were engaged who were able to fully explain the 
various features of the exhibit, and as there were so many things that 
had never been exhibited or shown anywhere before the exhibit 
appealed strongly to those interested in farming. 

And in this connection it might be stated that thousands of school- 
teachers from every State came to the Illinois section to study corn 
in a more scientific manner than they had ever studied it before. 
This was especially true of the teachers of the East and South. 

There was no effort made to collect every known grain or grass or 
seed that grows upon the farm, but to display such products as were 
considered most valuable to the different sections of the State. Only 
the leading standard varieties were installed and such valuable vari- 
eties were exhibited in such proportion and in such profusion as to 
demonstrate their value in different sections of the State. Large 
displays of wheat, oats, grasses, and grains of all kinds, in sheaf and 
thrashed, were exhibited, and it was intended to show both the growth 
of the root and the stalk, as well as the grain. As an example, more 
than thirty varieties of oats were exhibited, showing root growth, 
stalk growth, size and length of head, and beside each variety was 1 
peck of the oats thrashed. 

In one corner of our exhibit was erected a triangle of grain pictures, 
three in number, each 8 by 10 feet, and made entirely of seeds. One 
picture was that of Abraham Lincoln, another Governor Richard 
Yates, and a third represented the State seal. 

Upon seven large tables were displayed more than 500 glass bottles 
of seeds, ranging from 8 ounces to 1 gallon each. 

But the feature of the agricultural display that attracted more 
attention than anything else was the immense display of corn grown 
by the farmer boys of Illinois. The commission from the very start 
determined to make this display by the farmer boys a strong feature 
of the exhibit, and how well their efforts were rewarded is now 
known by millions of people who visited the Agricultural Building. 
The superintendent solicited special premiums to the amount of 
$3,500. Circulars describing the farmers boys' corn contest were 
placed in the hands of 120,000 farmer boys in Illinois. Eight thou- 
sand entered the contest. 

Above the two vast pyramids of white and yellow corn, each 20 by 
30 feet, was a handsome banner inscribed " Grown by the farmer 
boys of Illinois." 

One of the most attractive and interesting sections of the dairy 
exhibit was that installed by the Illinois commission. The statuary 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 263 

in this exhibit consisted of a full-length ideal statue representing 
" Illinois," holding the shield of State with one hand, while the 
other grasps the shaft holding the streamer reading " Illinois " in 
large, clear, golden letters. On either side of this figure were large 
busts of Lincoln and Grant. These busts and the full-length figure 
were made of pure Illinois creamery butter. 

The background for the statuary was arranged with the banner 
won by the Illinois creameries and two large United States flags, 
which were in keeping with the historical character of the two men 
represented. 

At the sides and in front heavy draperies separated the statuary 
from the commercial exhibits, which consisted of print butter from 
the Elgin district and from the University of Illinois, arranged in 
various designs; also samples of condensed milk, malted milk, and 
evaporated cream. 

There were also jars with samples showing the amounts of water, 
butter fat, casein, albumen, and other ingredients entering into the 
composition of a 30-pound tub of butter. 

Tables showing the value of the great dairy industry of Illinois, 
the production of butter and cheese in the Elgin district, the butter 
and cheese market of Chicago, and large photographs portraying 
typical Illinois dairy cows and Illinois creameries and the condens- 
ing plant's occupied prominent positions among the exhibits. Sev- 
eral bulletins from the University of Illinois agricultural experiment 
station, showing the importance of clean milk and pure butter and 
other information of value to dairymen, were distributed from the 
superintendent's desk. The cheese exhibited consisted of samples 
made by students at the University of Illinois, and a large collection 
installed by M. Uhlmann & Co., of Chicago, occupied a space in the 
cheese case directly opposite the butter exhibit. 

The refrigerator which contained these exhibits had a glass front 
formed of three thicknesses of plate glass, with air spaces between. 
The temperature inside the case was kept close to the freezing point 
by an ice-making machine in constant operation. 

The Illinois commission set apart $15,000 to make a duplication as 
far as possible of premiums won by the breeders of live stock exhib- 
ited in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, less than $1,000 of which 
was reserved to provide for the necessary expenses incident to print- 
ing, allotting, and distributing the said prize fund. 

The live stock from the State of Illinois w T on one-twentieth of the 
entire premiums offered by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

Five thousand square feet of space was secured in the Palace of 
Horticulture at the exposition for the exhibit and installation and 
fixtures placed thereon prior to the opening of the exposition, May 1, 
1904, upon which date the exhibit was put in place and maintained 



264 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

with apples from storage of 1903 crop until the crop of 1904 began 
to mature about June 1. From this latter date fruits of all kinds 
were supplied as they matured during the period of the exposition. 
Among the most popular varieties of apples exhibited were : For early 
apples — Yellow Transparent, Red June, Benoni, Wealthy, Duchess, 
Maiden Blush. For fall or early winter — Grimes Golden and Jona- 
than. Winter varieties — Wine Sap, Willow Twig, Rome Beauty, Ben 
Davis. Peaches — Reeves, Elberta, Diamond. Pears — Bartlett, Tyson, 
Sechel, Duchess. 

Mines and metallurgy exhibit. — The mines and metallurgy exhibit 
covered a space 25 by 75 feet facing on two of the main aisles near 
the southeast entrance to the Mines and Metallurgy Building. 

The installation was uniform with that of the other exhibits of 
the State. The object of the exhibit was to show particularly the 
mineral and to some extent the mineral industries. 

The most important branch of production, according to its value, 
was that of coal. After this came the various materials used in the 
manufacture of brick and ceramics. 

The building stone, although limited to a few varieties of lime- 
stone and sandstone, was of great importance, as was also some stone 
and gravel used for road material, railroad ballast, concrete, and flux 
for iron reduction. 

The exhibit of coal consisted of a series of large blocks intended to 
show the character and thickness of the veins; the largest block, 
weighing 15 tons, is the largest single piece ever hoisted from a mine. 
There are 11 of these blocks from different mines, ranging from the 
largest down to one block of 1 ton. 

In clay products the importance of the industry could only be 
shown by statistics, as common brick, which is made all over the 
State in such a uniform character, are so well known that exhibits 
are not necessary. 

Neither the geology nor topography offer many opportunities for 
the development of stone quarries, but such stone as is extensively 
used was displayed. The limestones of the Silurian series are the 
principal sources of supply, the quarries about Joliet being among 
the largest in the United States. The limestone is generally used in 
the form of rubble or rock-faced ashler. 

The exhibit at the United States Fish Commission Building was 
in the large aquarium situated in the southeast corner of the build- 
ing and the two smaller aquaria immediately adjoining on the right 
and left. 

In the large aquarium the commissioners decided to show the com- 
mercial fishes of the State — that is, such fishes as were commonly used 
for shipping and found in greatest abundance, namely, the carp, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 265 

buffalo, the coarser catfishes, and dogfish. The dogfish in the last 
few years has become a very important factor in the food supply, 
having been previously thrown away as worthless, but is now exten- 
sively used by a class of people in the larger cities and sold alive 
under the name of grass bass. In this aquarium has been carried, 
for a period of seven months, perhaps the largest amount in weight 
ever carried in an aquarium for that length of time with so small a 
percentage of loss. 

In the smaller aquaria were shown the game fish of the State, a 
list of which comprises the black bass, crappie, sunfishes, yellow 
perch, white perch, warmouth bass, and the two varieties of striped 



These aquaria have attracted a great deal of attention, particularly 
among those who were interested in the subject of fish propagation 
and distribution, and gave people a better idea of what Illinois pro- 
duced than could have been obtained by any other method. 

The exhibits of the common schools and the five State normal 
schools were installed under the direction of the State superintendent 
of public instruction. The material of the exhibits was furnished, 
except that from the normal schools, by the school districts, without 
expense to the commission, and in substantial conformity to the fol- 
lowing suggestions, sent to the schools about November 1, 1903 : 

Classification of schools. — Group 1. Elementary education. — Class 
1. Country schools. Class 2. Semigraded schools. Class 3. Graded 
schools. Group 2. Secondary education. — Class 4. High schools. 
Class 5. Normal schools. 

Under this classification it is desired to exhibit: (1) Legislation, 
organization, general statistics; (2) buildings, photographs, plans, 
models; (3) administrative methods; (4) results obtained by meth- 
ods of instruction. 

The educational exhibit of the university of Illinois occupied a 
space 30 by 45 feet, or an area of 1,290 square feet, open upon an aisle 
on its long dimension. Against the back and the two side walls were 
glass-inclosed cases 7 feet high, and above these were many enlarged 
photographs in frames, showing the main buildings, views of the 
campus, etc., together with numerous pictures from the department 
of art and design, also a set of finely colored plates of the food and 
game fish of Illinois. Other cases occupied a part of the central area 
of the space, with room for seats and a writing table. 

The exhibits were classified according to general subjects illus- 
trative of the equipment and work of the colleges of the university 
from which they came. An attendant was on hand to supply pub- 
lished documents and information to visitors. 

The exhibit of the college of science contained diagrams and 
photographs and a set of bound volumes of the contributions to 



266 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

science published by the members of the college faculty, but was other- 
wise almost wholly illustrative of the work of only one of its eight 
departments, that of chemistry, and in this it was confined to the 
results of two line of investigation, which have for some years been 
closely associated with the work of the department; first, a study of 
the chemical composition and heating value of the coals of the State, 
and, second, a sanitary survey of Illinois waters. The importance 
of the first is emphasized by the fact that Illinois ranks second among 
American States in tonnage output, with a valuation in the aggre- 
gate of $35,000,000 annually. 

The agricultural portion of the university exhibit was designed to 
show the comparative produce of Illinois soils expressed in terms of 
both crops and animal products. The yields shown were of corn, 
wheat, oats, beans, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, milk, butter, cheese, 
port, mutton, and beef. 

The actual amount of corn, wheat, apples, and other crops shown 
was the normal yield of one-hundredth of an acre of standard fertile 
soil of Illinois. The milk shown was the amount that should be pro- 
duced from the same amount of land when growing crops suitable 
for milk production, and the butter and cheese shown were such as 
could be made from this milk. 

A mounted steer, which when living weighed 750 pounds, repre- 
sented the amount of beef that should be produced from an acre of 
soil in one year. The same land would produce 10 such sheep as 
shown, weighing in all 1,100 pounds, or 100 pigs like the roaster 
shown, or their equivalent, with a total weight of 1,400 pounds. 

Incidentally the work in soil improvement was shown by a number 
of yields from soils naturally deficient in fertility, taken both before 
and after treatment, and thus showing the benefit of intelligent 
methods of soil restoration. 

The articles contributed by the College of Engineering were ar- 
ranged in an alcove, partly inclosed by cases of books and for folding 
frames, on which were placed photographs and diagrams mounted 
on large cards. A larger case contained the more bulky specimens 
of the work of students in the engineering shops. Above these cases 
were placed on the walls enlarged views and some original designs by 
architectural students. 

A large series of good photographs arranged for convenient ex- 
amination presented views of all buildings occupied by the College 
of Engineering, especially of their interiors, showing class and draw- 
ing-rooms, shops and laboratories, incidentally illustrating much of 
the equipment of machines and apparatus. A series of large dia- 
grams and tables afforded full information concerning the very re- 
markable increase in the number of students in attendance during 
recent years. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 267 

The exhibit of the College of Medicine consisted of a large series 
of normal and pathological specimens and dexterously executed dis- 
sections of various portions of the human body. These were mounted 
so as to show to best advantage the special peculiarities in each case 
and so as to secure permanent preservation. 

Closing up. — The closing up of the business of the commission, the 
sale of the building, furniture, and exhibits involved considerable 
work. The commission on two separate occasions advertised the build- 
ing and furniture for sale, advertisements to that effect appearing 
in the St. Louis, Chicago, and Springfield papers. Opportunity was 
given for the people to bid for the building and furnishings as a 
whole, for them separately, or for any part. About sixty separate bids 
were received, some for one article only, many for a few pieces of fur- 
niture, and a very few for the building or furniture as a whole. Four 
bids were received for the building, viz, $200, $500, $750, and $1,000, 
the bids on the building including a provision that all debris from 
the wrecking of same should be removed and the ground cleared and 
left as it was originally, all of which involved considerable expense. 
The bid of the Southern Illinois Construction Company, of East St. 
Louis, was the highest, including building, furniture, and furnish- 
ings, and amounted to $4,250. This bid was accepted. Articles in 
other exhibits not included were afterwards disposed of and are in- 
cluded in the financial statement, bringing the amount of salvage to 
over $5,000. This amount seemed small, but was in line with the 
results of all expositions. At Chicago, with a net appropriation of 
$662,000 and with a building and furnishings costing $277,000, the 
total amount realized from the sale of buildings and furnishings was 
$3,926.50. At Omaha and Buffalo the amounts realized were less 
than $1,000. 

Indiana. 

On March 9, 1903, the legislature of the State of Indiana appro- 
priated the sum of $150,000 for the necessary expenses of the par- 
ticipation of Indiana at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. At the 
same time the governor of the State was authorized and directed to 
appoint a commission of fifteen persons, not more than nine of whom 
were to be of the same political party. 

Newton W. Gilbert, president ; Henry W. Marshall, vice-president ; 
James W. Cockrum, secretary; A. C. Alexander, assistant secretary; 
W. W. Wicks, W. W. Stevens, W. H. O'Brien, Crawford Fairbanks, 
D. W. Kinsey, N. A. Gladding, Frank C. Ball, C. C. Shirley, Fre- 
mont Goodwine, Joseph B. Grass, Stephen B. Fleming, Melville W. 
Mix. 

The State made altogether seventeen exhibits in the various exhibit 
palaces, the total value of which was approximately $60,000. The 



268 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

exhibits consisted of needlework and lace work in the Manufactures 
Building, decorated china in the Varied Industries Building, coal 
and stone exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, horticul- 
tural exhibit in the Horticultural Building, special corn and dairy 
exhibits in the Agriculture Building, and general educational, library, 
college, State board of health, juvenile courts, department of inspec- 
tion, school for feeble-minded youths, and State board of charities 
exhibits in the Educational Palace. 

The Indiana Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was 
located in the center of the State group, on one of the most artistic 
spots within the exposition grounds. It was designed in the spirit 
of the French renaissance, and was intended to be a resting place for 
all visitors to meet friends and enjoy social and musical entertain- 
ments. 

The building was surrounded by a broad terrace, with balustrade 
embellished with flowers and pedestals supporting vases with flowers 
and vines. The approach was through a spacious portico, on either 
side of which were candelabra of monumental character. A large 
lounging hall, 30 by 58, was furnished with heavy leather upholstered 
furniture. On either side were men's and women's resting rooms, 19 
by 37, back of which were commodious toilet and retiring rooms. 
The toilet rooms had tile floors and walls and partitions made of 
" novus " sanitary glass, manufactured at Alexandria, Ind. The 
resting rooms were wainscoted 7 feet high with paneled oak, and were 
luxuriously furnished with rugs, upholstered furniture, and each was 
furnished with an upright piano. 

In connection with the lounging hall were a secretary's* office, a 
post-office, check room, registry desk, and bureau of information. 
The broad, spacious stairway in the center led to a landing with 
Corinthian columns supporting an art-glass dome. 

Midway was a large landing and on either side were wide stairs 
leading to the floor above. This landing merged into a large music 
room, 25 by 50, superbly furnished with oriental rugs, Louis XIV 
furniture, and containing two grand pianos. 

The art-glass decorations throughout the building and in the dome 
represented a material whose quality is said to be unexcelled in the 
world. 

On the second floor was a large library, or reading room, in which 
were kept on file all the State newspapers and magazines ; also all the 
principal daily papers and monthly magazines. 

At one end of the building was the governor's reception room; at 
the other, the commissioners' reception room and private office. In 
connection with this latter was the art and literary department of the 
State, which contained copies of books by prominent Indiana authors 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 269 

and original manuscripts and drawings. The paintings which 
adorned the walls of the building were the product of Indiana genius. 
Her artists were lavish of their time and thought in contributing to 
the effect sought. The color scheme of the building was the result 
of educated taste. 

The electric lighting was a special feature. A multitude of 4-can- 
dlepower lamps were used, distributed on the ceiling in pleasant 
form, that harmonized the decorative plaster panels. The woodwork 
throughout the building was stained and finished in bog oak. Most 
of the furniture was of the Mission style, stained to suit the interior 
finish. 

The building was furnished and decorated luxuriously and in a 
quiet character, making an interior that offered comfort and quiet 
environment to the weary visitor. At the very beginning it was 
determined that this building and the things associated with it and 
housed in it should speak the culture and artistic development of 
Indiana life, and so it has gathered within its walls the best offerings 
of literature and art — the trophies of civilization. 

Indian Territory. 

Members of Indian Territory commission. — Thomas Ryan, chair- 
man; F. C. Hubbard, executive commissioner; H. B. Johnson, hon- 
orary commissioner; A. J. Brown, honorary commissioner; W. L. 
Mc Williams; H. B. Spaulding; J. E. Campbell; J. J. McAlester; 
William Busby ; Miss Olive Blentlinger, clerk. 

A fund of $50,000 was expended for the Indian Territory par- 
ticipation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Of this amount, 
$25,000 was appropriated by Congress and $25,000 was raised by 
popular subscription in the Territory. The expenditure, according 
to the provisions of the Congressional appropriation, was made 
under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. It was the 
purpose of the commission to make the Indian Territory exhibit one 
that would primarily set forth the actual condition that existed in 
the Territory and to advertise the developments and resources of 
the same in a comprehensive manner. The same general lines that 
were adopted by other States and Territories in similar work were 
followed as closely as practicable. 

Because of its limited funds the Territorial commission deemed 
it advisable to make exhibits only in the following departments: In 
the Mines and Metallurgy Building were displayed the coke and 
coal, marble, granite, and oil exhibits. The corn and cotton exhibits 
were shown in the Palace of Agriculture. In the Horticultural 
Building exhibits of the orchards and gardens of Indian Territory 



270 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

were maintained, and all other exhibits, such as educational, photo- 
graphic, mineral specimens, etc., were instiled in the Indian Ter- 
ritory Building. 

The Indian Territory Building was completed and exhibits in- 
stalled on the opening day of the exposition, April 30, 1904. It was 
located on a beautiful site in the Plateau of States, near the southeast 
entrance to the grounds. The building was a two-story colonial 
structure, 109 by 72 feet. The first floor contained, besides the large 
lobby room, two exhibit rooms. In one of these rooms was displayed 
the art and educational exhibit; in the other the photographic exhibit. 
These two exhibits — one setting forth the artistic, the other the com- 
mercial development of the residents of the Indian Territory — went 
far toward dispelling the somewhat prevalent idea that the Indian 
Territory is a wilderness, where progress and civilization are un- 
known. 

In the art and educational room were displayed many beautiful 
paintings, studies, laces, fine needle and bead work, and industrial 
work, all the products of Indian Territory students and residents. 
In the photographic room were arranged 500 large photographs 
suitably framed and mounted, taken from all parts of Indian Ter- 
ritory, and representing the actual status and present commercial 
condition in the Indian Territory. 

In the main lobby on the first floor of the Territory Building were 
displayed the collections of old Indian pottery, beadwork, etc. These 
collections belong to J. E. Campbell, of the Cherokee Nation; Mr. 
and Mrs. J. S. Murrow, of the Choctaw Nation; Mr. Thomas P. 
Smith and Miss Alice M. Robertson, of the Creek Nation, and were 
all especially fine and very valuable, many of the articles being more 
than a hundred years old and representing in the highest type the 
work of the old Indians. The paintings of Jefferson and his descend- 
ants, the work of Mrs. Narcissa Owen, of the Cherokee Nation, as 
well as the tapestries by the same artist, were admired by the many 
thousands who visited the Territory pavilion. Mention should be 
made also of the 100 wild flowers of the Indian Territory, mounted 
and framed, the collection of Mr. J. B. Bushyhead, of the Cherokee 
Nation. 

The second floor of the Territory Building contained a large recep- 
tion hall, ladies' parlors and resting rooms, and the offices of the 
executive commissioner. An especially attractive feature about the 
pavilion were the large stair landing and the five big windows, two 
transparencies being set in each and representing typical scenes from 
the Territory. 

The Indian Territory was also represented in three of the exhibit 
palaces of the exposition, maintaining booths in the Palace of Mines 
and Metallurgy, the Palace of Horticulture, and the Palace of Agri- 
culture. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 271 

The coal fields of the Indian Territory, especially in the Choctaw 
Nation, have for years been operated successfully, and within the 
past two years the development of the coal industry has been 
immense. Petroleum is also found in many parts of the Indian 
Territory. This industry, though new, is developing into gigantic 
proportions. Hundreds of wells are going down in both the Bar- 
tlesville and Muskogee fields, and the majority of those already 
opened are good producers. The crude oil in the Bartlesville field 
is in grade about the same as the Kansas oil, while the grade of the 
Muskogee field is somewhat better. Railroads, pipe lines, and refin- 
eries are being built for handling this product, which promises to be 
in such abundant supply. In the Indian Territory booth in the 
Mines and Metallurgy Building were shown many samples of Indian 
Territory coals and oils. Beside the four large cubes of the four 
separate grades of bituminous coal found in the Territory, there 
were arranged cases of the finest samples of egg coal, nut coal, and 
pea coal, and pyramids of coal and coke were erected. Samples of 
the oil from 27 flowing wells, together with samples of the oil sands, 
were arranged in glass and formed the background of the booth. 
Cubes of the Chickasha granite and the Cherokee marble and many 
blocks of building stone, filtering rock, colite, etc., were shown in 
this booth. A large relief map, costing more than $2,000, of the 
Choctaw coal fields and many pictures and plates of the top works 
of coal mines, oil wells, and asphaltum works were attractively 
placed in this booth. 

A comprehensive display of the corn and cotton products of the 
Indian Territory was made in the two booths maintained in the 
Palace of Agriculture. The Indian Territory is particularly a cotton 
country. No finer staple is sold on the Liverpool market than that 
which grows in the bottoms along the Arkansas, Verdigris, Canadian, 
Washita, and Red rivers. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and, in fact, all 
grains and products that flourish in such States as Kansas, Iowa, and 
Illinois do equally well in Indian Territory. With practically an 
unvarying temperature and abundant rainfall the " Indian lands " 
will, within a few years, be converted into agricultural domains rich 
and beautiful. 

Though not the largest, one of the very prettiest displays in the 
Palace of Horticulture was that of the Indian Territory. Occupy- 
ing the very center circular space in the building, this booth was kept 
constantly supplied with Indian Territory products of the orchard 
and flower gardens. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, and plums seem 
to grow to perfection in the Indian Territory, and the many thousands 
who saw the fruit display at the exposition can attest the fact that 
wonderful are the products from Indian Territory orchards and 
gardens. 



272 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Kansas. 

The legislature of the State of Kansas in 1901 appropriated the 
sum of $75,000 for the purpose of having the State represented at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently, in March, 1903, a 
second appropriation of $100,000 was made. There were no subscrip- 
tions of any kind for this purpose. 

In 1901 the governor of Kansas appointed the following-named 
gentlemen as commissioners : 

John C. Carpenter, president ; J. C. Morrow, vice-president ; R. T. 
Simons, treasurer; C. H. Luling, secretary; W. P. Waggener, com- 
missioner. 

Kansas made exhibits in the Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, 
and Social Economy buildings and in the Dairy Department. The 
State also made large exhibits in live stock of horses, cattle, swine, 
sheep, and poultry. 

In the Agricultural Palace the corn steer, corn eagles, corn Indian, 
and several other striking features of installation, made exclusively 
of agricultural products,, were greatly admired and favorably com- 
mented upon. In this department a grand prize was given to the 
State. 

Although known principally as an agricultural State, the exhibit 
made by Kansas in the Mines and Metallurg}^ palaces was such as to 
astonish all who saw it. Besides its other large and varied resources 
and fine installation of lead, zinc, coal, salt, gypsum, stone, shale for 
manufacture of brick, cement, etc., Kansas is known as one of the 
greatest oil and gas fields in the United States. 

The floor space assigned to the Kansas educational exhibit in the 
Educational Building was 45 by 30 feet. The walls were 15 feet 
high, thus giving for display purposes a surface of 2,100 square feet 
in addition to the floor space. All the wall space was used to show 
drawing maps, charts, photographs, and work in manual training. 
Thirty cabinet cases were used to exhibit miscellaneous work, mainly 
in drawing, kindergarten, sewing, and in photographic representa- 
tions of various kinds. 

The total cost of the booth was about $1,230, and of the furnish- 
ings about $600. The transportation of the educational exhibits 
cost approximately $100. The total cost of the educational exhibit 
in the Kansas booth was about $6,000. 

In the Kansas school exhibits the work of the common schools was 
made conspicuous. There were on the tables in the booths between 
three and four hundred bound volumes of written work, comprising 
spelling, writing, composition, arithmetic, geography, grammar, 
United States history, map drawing, kindergarten. But while the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 273 

work of the elementary schools was given the most important place 
in the Kansas exhibit, higher education was kept well in the fore- 
ground. The University of Kansas effectively showed its work 
through 50 large framed photographs in which all the buildings 
and many of the class rooms made the work of the institution visible 
to all. 

There was work of some kind from 104 cities and about 400 country 
districts. The exhibits from many of the smaller cities did not ap- 
pear separately on the catalogues, because they were included in 
county displays. 

The Kansas Pavilion in the Agricultural Palace occupied a space 
92 by 62 feet on the main aisle, near the center of the building. On 
each side were pillars 16 feet high decorated with ears of corn and 
corn husks. Upon each of these rested a Grecian vase made of corn 
husks and festooned with rosettes and garlands of corn husks, the 
whole being very attractive. 

Standing at the main entrance, between the two high corn columns, 
were two eagles with wings spread for flight — one made of corn 
husks and kernels of corn, the other made of wheat straw and kernels 
of corn. They were the work of an artist. 

One of the most striking features was the large center pyramid, 
surmounted by a monster steer of the Hereford type, 7 feet in height, 
fashioned of red and white shelled corn. At the top of this pyramid 
the word " Kansas " was worked in corn. 

At the north entrance stood a pyramid of native grasses, upon 
which was a vase made of oat heads, 7 feet high. Directly opposite 
stood a pyramid of tame grasses, upon which rested a vase made of 
the heads of grains and grasses, 7 feet high. 

The Kansas State Agricultural College, at Manhattan, exhibited 
alfalfa, corn, cane, Kaffir corn, oats, buffalo grass, and big blue- 
stemmed grass, showing the plant and root growth. Besides these 
there were 25 varieties of wheat sheaves, 10 varieties of cane 14 feet 
in length, 4 varieties of Kaffir corn, 3 of broom corn 15 feet, stalks of 
corn 16 feet, and millet 6 feet high. 

The State Agricultural College Experiment Station, Hays, Kans., 
had a collection of wheat, rye, barley, speltz, oats, and flax. 

The total cost of the various installations of the agricultural ex- 
hibits of Kansas was $17,750. 

The Kansas exhibit in the Horticultural Department fully and 
completely represented that branch of industry in the State and was 
highly commented upon by the people generally from all sections of 
the country. Kansas was given space covering 2,000 square feet. 
The commission appropriated $9,000 for this exhibit, which covered 
all expenses. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 18 



274 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The fruits, especially apples, placed Kansas high in rank as one of 
the leading apple-growing States of the Union. Kansas also ranked 
close along with the leading States in peaches, plums, grapes, and 
small fruits and was the banner State in the production of cherries. 

The Kansas commission secured an 8-foot square space in the butter 
pavilion, Palace of Agriculture, at a cost of $500 for the season. The 
cost of placing and maintenance was $2,500. 

Kansas did very well in her live-stock exhibit, for which an appro- 
priation of $10,000 was used. More than two hundred entries won 
prizes, aggregating $313,800. 

In the art exhibit, in the Kansas Building, the total number of arti- 
cles entered and shown was 537. The total value of the same was 
$20,247, classified as follows: Sculpture, paintings in oil, paintings 
in water colors, pastels and other drawings, miniatures, etchings, 
etc.,. paintings on china, art needlework, embroideries, etc., tapes- 
tries, etc. 

Kentucky. 

The legislature of 1902 refused to make an appropriation for a 
State exhibit. The organization of the Kentucky Exhibit Associa- 
tion to raise a fund by private subscription followed. For fourteen 
months an active canvass was conducted, resulting in $30,000 and a 
sentiment so unanimous for the State's representation at the fair that 
in January, 1904, the general assembly supplemented this amount 
with $75,000. The Kentucky Exhibit Association had several hun- 
dred members, with a board of 15 directors. Upon the passage of the 
appropriation act, Governor J. C. Beckham, who signed the measure, 
appointed the following commissioners, all to serve without compen- 
sation : 

A. Y. Ford, president; Charles C. Spalding, vice-president; R. E. 
Hughes, secretary; W. H. Cox, W. T. Ellis, Clarence Dallam, W. H. 
Newman, Sam P. Jones, Samuel Grabfelder, M. H. Crump, J. B. 
Bowles, Charles E. Hoge, A. G. Caruth, B. L. D. Guffy, Garrett S. 
Wall, Frank M. Fisher, Mrs. Bertha Miller Smith, hostess. 

Mr. Hughes, as secretary, was in charge of the building, and as 
director of exhibits maintained supervision over Kentucky's entire 
representation in the exhibit palaces. He was Kentucky's member of 
of the Executive Commissioners' Association of the fair. Mr. 
Hughes had a most capable secretary in Mr. Frank Dunn, who was 
connected with the work from the organization of the old Kentucky 
Exhibit Association. Mrs. Bertha Miller Smith, of Richmond, Ky., 
held the position of hostess of the building. 

Besides erecting a State Building, Kentucky collected, installed, 
and maintained 16 different exhibits; a collective display of minerals, 
a separate display of coal, a separate display of clays, in the Mines 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 275 

and Metallurgy Building; a collective display from the schools and 
colleges of the State and two separate displays in the blind section 
in the Palace of Education and Social Economy; two collective dis- 
plays — one exterior, the other interior — of forestry in the department 
devoted to Forestry, Fish, and Game; a collective display of general 
agricultural products in the Palace of Agriculture; and displays of 
paintings and sculptures by Kentucky artists and sculptors, of fancy 
needle and drawn work by women, and of the works of Kentucky 
authors and composers in the Kentucky Building. 

The displays in the exhibit palaces occupied 15,000 square feet of 
space, the tobacco display with 4,000 square feet having the largest 
space assigned any one product. Four thousand square feet were 
devoted to minerals, 1,200 to education, 3,000 to a general agricul- 
tural exhibit, 1,200 to forestry and its manufactured products, and 
1,200 to horticulture. 

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy the general display com- 
bined both State and individual effort. Its 3,400 square feet of 
space faced on three of the main aisles of the building. Facing on 
three aisles the exhibit had three entrances, an arch of cannel coal, 
an arch of white limestone, and an arch of terra cotta burned in 
St. Louis from clay taken from Waco, Madison County. The arches 
were connected by a 3-foot wall of minerals, forming an inclosure 
for the exhibit. In this wall were shown, as approaches to the clay- 
entrance arch, building brick, tiles, paving brick, fire brick, plain and 
decorated pottery, etc. ; as approaches to the cannel-coal arch, both 
bituminous and cannel coal, and as approaches to the stone arch, 
building stones and cement building blocks. 

Oil and its future development was found in a collective petroleum 
exhibit from the several oil horizons. Large blocks of coal, repre- 
senting the different veins of Kentucky, several full lines of broken 
coals, and a very complete display of coke were also displayed. A 
very elaborate display of kaolin — plastic, vitrifying, and refractory 
clays — was made. 

In all, there were 114 different specimens of clay attractively dis- 
played in glass cases and in convenient corners; also plain and dec- 
orated pottery, white and cream-colored wares, terra cotta, earthen- 
ware, building brick, firebacks, coke-oven sundries, paving brick, 
fire brick, tiles, etc. The Kentucky display contained also zinc ore 
and sphalerite, lead ore and barite, lead and zinc ore, and fluarite 
from the mines in Chittenden County; zinc and lead ores and me- 
tallic zinc from " the Joplin district of Kentucky ; " sphalerite and 
galena from Marion, galena (in barite) from Lockport, Henry 
County, and large lumps and ground fluorspar and lead concentrates 
from Marion, Crittenden County. There were 138 samples of iron 
ore shown as a collective State exhibit, and in addition to this there 



276 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

was ore from Edmonson County, ore from Nelson County, ore from 
Allen County, ore from Carter County, and ore from Hart County. 
One of the unique displays was a sample bottle of oil from the old 
American oil well in Cumberland County. This well, begun Septem- 
ber 10, 1827, was the first oil well in America. Collective State ex- 
hibits of oynx marble, paint earths, polished earths, sands, silicious 
earths, road materials, fluorspars, barite calcite, cement materials, 
salt, lithograph stone, lime, potash, marl, asphalt rock, etc., were 
also to be found in Kentucky's general mineral exhibit. 

The State made a fine display in forestry, fish, and game. The 
collection embraced displays from all parts of Kentucky. The for- 
estry exhibit not only showed Kentucky's timbers in the rough and 
polished state, but hundreds of samples of the manufactured prod- 
ucts. One of the exhibits was a full-sized log wagon, carrying three 
large logs 10 feet long, one each of oak, poplar, and hickory. The 
idea of showing the timber from which the product was made was 
carried out as far as possible throughout the exhibit. 

Kentucky's educational exhibit occupied 1,100 square feet, every 
foot of which was utilized to advantage. The public schools, Cath- 
olic institutions, commercial branches, and colleges were given due 
prominence, while special attention was given to mountain school 
labors. One part was devoted to public schools and another to Cath- 
olic institutions. The school work of the totally blind pupils occu- 
pied six display cabinets. These cases showed the entire course, from 
8 years to 18. The display from the Kentucky School for the Deaf 
at Danville, illustrating the work done in its manual-training depart- 
ment, was shown also. This school was the pioneer in the manual- 
training movement in Kentucky, and for over half a century every 
graduate has left its halls equipped with a knowledge of some useful 
handicraft. More than a year was consumed in the collection of Ken- 
tucky's educational exhibit. 

Kentucky made a good showing agriculturally, and had a cred- 
itable and attractive representation in the Palace of Agriculture. 
Raising more than 90 per cent of the hemp of the United States, 
Kentucky made one of the really distinctive exhibits of the Agricul- 
tural Building at the exposition. The exhibit occupied more than 
2,000 square feet. An experiment station showed 50 varieties of 
grasses and 15 varieties of wheat, both in the seed and in the sheaf. 
Another interesting feature was an entire case of insects injurious to 
fruit trees and staple products. An interesting feature was an obe- 
lisk, 12 feet high, made of blue grass from the experiment station. 
The apex was of ripened blue grass; the shades leading up to it 
formed the base, beginning with the grass in its green state. The 
bluish tint that gives the grass its name could be seen. Various 
stages of hemp culture and harvest were shown also. These included 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 277 

the seed, the stalk intact, broken and dressed hemp. Practically 100 
different places were represented in this Kentucky exhibit. There 
were in all 242 exhibitors. Fifty-two of these showed tobacco, 108 
corn, 18 wheat, 6 oats, 8 seeds, 5 hemp, and the others miscellaneous. 

The display of tobacco was conceded to be most instructive. Occu- 
pying an entire block — 1,628 square feet of space — it covered more 
floor area than any other display in the 1,240 acres of the exposition 
devoted to a single product. There was shown in miniature or by 
pictures tobacco in every phase of its culture and manufacture. A 
box of plug tobacco 3 feet square, the largest ever made, was shown 
here. To show to good advantage the successive steps in the culture, 
harvesting, curing, and marketing of the tobacco, two platforms, each 
31 feet long by 8 feet wide, were utilized. They were on opposite 
aisles of the space, running parallel with the 89-foot sides. On one 
platform were shown the plant beds and fields, on the other the cur- 
ing barns and warehouses. 

The State Pavilion was dedicated as the " New Kentucky Home.'' 
By a careful study of the visitors' register with the total attendance 
at the exposition it was found that 1 out of every 18 visitors to the fair 
visited the " New Kentucky Home." The registers showed for one 
day alone citizens from 35 States and 11 foreign countries. Its walls, 
hung with more than $20,000 worth of the paintings of Kentucky 
artists, the most important collection in the State Building; a score 
of glass cases holding one of the exhibits of fancy needlework and a 
display of relics, with a library of the works of Kentucky authors 
and an art-design piano with Kentucky-written music, the " New 
Kentucky Home " was most interesting. With four sides, and every 
side a front, its doors were always wide open and no restriction was 
placed upon visitors. Its 582 lights at night spoke an invitation to all. 

Louisiana. 

Members of commission. — Governor Newton C. Blanchard, presi- 
dent; Dr. W. C. Stubbs, State commissioner; Maj. J. G. Lee, secre- 
tary; Gen. J. B. Levert; Col. Charles Schuler; H. L. Gueydan; 
Robert Glenk, assistant to State commissioner; Charles K. Fuqua, 
assistant secretary. 

The legislature of the State of Louisiana in 1902 passed an act 
providing that a board of commissioners, to be known as " The Board 
of Commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition," be created, 
consisting of the governor, who should be ex officio president thereof, 
and four other members to be appointed by the governor. The sum 
of $100,000 was appropriated by the same act for Louisiana's par- 
ticipation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

In the city of New Orleans is an old Spanish building, erected in 
1795, used during the Spanish reign as a cabildo or court building. 



278 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In this building the actual transfer of the Louisiana purchase from 
Spain to France and from France to the United States occurred, the 
first on November 30 and the last on December 20, 1803. 

The commission wisely determined to reproduce this building as 
it was at that date on the exposition grounds at St. Louis and to use 
the same as a State building. It was determined also to furnish it 
with furniture and pictures of that date. On account of the promi- 
nence of the State of Louisiana in the original purchase, she was 
accorded first choice in the selection of a site for her State building. 
A beautiful spot overlooking Government Hill and directly south of 
Missouri's handsome State Palace was selected. The building was 
completed in October, 1903, at a cost of $25,000. On account of its 
historic interest and rich antique furnishings, the State building 
attracted much attention, and the visitors that passed through its 
portals numbered perhaps nearly a million. 

In front of the building was reproduced the " Place d'Armes " of 
the French and Spanish regimes, now Jackson square, in the center 
of which was erected an equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, 
modeled upon the one erected to the hero of Chalmette in the square 
in New Orleans by the grateful citizens of Louisiana. 

In the room known as Sala Capitular, in which the transfer 
occurred, was exposed throughout the exposition a facsimile of the 
treaty signed by Livingstone, Monroe, and Marbois. In the jails in 
the rear of the Cabildo were placed the original stocks used by the 
Spanish in punishment of their criminals. 

Besides the Cabildo, which was a veritable museum of curios and 
interesting relics, Louisiana had 15 exhibits in 10 buildings. 

In the Agricultural Palace she had 8,500 feet of space, of which 
2,000 was devoted to sugar, 2,000 to rice, 2,000 to cotton, and 2,500 to 
general agriculture. 

In the sugar exhibit was a field of cane made of wax, with negroes 
cutting the same, and from this field there was a train of cars carry- 
ing cane to the sugarhouse. On reaching the sugarhouse the cane 
was unloaded by machinery and crushed by a complete sugar mill with 
crusher. Surrounding the sugarhouse were 500 small barrels of 
sugar and 100 barrels of molasses ; also in the same space were com- 
mercial samples of plantation and refined sugars and a life-sized 
model of " Miss Louisiana " made of sugar. Samples of 100 varieties 
of cane were shown and samples of sugarhouse products were also 
displayed. There were also to be seen beautiful samples of paper of 
all grades made from the cane. 

In the rice exhibit were to be found, first, large shocks of each 
variety of rice in the sheaf. A field of growing rice, made of wax, 
with a harvesting machine cutting and binding the same, was in evi- 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 279 

dence. All stages of growing rice were represented, from the sprout- 
ing seed to the fully matured grain. Samples of commercial rice 
were tastefully exhibited. 

In the cotton exhibit were to be found 15 commercial bales of cot- 
ton specially prepared for the exhibit by patriotic citizens of Loui- 
siana. Over these bales was a platform, upon which was erected a 
" Carnival King " in cotton. A roller and saw gin, a square and 
round bale cotton press, and a complete cotton-seed oil mill made up 
the display of machinery in the cotton exhibit. Nearly 100 varieties 
were shown in small, neat bales, weighing 3 or 4 pounds each. 

In the agricultural exhibit every crop growing in the field and the 
garden was exhibited. iLay from the grasses and legumes, all kinds 
of grain, both clean and in the straw ; all kinds of fiber plants, in the 
stock and in the fiber; all kinds of tobacco, yellow-leaf cigar leaf, 
cigars, and the famous Perique were to be found. Vegetables of all 
kinds, both fresh and in wax, were handsomely displayed. 

In the Palace of Horticulture two exhibits were made. Pecans, 
oranges, grapefruit, peaches, plums, pears, pomegranates, Japan per- 
simmons, and many other subtropical fruits were shown. 

In the conservatory were two carloads of plants brought from New 
Orleans. In it were 28 varieties of palms and many varieties of 
oranges, pecans, figs, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, etc. 

In the Forestry Building there were two exhibits from Louisiana. 
In the first were to be found timbers of valuable forests and their 
products. In the same building were found the birds, fishes, and ani- 
mals of Louisiana. 

In the Educational Building there were also two exhibits from 
Louisiana. One was the regular State exhibit, illustrating the work 
done in the schools, colleges, and universities. 

In the same building and in the exhibit from the experimental 
stations a complete sugar laboratory made by the sugar experimental 
station at Audubon Park, New Orleans, was shown. 

In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were exhibits of sulphur 
and salt, crude and refined petroleum, marble, and iron ore, all fresh 
from the mines of Louisiana. 

In the Liberal Arts Building were topographical maps showing 
the levees of Louisiana, and showing also the city of New Orleans 
in 1803 and New Orleans in 1903. There were also in this exhibit 
200 maps of the Gulf coast from 1500 up to the present time, some 
rare old books, a section of the palisades that surrounded New 
Orleans in the year 1794, and copies of all the books of the authors of 
the State. 

In the Transportation Building was represented transportation 
on the Mississippi River, past and present, beginning with the Indian 
canoe and on through the evolution of transportation up to the 
monster ocean liner of to-day. 



280 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In the Anthropology Building was a very fine collection of Indian 
relics, including a number of baskets of rare and beautiful type. 

Maine. 

The State of Maine erected one of the most noteworthy buildings 
of the ground and one that attracted universal attention. The 
building represented accurately the popular conception of what a 
sportsman's clubhouse should be. The building was made entirely 
of Maine lumber and was in the form of a log cabin, exaggerated in 
size and equipped with all the comforts of a country clubhouse. In 
this connection it is interesting to note that the Maine Pavilion was 
subsequently sold for $2,000 for the purpose of a sportsman's club- 
house in the country. The spacious, cool verandas and the odor from 
the fresh pine logs made the log house of Maine a favorite rendezvous 
during the heated days of the summer. The building was furnished 
throughout with furnishings from the manufacturers of Maine. The 
walls were decorated with moose heads and specimens of the game 
and fish to be found in Maine. The walls of the building were hung 
with pictures of various scenes in the State. The total cost of the 
building was $22,361.40, and the furnishings cost $159.80. 

The legislature of the State appropriated $40,000 for the purpose 
of erecting the building and making the display. There was no 
money given by individuals. The total cost of the exhibit was 
$1,893.19. 

The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows : 

Louis B. Goodall, Sanford, chairman; Lemuel Lane, Westbrook; 
Frank H. Briggs, Auburn ; Charles C. Burrill, Ellsworth ; Henry W. 
Sargent, Sargentville. Edward E. Philbrook was elected secretary. 

The purpose of the commission was primarily to advertise the 
resources of the State of Maine as a vacation and sporting State. 
The only exhibit made by the State, beyond that described above, was 
a small display of potatoes and apples. 

Maryland. 

In the legislature of the State of Maryland in 1902 an item of 
$25,000 was provided in the general appropriation bill " for the use 
of the commissioners to the St. Louis Fair, hereby authorized to be 
appointed by the governor." The amount of this appropriation was 
less than the friends of the measure desired, but it enabled the work 
to be inaugurated. Governor Smith appointed the following com- 
missioners : 

Gen. L. Victor Baughman, chairman; Francis E. Waters, vice- 
chairman; Frederick P. Stieff, treasurer; Frank N. Hoen, William 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 281 

A. Marburg, William H. Grafflin, Wesley M. Oler, Thomas H. Robin- 
son, Jacob M. Pearce, Orlando Harrison, Mrs. Frances E. Lord, Mrs. 
Parks Fisher, F. P. Cator, H. J. McGrath; Samuel K. Dennis, 
secretary. 

A further appropriation of $40,000 was made, giving the commis- 
sion a total of $65,000. Through the systematic, scientific work of 
the Maryland geological survey the commission had at hand the 
basis of an excellent exhibit for the Palace of Mines. After vicissi- 
tudes of various kinds, chiefly those occasioned by the great fire in 
Baltimore, the Maryland Building was finished and opened on June 
8. The total cost of the building was $18,402.70. It was of a modern 
classic design, very boldly treated. In plan it was a parallelogram 
100 feet long by 40 feet wide, with a recess on the front 10 by 55 
feet, forming a loggia, which was richly decorated in color (the only 
such external color scheme on the grounds) , supported by six columns 
of the composite order 25 feet high, carrying a cornice and balustrade 
above. The Maryland State arms were the central feature over the 
main entrance. At either end there were large semicircular porches, 
supported on Ionic columns, which made the total length of the 
building over all 140 feet. The site was an ideal one, close to the 
New York and other State buildings and on the direct route from 
the Inside Inn to the center of the grounds. The building was sur- 
rounded by a beautiful oak grove, and was on gently rising ground. 
Inside the classic feeling was maintained. On entering through the 
loggia one found an imposing hall 55 feet long b}^ 25 feet high. The 
color scheme of this room was golden brown, with a lighter shade of 
the same for the vaulted ceiling. Portraits of great value, taken from 
the statehouse at Annapolis, as well as one of his eminence Cardinal 
Gibbons, lent an air of dignity. Other rooms on the ground floor 
were: On the left a picture room, where a large number of framed 
photographs of Maryland scenery, buildings, and objects of interest 
were hung, and back of this a lunch room and pantry, for use on 
reception days. At the other end of the building there was a draw- 
ing room, with a room at the back which was used as a men's smoking 
room, with toilet attached. A stairway led from this part of the 
building to the ladies' boudoir, which also had toilet attached, and to 
a ladies' drawing-room. 

The second story, at the other end of the building, had a good 
room fitted up for the gentleman in charge of the building. Mr. 
Albert Jones, of Baltimore, and Mrs. Parks Fisher, of Baltimore, dis- 
pensed hospitality in true Maryland style, and made many friends 
for the State among the many visitors who came daily to the building. 
Upon Mrs. Fisher devolved much of the responsibility of making the 
building popular, and she was careful to have a few representative 



282 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

ladies of old Maryland families established in St. Louis to assist 
her in entertaining those who came. To Mrs. Fisher is due much of 
the credit for the taste and judgment used in furnishing the building. 

The exhibit of Maryland's mineral resources in the Mines and 
Metallurgy Building covered an area of nearly 3,000 square feet 
of floor space, together with about 4,000 square feet of wall and win- 
dow space. The mineral products were as follows : 

Coals, building and decorative stones, ores, clays and clay prod- 
ucts (including pottery, tile, terra cotta, fancy and common brick, fire 
brick, enameled brick, retorts and stove linings), limestones, sands, 
cement rocks, flints, feldspars, marls, tripoli, barites, soapstones, etc. 
All of the leading operators and manufacturers in the State took part 
in the display, some of them supplying large collections of materials. 

In addition to the exhibit of mineral products there was an ex- 
tensive systematic collection representing the geology, mineralogy, 
and paleontology of the State, displayed in a series of plate-glass 
cases on the walls. In this exhibit the numerous materials found at 
the various geological horizons were displayed, the object of the ex- 
hibit being to show the great variety of geological formations repre- 
sented in Maryland. 

The Maryland agricultural exhibit occupied a space 90 by 20 feet. 
A feature intended to illustrate the varied conditions, crops, and 
methods found in the northern and southern sections of the State, 
quite foreign to each other, were the two barn scenes, located at each 
end and on the wall side of the block. The corn exhibit, consisting of 
samples of ten ears each, was displayed in a handsome case 4 by 12 
feet, protected by plate glass. Each sample was tied with orange 
and black ribbon, with the names and addresses of the growers at- 
tached. A second corn exhibit was made in a special exhibit in the 
middle aisle of this mammoth building. Here were displayed the 
four staples — tobacco, sugar, cotton, and corn. 

The tobacco exhibit was displayed in a case of like construction 
and proportions to that occupied by the corn, and located at the 
opposite end and in front of the " Southern Maryland Barn." It 
made an attractive showing of the planters' tobacco from both south- 
ern Maryland and Frederick County. A special tobacco exhibit was 
also made in the middle aisle on a space 20 feet square. In the center 
stood a giant Indian on a pedestal over 7 feet high, with a long- 
stemmed pipe in his mouth and a horn of plenty on his left arm, from 
which the manufactured products of the weed fell to the ground. 
The whole was apparently built of tobacco. 

The canned-goods industry was in evidence in this section to the 
right and left of the " Springhouse." Placed against the wall, which 
was covered with black cloth, were three pyramids of cans of peas, 
corn, and tomatoes. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 283 

Massachusetts. 

That Massachusetts might be creditably represented at the St. Louis 
Exposition the Commonwealth appropriated $100,000. 

Governor Bates appointed as the board of managers having the ap- 
propriation in charge Dr. George Harris, of Amherst; Mrs. Sears 
and Mrs. May Alden Ward, of Boston; Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, of 
Brookline, and Hon. Wilson W. Fairbank, of Warren. Doctor Har- 
ris was elected president of the board ; Mrs. Sears, vice-president, and 
Mrs. Ward, recording secretary. To Mr. Harris was assigned the 
department of education; to Mrs. Sears, art; to Mrs. Ward, history, 
and to Messrs. Fitzpatrick and Fairbank, finance. Mrs. Sears, Mrs. 
Ward, and Mr. Fairbank were chosen to serve as the building com- 
mittee. The board appointed James M. Perkins, of Boston, secretary 
and George E. Gay, of Maiden, educational director. 

The State Building at St. Louis was designed by C. Howard Watt- 
ser, of Boston, and the cost, including the furnishings and the grading 
of the grounds, was about $32,000. The building was of colonial 
style, embodying as many features as possible of the Bulfinch front 
of the Massachusetts statehouse. The reception hall on the first floor 
resembled in part the old senate chamber in the statehouse, and the 
room above, the historical hall, was like the present senate chamber. 
Most of the furniture in the building was secured from the state- 
house by Senator Fairbank, to whom a large part of Massachusetts^ 
success at the fair was due. 

In the historical room of the building was a very fine collection of 
historical relics. Mrs. Ward, who was assisted by Miss Helen A. 
Whittier, of Lowell, had charge of this exhibit. There were no other 
exhibits in the State Building, but Massachusetts was well represented 
in the different exhibit palaces, and in the Educational Building had 
an exhibit that cost $30,000. 

Michigan. 

The governor of the State of Michigan appointed the following- 
named persons as commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition : 

Governor Aaron T. Bliss, ex officio member; Frederick B. Smith, 
president; Austin Farrell, vice-president; Eoy S. Barnhart, treasurer; 
Hal H. Smith, secretary; William A. Hurst, assistant secretary; 
D. Aaron R. Ingram, Charles P. Downey. 

The act which authorized the governor to appoint the commission 
authorized also the expenditure of $50,000 for the purpose of Michi- 
gan's representation at the exposition. 

The Michigan State Building was situated at the corner of Federal 
avenue and Government terrace. The building occupied 80 by 130 



284 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

feet, and was of colonial renaissance architecture. It rose to the 
height of two stories and was surrounded by wide porches and ter- 
races. Immediately in front and center four fluted stately columns 
supported the porch around the entire building. French windows 
were used on both floors, and their effect was emphasized and en- 
hanced by the use of arches on the lower porch. The whole was 
painted white and colonial cream. 

The interior of the building was divided into a large reception hall, 
which was flanked on either side by double parlors. The decorations 
were of green and yellow in quiet tints. From the center of the main 
assembly hall an imposing staircase was raised to a landing and then 
to the second floor. The second floor was arranged in a large assem- 
bly room, which was decorated with scenes in green and filled with 
light wicker furniture. At the one side was a writing room, finished 
in weathered or mission furniture, and decorated with scenes of the 
resort sections of Michigan ; on the other side were the private apart- 
ments of the commissioners. 

The hangings of the rooms were in quiet tones, harmonizing with 
the wall tints. The floors were of hard maple throughout, and were 
covered with attractive and beautiful rugs. The building was erected 
at a cost of $14,000. The furniture and fittings cost approximately 
$5,000. 

The agricultural exhibit comprised an extensive collection of sam- 
ples of different varieties of pease and beans; a large exhibit of 
seeds; an exhibit of grains in stalk, tastefully arranged; an exhibit 
of grains and corn ; also a cabinet of pickled goods ; a large exhibit of 
salt; condensed-milk products; a complete exhibit in season of vege- 
tables from different counties of Michigan. The sugar-beet industry 
was represented by samples of beets and of sugar in its various proc- 
esses. The maple-sirup industry of Michigan and the pepper indus- 
try were likewise represented by cabinets containing samples of the 
products. This exhibit was installed, complete, on a space 40 by 40 
feet. 

The horticultural exhibit comprised a space covering 2,500 square 
feet of tables. For its first installation there were used 100 bushels 
of apples grown in 1903, which had been kept in cold storage for this 
purpose. It comprised a collection of over 100 varieties of Michigan 
fruit. With the coming of 1904 fruit, a complete exhibit of fresh 
apples was installed from time to time, comprising over 150 varieties 
of apples, requiring as many as 1,500 plates at one time, with many 
varieties of grapes, peaches, plums, pears, quinces, and cherries. A 
large exhibit was also made of small fruit, raspberries, strawberries, 
currants, and huckleberries. The exhibits were made by individuals, 
by counties, and by local fair associations of the State. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 285 

The forestry exhibit was collected through the generosity and con- 
tributions of a committee. It was a complete exhibit of Michigan 
lumber, showing the rough log and the finished board, both in lumber 
and in transverse sections. There were also displayed samples of the 
different products which are manufactured from the log, such as shoe- 
last blocks, wooden utensils, paper, paper pulp, etc., and there was 
also an extensive collection of photographs of forestry scenes and lum- 
ber camps, together with a complete collection of blueprints for the 
construction of lumber mills. It was installed in a space 50 by 20 
feet, and was surrounded by natural cedar railings. 

The mines and metallurgy exhibit comprised exhibits of the iron, 
copper, and salt products, cement, manufactures of lime and sand, 
brick, and an extensive collection of specimens of various minerals 
found in Michigan. The copper mines were represented by samples 
of rock, minerals, and tailings, models of shaft houses, and manufac- 
tured copper. The iron industry was represented by upward of 100 
samples of ore of various ranges. These were classified and shown in 
the various ranges and stages of their production from the rock to the 
finished product. The cement industry was well represented. Coal 
of the Saginaw Valley was installed in a 6-foot wall in the booth. An 
extensive and very valuable collection of over 1,500 specimens were 
shown in cases. Three large geographical maps showed the location 
of the different ranges, and photographs of mining scenes supple- 
mented the exhibit. 

In the educational exhibit the University of Michigan was repre- 
sented by a main exhibit in the Education Building and by a small 
exhibit of the physical-culture work of women in the Physical Science 
Building. In the Educational Building a space 22 J by 30 feet was 
assigned to the university, having frontage on two aisles. On this 
space a booth was erected, built of cypress and stained to resemble 
weathered oak. Within the booth the floor was stained a dark color, 
and upon it were spread carefully selected oriental rugs of strong 
coloring. The furniture was of the " arts and crafts " style. It may 
be said that the chief motive of the committee having charge of the 
exhibit was to provide a rest room or social headquarters for the 
alumni and students of the university and their friends. 

There were placed upon exhibition several hundred volumes con- 
taining the chief publications of members of the various faculties, 
also reprints of scientific articles, these and a series of books showing 
the work of the university bindery. 

The engineering department was represented by numerous rolls 
of large-scale blueprints, by an album of photographs specially pre- 
pared, and by a large and attractive sample board of student shop- 
work. To illustrate the equipment in marine engineering there were 



286 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

presented two models of vessels and a model of the large marine 
tank which is now in process of completion. 

In the Educational Building could also be found cabinets showing 
the method of collecting vital statistics of the department of the 
State of Michigan and cabinets exhibiting the work of the School 
for the Feeble-Minded, of Kalamazoo, and a cabinet of the School 
for the Deaf and Dumb, of Flint. 

A Michigan furniture company, interested in the exposition 
through the efforts of the commission, expended over $25,000 in 
the installation of a magnificent exhibit of furniture in the Depart- 
ment of Varied Industries, making the most complete collection of 
furniture shown by any American firm. 

Minnesota. 

The matter of the participation of Minnesota at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition was brought to the attention of the State legisla- 
ture at a special session in 1902, and it responded with an appropria- 
tion of $50,000. This bill was chapter 87, and was approved March 
11, 1902. In January, 1903, Governor Samuel R. Van Sant appointed 
as the board of three managers authorized by the law Mr. Conde 
Hamlin, of St. Paul, Mr. Theo. L. Hays, of Minneapolis, and Mr. 
J. M. Underwood, of Lake City. 

At the time of the appropriation it was expected that the exposi- 
tion would be held in 1903. It, however, grew in magnitude and 
scope far beyond the original designs of its projectors. The board 
organized by the election of Mr. Hamlin as president, Mr. Under- 
wood as vice-president, and Mr. Hays as secretary. Charles S. 
Mitchell, of Alexandria, was elected superintendent and executive 
officer, to have immediate charge of exhibits and to carry out the 
plans of the board. 

A site for Minnesota's building was selected, and space was 
reserved in the great exhibit palaces of Mines and Metallurgy, 
Education, Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry, Game, and Fish. 

Subsequently, on April 1, 1903, a further appropriation of $100,000 
was voted by the Minnesota legislature. 

The style of the Minnesota State Building resembled the Ityzan- 
tine. It was designed for a southern climate. The entire lower 
floor could be thrown open by means of large glass doors opening 
upon corridors and a wide promenade, which was protected by 
awnings. A low wall surmounted this promenade, broken at inter- 
vals by abutments, on which were placed large vases of flowering 
plants. This added color, and with the beds of cannas, which 
extended along the base of this wall, and large beds of brilliant 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 287 

scarlet geraniums on the lawn, made a handsome setting for the build- 
ing. These plants were Minnesota grown. The cannas grew to 
huge proportions, and at the height of the season there were few 
landscapes on the Plateau of States more effective than that of 
Minnesota. 

The building was ample for its uses. There was a reception room 
30 by 50 feet in size, with reading tables, the files of the State papers, 
a post-office, check room, and superintendent's office. A men's room 
and a women's room, each 20 by 20 feet, opened from the reception 
room. Two pianos were free for the use of guests, and were a much- 
appreciated feature. Every possible convenience was afforded to 
visitors. That the general public, as well as visitors from Minnesota, 
appreciated the building was shown by the hundreds who visited it 
daily and the many who came day after day to write letters, read the 
papers, or merely to rest and enjoy its coolness. The location gave it 
added prominence, as it was near the southeast entrance, one of the 
most convenient for visitors, close to the Inside Inn, and with the Mas- 
sachusetts, New York, Iowa, and Kansas buildings as neighbors. 

The financial statement shows that the construction of the building, 
with furnishing, landscaping, maintenance, care, and salaries of em- 
ployees, cost a total of less than $29,000. 

In the agricultural display, while wheat was not neglected, especial 
stress was laid on Minnesota's grasses, both tame and wild, and its 
general forage crops. It was conceded by experts that no State made 
a better display in that line of products. Corn was also made promi- 
nent. Two elaborate butter models were shown, one in this depart- 
ment and one in the exposition refrigerator. 

The State was fortunate in the location secured. It was on one of 
the large central aisles and adjoining the great glass butter refrig- 
erator, where were shown all the competing fancy butter exhibits 
from the various States. On the same aisle or near by were the most 
splendid exhibits in this building, those of States that expended from 
$30,000 to $100,000 in that department alone, the latter figure being 
the expenditure of Missouri. That Minnesota was able with $10,000 
to make a showing that found credit and favor in comparison with 
these other much more elaborate and costly displays was surely com- 
mendable. 

The central feature of the booth was a splendid piece of statuary 
in butter. On a platform was placed an eight- faced glass refrig- 
erator ; it was 8 by 10 feet on the floor and 15 feet high. The statue 
in butter filled this. The square pedestal had at the four corners 
figures representing Agriculture, Education, Mining, and Dairying. 
On the front face was the seal of Minnesota, and on the two side 
faces medallions of Alexander Ramsey and Samuel R. Van Sant. 
The crowning figure was that of a mother giving to her little boy, 



288 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

who stood at her side, a piece of bread and butter. Nearly a ton of 
the best creamery butter made in Minnesota was used in this model. 

The butter refrigerator in the Agricultural Building was of triple- 
plate glass, and was 90 feet long. Minnesota's space was 8 by 16 
feet. The subject chosen for its model was historical — a representa- 
tion of Father Hennepin discovering St. Anthonys Falls. The 
father, in his priestly garb, was shown in the act of stepping from an 
Indian canoe to the shore. An Indian was holding the canoe to the 
bank by grasping a small bush, while the boat was steadied by a 
French voyageur with his paddle. The three types — the aborigine, 
the priest, and the French voyageur — were accurately reproduced 
in costume, expression, and features, and were practically life-size. 
The swift-flowing river, with a suggestion of the falls, completed 
the picture, in which nearly 1,500 pounds of butter were used. 

In a space just east of the butter refrigerator was the exposition 
refrigerator for displays of cheese. In this the board took a space 
8 by 8 feet. 

The horticulture exhibit was placed in the hands of experts from 
the State Horticultural Society. Here were shown large and small 
fruits, preserved in many handsome jars. Apples which had been 
preserved in cold storage from the crop of 1903 kept that feature of 
the exhibit replenished, while the smaller fruits were shown as the} 7 
matured, being shipped from the growers in the State almost daily. 

In September, when the new apples became available, a second and 
larger space was secured. Here was made a display which was one 
of the greatest attractions in the building. It represented a Dutch 
windmill and tower, done entirely in apples. 

During the final months of the exposition, when the live stock dis- 
plays were made, the board arranged with the State live stock asso- 
ciation for an exhibit of cattle, horses, and swine. The board appro- 
priated $4,000 to this department and paid it into the hands of repre- 
sentatives of the association to be distributed to the exhibitors from 
the State in proportion to the prizes awarded to them by the exposi- 
tion. This plan was very successful and resulted in a creditable 
exhibit of the State's prize live stock. At this time also a very suc- 
cessful display of poultry was made, and a great many prizes were 
won. 

In the Department of Education it wae determined that Minnesota 
should retain its rank among the States and, if possible, should win 
new glory. It was therefore made a leading department. The ex- 
hibit was especially strong in rural school and primary and elemen- 
tary education, and much more attention than ever before was given 
to the secondary schools of the State at large. The State department 
of education was consulted, and the State Teachers' Association, at 
the request of the board, named a committee to advise with the board. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 289 

This was the first exposition to devote a separate building and one 
of the main group of exhibit palaces to education. The plan greatly 
dignified the department. Minnesota was most fortunate in the loca- 
tion assigned its display, as this exhibit had the first space at the 
principal entrance and was the first seen on entering the building 
from the main exposition thoroughfare. The space was 30 by 60 feet. 
The booth, the cabinet, the furnishings, and the frames were of Mis- 
sion brown oak. The walls were covered by a deep-blue burlap. The 
mountings of the wall and cabinet exhibits toned with these colors, as 
did the hangings. The design, as a whole, was exceedingly simple, 
but in the style, in harmony of tone, and general artistic merit it was 
given first rank among all the exhibits in the building. Its promi- 
nent position demanded this excellence, for it commanded the most 
critical dicta of the visitors. 

In the arangement of material, repetition and duplication were 
avoided. All the written work and much of the drawing, designing, 
and drafting was mounted in cabinets or bound in books. The ar- 
rangement showed the State system as a unit, and every article in the 
booth was the work of the schools, including the furniture, pottery, 
bric-a-brac, and hangings. It was especially strong in manual train- 
ing. In dividing the space the manual-training exhibits were united 
as far as possible. The first alcove of cabinet exhibits was devoted 
to the rural schools, the second to the semigraded schools. The third 
and fourth sets of cabinets contained the work of the secondary high 
schools and the grades in their respective towns. The fifth set was 
given to the normal schools, while the last two alcoves were devoted 
to the schools of St. Paul and Minneapolis, the wall space being also 
apportioned to them. One cabinet was filled with photographs of the 
university, the curricula, statistics, etc. On the rear wall was a frieze 
of excellent photographs of the university buildings, and around the 
outside of the entire booth was a painted frieze, 5 feet deep, giving a 
panoramic view of the campus and buildings, both of the academic 
and of the agricultural department. 

A cabinet was also devoted to statistics, which included the State 
system of aid to rural, semigraded, graded, and high schools. This 
cabinet also gave figures showing the State permanent school funds, 
the special tax, and school apportionment based on attendance ; school 
attendance, value of school property, system of examination of 
teachers, and State examination for pupils, etc. There were also very 
complete sets of State examination papers. 

In the State Building the large reception room and the women's 
and men's rooms were furnished by the pupils of the manual train- 
ing classes of the Minneapolis high schools, and of the Mechanic Arts 
High School of St. Paul. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 19 



290 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

While the exhibits of mining and building materials were kept 
separate financially, they were practically combined in one exhibit 
in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. No scientific display was 
attempted, and the plan of installation was severely simple. 

Minnesota has but one mineral in such abundance as to be a great 
financial asset, but in that one — iron — it produces over half the out- 
put of the Lake Superior region, which alone of the United States 
iron fields produces any considerable quantity of ore of a quality 
required for manufacturing Bessemer steel. The analysis of the ores 
and names of the mines were given on the samples, which were shown 
in nearly 100 large glass jars. A chart of the Mesaba range; a 
large map of the State, showing the location of the mineral lands ; two 
groups of photographic views of working mines and mining methods, 
in frames 3 by 10 feet in size, with statistical charts. These consti- 
tuted the wall display. On the floor was a model, 11 feet square, of 
the Fayal, the greatest producing mine in the world. This showed 
all the mining processes and every detail of shaft house, ore dumps, 
cars, tracks, steam shovels, telegraph lines, etc., in and about the 
mines. 

The stone exhibit was also a practical one. It showed the more 
marketable varieties as they appear in actual use. There were five 
large wall pieces of granite, one of Winona stone, one of pipestone, 
and one of Frontenac stone. Inclosing two sides of the floor space, 
which was 36 by 54 feet, was a low wall of stone, with two entrances. 
The shorter wall was of polished granite from the St. Cloud quarries, 
showing all the more distinct varieties — gray, mottled, black, red, and 
brown. The wall on the longer side, beginning with a corner post 
and extending to the entrances, was of polished red granite, with a 
panel of Minnesota marble. On either side of the side entrance 
were high posts of Kettle River sandstone, handsomely carved, and 
the rest of the wall was of this stone combined in part with the Twin 
City brick. 

An elaborate game and fish display was determined upon in the 
Game and Fisheries Building. Every inducement was held out by 
the company, and an especial effort was made for this exhibit. It 
pledged, among other things, that pure refrigerated water would be 
furnished for the fish. The board consulted in this department the 
State game and fish chief, Mr. Samuel Fullerton, who extended all 
the assistance possible. Eighty-four feet of aquaria were put in, 
and it is indisputable that they were the best built, most practical, 
and best arranged in the building. At the close of the fair the 
Pacific Coast Association offered $1,000 in cash for them where they 
were, or nearly one-third of their cost, They were planned to show 
not only the State's trout and small fish, but the large game fish that 
are found there. As it was, splendid specimens were shipped to St. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 291 

Louis in the fish car of the Pennsylvania commission, loaned without 
charge for that purpose. The fish arrived on Minnesota Day under 
the personal care of Mr. Fullerton and one of his wardens and of three 
Pennsylvanians, expert in such work. The fish were in splendid con- 
dition, and they included wall-eyed pike, pickerel, muskellunge, bass 
of all varieties, and great northern pike that experts said were larger 
than had ever before been sent anywhere for exhibition purposes. 
There were also rare specimens of trout, including the white trout 
that are a Minnesota specialty. The fish, except the trout, were suc- 
cessfully transferred to the State's tank that evening. By morning 
only three were alive, and these died during the day. The trout were 
not tanked at all, but were turned over to the United States authori- 
ties, who were glad to get them because of their rarity. The respon- 
sibilty for this failure rests with the Exposition Company. The 
water supplied was not from wells, but was the muddy Missouri 
River water clarified by the alum process, which is fatal to fish. It 
was also entirely too warm, no attempt to keep the promise of refrig- 
eration having been made. After this disaster the board refused to 
bring more fish until the company should fulfill its pledge, which it 
never did. Minnesota's experience was shared by Pennsylvania and 
Missouri, the only other States prepared to make large live fish 
displays. 

The failure of the St. Louis Fair officials to provide proper water 
caused a difference in the board finances of nearly $2,000. The board 
had secured subscriptions from six different towns in the fishing 
regions of the State toward the payment for the aquaria, the idea 
being to stock the acquaria with fish from the lakes near the towns 
that subscribed, and to give them proper individual credit. When 
the possibility of keeping the fish alive was realized the board 
promptly released them from their obligations, but it was too late 
to save the appropriation made through reliance upon the plans 
and promises of the exposition. 

The game exhibit had a large space adjoining that occupied by the 
acquarium. It was at the principal entrance to the building. The 
larger part of the space was covered by a realistic scene from the 
northern woods — the State game region. A pine forest was shown 
with a rocky embankment at the side, while opposite was a birch 
opening. Breaking through this opening and represented as scenting 
danger were three moose — two bucks and a cow — that were the 
finest specimens of the great game animals in the building. Else- 
where in the scene was a family of three red deer; also very hand- 
some caribou, black bears, wolves, foxes, porcupines, grouse, prairie 
chicken, owls, etc. The background of the scene was a distant lake 
view, and with effective lighting it was conceded to be among the 
most novel exhibits in the building. No other scenic reproduction 



292 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

was more complete. Adjoining this scene was a smaller space filled 
Avith moose and deer heads and mounted fish. The walls were draped 
with fish nets, and a large map of the State showed the railroads, 
summer resorts, and lakes. 

Mississippi. 

In compliance with the very general demand of the press and 
people, the legislature of Mississippi, in 1902, appropriated $50,000 
for the purpose of securing and installing the products, resources, 
industries, and enterprises of the State at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition. This was the first appropriation ever made by Missis- 
sippi for a World's Fair. The bill providing for the State exhibits 
created a State exposition bureau of five members, specifying that 
the governor should be ex officio president and name his four asso- 
ciates, the following being the personnel of the bureau : J. K. Varda- 
man, ex officio chairman ; Dr. O. B. Quinn, chairman ; Frank Burkitt, 
secretary; L. H. Enochs; V. P. Still. 

At the first meeting of the bureau Col. R. H. Henry, of Jackson, 
was elected executive commissioner, and was charged with the duty 
of canvassing the State, with a view of procuring the exhibits. He 
visited all parts of Mississippi, delivered exposition addresses in the 
different counties, and urged upon the people the importance of 
making the best exhibit possible at the exposition. He devoted two 
years to the work. 

The legislature of 1904 made an additional appropriation of $10,000 
under the administration of Governor James K. Vardaman, who suc- 
ceeded Governor Longino as president of the exposition bureau. 
Several counties also made appropriations, as did some of the fac- 
tories and mills of the State, the total appropriation aggregating 
about $62,000. 

The Mississippi State Building was a reproduction of the last 
home of Jefferson Davis, known as " Beauvoir." This home is 
located near Biloxi, Miss., is of old-style southern architecture, mas- 
sive in construction and imposing in appearance, and from its broad 
porches may be seen the " whitecaps " of the Gulf of Mexico. The 
house was built by James Brown, a rich cotton planter of Madison 
County, and by him used as a summer home until the close of the 
civil war, when it was sold to Mrs. Sarah A. Dorsey, from whom Mr. 
Davis secured it. It contained a large historic collection pertaining 
to the Davis family, much of the family furniture, the bod upon 
which Mr. Davis died, and the suit of clothes he wore when captured 
by General Wilson, in Georgia, at the close of hostilities hot ween the 
North and the South; the object of the exhibit being to disprove the 
report, that Mr. Davis wore a woman's dress when arrested. A state- 
ment of Capt. J. TT. Parker, of General Wilson's staff was attached, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 293 

contradicting the falsehood. The building cost $15,000 without fur- 
nishings or pictures. It was built entirely of Mississippi lumber, the 
contractor being J. F. Barnes, of Greenville, Miss. 

In the horticultural exhibit the State showed all varieties of sweet 
and citrus fruits, pecans and edible nuts, together with a pecan horse. 

In the Palace of Agriculture two exhibits were shown, the special 
cotton exhibit, including the 35-foot statue of " King Cotton," and 
the collective agricultural exhibit — cotton, corn, cereals, grains, hay, 
grasses, potatoes, peas, beans, sirups, honey, wines, cordials, preserves, 
pickles, jellies, canned goods, vegetables, oysters, shrimps, crabs, fish, 
etc. 

All the merchantable timbers of the State were displayed in the 
forestry exhibit, which contained over 500 samples, highly polished 
and superbly finished, one of the largest and best collections shown. 

In the Department of Fish and Game were exhibited all varieties 
of native fresh and salt water fish, birds, and wild animals. 

In the Educational Building Mississippi showed the best work from 
the colleges and high schools of the State. The Agricultural and 
Mechanical College had a fine display in the general Agricultural and 
Mechanical College section. 

Other displays were the following: A varied and attractive col- 
lection of building stone, cement material, clays, phosphates, mineral 
waters in the Mineral Building; buggies and wagons made in the 
State in Transportation Hall; engines, sawmills, and other heavy 
machinery in the Machinery Building; a rare old double plate-glass 
electrical machine was exhibited in the Electrical Building, the con- 
tribution of the State university. 

Mississippi was awarded over 30 prizes for her various exhibits, 
including 2 grand prizes on cotton and timbers ; 6 gold medals and 3 
silver medals on agriculture ; a gold, silver, and bronze medal on fish 
and game ; 2 gold, 4 silver, and 5 bronze medals on education ; 2 silver 
and 3 bronze medals on minerals ; a silver medal on wagons ; a bronze 
medal on machinery; a gold medal on fruits, and a gold medal on 
pecans. 

Less than $47,000 of the $60,000 appropriated by the legislature 
was spent on the State building and on the collection and installation 
of the exhibits, and from $10,000 to $15,000 of the appropriation 
was turned back into the State treasury. The expenditure proved 
of incalculable benefit to Mississippi, and good results are already 
being felt. 

The executive commissioner, Col. R. H. Henry, is a native Missis- 
sippian. He was born in Scott County, May 15, 1851, and received 
education in the schools and academies of Mississippi. He engaged 
in journalism in early life, has been an editor and publisher over 
thirty years, and is regarded as the most successful journalist of his 



294 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

State. As the executive commissioner and the State's only represent- 
ative at the exposition Mr. Henry designed and personally supervised 
the installation of the different Mississippi exhibits, ten in number, 
and the award of over 30 medals, including 2 grand prizes, abun- 
dantly attests and amply proves the merit and value of the Missis- 
sippi products. 

Missouri. 

The largest appropriation for exposition purposes by any State 
was by Missouri, namely, $1,000,000. In every exposition building 
where a State could have an exhibit Missouri's exhibit was found. 
In every building where only exhibits by individuals, business firms, 
or corporations were permitted, Missourians made display of the 
products of their industry and skill. The Missouri State Building 
was among the finest upon the grounds. The displays of the State 
in the Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Mining, Forestry, Live 
Stock, Poultry, Dairying, Fish and Game, and Woman's Work were 
noted for artistic beauty and comprehensiveness. 

The exhibit made by Missouri at the World's Fair was the result 
of the labors of the board of commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, appointed by Governor A. M. Dockery, under the direc- 
tion of which the $1,000,000 voted by the people of Missouri for an ex- 
hibit of the State's resources were expended. At the general election 
in November, 1900, the people adopted a constitutional amendment 
permitting the legislature of this State to appropriate $1,000,000 for 
World's Fair expenses. A bill appropriating the amount and pro- 
viding for a commission to direct its expenditure was passed by the 
next general assembly and was signed by the governor April IT, 1901. 
The same bill was reenacted in 1903 and was signed by the governor 
March 24, 1903. On the 28th of May, 1901, Governor Dockery ap- 
pointed as the board of commissioners : M. T. Davis, of Springfield ; 
F. J. Moss, of St. Joseph; B. H. Bonfey, of Unionville; W. H. Mar- 
shall, of Morehouse ; L. F. Parker, of St. Louis ; D. P. Stroup, of Nor- 
borne ; N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia ; J. O. Allison, of New London, and 
H. C. McDougall, of Kansas City. Mr. McDougall resigned and 
J. H. Hawthorne, of Kansas City, was appointed his successor. When 
the law was reenacted in 1903 the board was reappointed. The 
board elected M. T. Davis president, F. J. Moss vice-president, B. H. 
Bonfey secretary, and W. H. Marshall treasurer. Later the ill health 
of Mr. Marshall caused his temporary absence from the State, and 
J. H. Hawthorne succeeded him as treasurer. 

The Missouri State building was erected at a cost, including fur- 
nishings, of $250,000. The keynotes of the Missouri building were 
public comfort, culture, and social enjoyment. A golden dome sur- 



LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 295 

mounted by an emblematic statue of " The Spirit of Missouri " 
crowned the building. Over the main entrance was this inscription : 
" Embracing within her confines all the elements of an empire de- 
voted to all the arts and sciences that advance civilization, Missouri, 
the central State of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, greets her 
sister States and welcomes the world." Around the building were 
the names of great Missourians: Thomas Hart Benton, Francis P. 
Blair, B. Gratz Brown, David E. Atchison, David Barton, Meri- 
wether Lewis, Edward Bates, Lewis F. Linn, Lewis V. Bogy, Aylett 
H. Buckner, John S. Phelps, James S. Green. The building con- 
tained rooms adapted for various purposes, two large halls in either 
wing, a commodious auditorium or State hall, in which conventions 
were held, a handsome rotunda with brilliant electric fountain, the 
suite of Governor Dockery, men's parlors, women's parlors, press 
room, and executive offices. On the second floor were rooms fittingly 
furnished. The building was warmed by steam in cold weather and 
refrigerated by cold air in warm weather. The approaches and ele- 
vations of the building were adorned with statuary, heroic figures of 
Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon Bonaparte being placed at the main 
entrance. In the west hall were placed a collection of paintings 
by Missouri artists and the fine bell presented by the citizens of the 
State to the battle ship Missouri. The mural decorations in the ro- 
tunda consisted of four pendentives illustrating the prehistoric sav- 
age, developing and productive eras in the State's history. The dec- 
orations in the dome embodied a historical allegory, tracing the 
epochs in the development of the Middle West. 

In the Palace of Horticulture the space allotted to Missouri was 
6,600 square feet — larger than that awarded to any other State, and 
filled with Missouri fruits. More than 430 varieties of fruits grown 
in the State were shown from 84 counties. 

In the Palace of Agriculture Missouri agricultural resources occu- 
pied prominent position at the main entrance of the building and 
on the main aisle. In the artistic fagade, made, as all the decorative 
features of the display, entirely of grain and grasses, was shown a 
series of thirty pictures illustrating the marked contrast between the 
old and new methods in agriculture. Corn was exhibited in many 
forms. A corn temple, constructed of the great cereal, was in the 
main aisle, Missouri being chosen by the exposition to represent the 
great corn States. 

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy a display was made of the 
mining resources of the State. Missouri's space was at the main 
entrance. The exhibit consisted of typical products of Missouri 
mines and quarries — coal, lead, zinc, iron, copper, tripoli, building 
and ornamental stone, clay, sands — and mineral waters, crystals of 



296 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

all types, mining machinery at work, laboratory specimens and equip- 
ment from the School of Mines, and photographs of 1,200 mining 
views in a brief comprehensive showing of all the mineral wealth of 
the State. Every district was represented by adequate specimens. 
An outside mining exhibit was made by Missouri in the Mining Gulch, 
where mining machinery was shown at work and a Missouri mine. 
Special features were a zinc and lead concentrating plant, model of 
shot tower, illustration of process of making Babbitt metal and solder. 
A Scotch hearth furnace for smelting lead ore was also in operation. 

Missouri was represented in several places in the Palace of Edu- 
cation and Social Economy. Here was made the general exhibit of 
Missouri schools. The main school exhibit consisted of showings 
of grades of the work done in the twelve regular grades of the 
public schools and in the kindergarten, of the work of the colleges 
and normal schools, of the schools for negroes, and of special schools. 
Aside from the high school and grade exhibit, private institutions 
had separate displays. The public school exhibit was intended to 
show the work of the entire system of the State public schools, each 
grade being represented by photographs of typical children and 
school scenes by representative work of the pupils. Over 300 pho- 
tographs were shown. Mutoscopes presented in moving pictures 
scenes upon the school grounds. By means of cabinets, tables, and 
winged frames the exhibits were presented in compact form. Every 
kind of school — city, town, village, and rural — was represented in 
the exhibit, and the work of more than 200,000 children was on ex- 
hibition. 

The State University exhibit showed what that institution had 
been and what it is doing. Bird's-eye views of the university at dif- 
ferent periods of its existence and a fine model of its present buildings 
and grounds were shown. The various departments made exhibits 
of their work. 

In social economy were shown the work of the Industrial Training 
School at Boonville, the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton, 
the School for the Blind at St. Louis, together with photographs of 
the Colony for the Feeble-Minded at Marshall, the St. Louis Hos- 
pital, the Hospital for the Insane at St. Joseph, the work of the 
Missouri board of charities and correction, and other eleemosynary 
institutions. The work of the Industrial Manual School was shown 
by an exhibit of the products of the school — wagons, clothing, shoes, 
bricks, and other results of the industry of the boys. In addition 
to an exhibit along similar lines of the School for the Blind and the 
School for the Deaf and Dumb, showing the pupils' proficiency in 
industrial training, classes from these schools were at different times 
shown actually at work in class rooms in the building. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 297 

In live stock Missouri offered premiums supplementary to those 
offered by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. The list 
of animals for which prizes were offered included cattle, horses, asses, 
mules, hogs, sheep, goats, and all domestic animals. The aggregate 
appropriation for live stock was $93,000. 

In poultry, prizes for Missouri poultry of all kinds were offered 
on the same lines as for other live stock, the total of $7,000 being set 
aside for the purpose. 

The fish and game exhibit, located just outside of the Forestry, 
Fish, and Game Building, was the only exhibit of live game at the 
exposition. It was arranged in cages around a lake, the waters of 
which were stocked with fish. A commodious hunter's lodge, fur- 
nished in rustic style with the paraphernalia of the sportsman, was 
conspicuous upon the lake shore. The exhibit showed live deer, 
wild cat, mountain lion or panther, coyote, gray wolf, red fox, gray 
fox, opossum, raccoon, beaver, rabbit, fox and gray squirrel, mink, 
wild turkey, wild geese, wild duck, quail, black wolf, bald eagle, 
horned owl, and four varieties of pheasants, all the varieties of game 
to be found in Missouri forests. As showing the chief varieties of 
fish, were exhibited rainbow trout, lake trout, brook trout, large- 
mouthed black bass, crappie, channel cat, buffalo, sunfish, perch, eel, 
and carp. 

In the Agriculture Building was shown a model of the St. Joseph 
stock yards, setting out all the buildings and grounds of that section 
of St. Joseph. A working model of one of the great packing estab- 
lishments was exhibited, displaying the actual process of preparing 
cattle for the market. 

The woman's-work exhibit had booths in the Varied Industry 
Building and the Manufactures Building. In the first were shown 
specimens of fancy embroideries, laces, and needlework by Missouri 
women. In the second were displayed china painting, pyrography, 
and paintings in oil, water color, and pastel, all by Missouri women. 

The forestry exhibit, located in the Forestry, Fish, and Game 
Building, showed the woods of the State available for commercial 
use rather than a mere botanical display. More than 60 varieties of 
Missouri woods were shown. The forestry exhibit was shown in 
two booths — one devoted to gum, the other to Missouri woods. The 
gum booth showed furniture of black, red, and tupelo gum wood. 
In the booths were shown hand-carved mantels, tables, and chairs. 

The dairy interest of the State was represented in an exhibit in 
the Palace of Agriculture. In this exhibit samples of the butter 
and cheese products in Missouri were shown tastefully arranged. 

The Kansas City Casino showed a municipal exhibit attractively 
arranged in a commodious building erected for that purpose. The 
casino consisted of two wings, each 24 by 58 feet, and connected by 



298 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

an open court 62 by 67 feet, and located on the model street of the 
exposition. In the casino were a relief map showing Kansas City in 
detail, a map of the United States showing Kansas City's location 
with reference to the great productive region, railroad map, assembly 
room, rest rooms, and library. 

Montana. 

On May 20, 1903, the governor of Montana, Joseph Toole, ap- 
pointed the following-named commissioners from the State of Mon- 
tana at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition : Lee Mantle, Butte ; Mar- 
tin Maginnis, Helena; Paul McCormick, Billings; C. W. Hoffman, 
Bozeman ; B. F. White, Dillon ; William Scallon, Butte ; F. A. Heinze, 
Butte ; D. McDonald, Butte ; Conrad Kohrs, Helena ; J. H. Rice, Fort 
Benton ; W. G. Conrad, Great Falls ; T. L. Greenough, Missoula ; C. J. 
McNamara, Helena; D. R. Peeler, Kalispel; H. L. Frank, Butte, 
and William C. Buskett, special representative. 

The commission met and appointed the following officers : 

Lee Mantle, president; Martin Maginnis, vice-president; Paul 
McCormick, secretary ; C. W. Hoffman, treasurer. 

The legislature of the State appropriated the sum of $50,000 on 
May, 1903, and at the same time made appropriations of $7,300 and 
$14,290.99, which could be utilized by the commissioners for the pur- 
pose of Montana's participation in the exhibition at the World's Fair. 
Besides the amount appropriated by the State, the sum of $20,000 
was contributed from private sources. 

The State building was erected at a cost of $20,000, and was main- 
tained throughout the period of the exposition at a cost of $6,000, 
$1,000 additional being spent for entertainments. 

The Montana State Building was of fancy Doric design, and was 
universally admired by the exposition visitors. One of the prominent 
features in the interior of the building was the famous painting by 
Paxton of the Custer Massacre. An onyx mantle from Montana was 
also greatly admired. The State shield, in gold, copper, silver, and 
Montana sapphires, was one of the most interesting features of the 
interior decorations. 

The commission appointed as hostess to look after the personal 
welfare of the visitors from the State of Montana Mrs. Addie Mc- 
Dowell, who was ably assisted by an auxiliar} 7 committee consisting 
of Mary A. Cruse, Mrs. W. W. Cheely, and Mrs. T. R. Carson. State 
officials and some of the most prominent residents of the State were 
entertained at various times in the building. 

Montana was represented in the following departments: Mines 
and Metallurgy, Palace of Agriculture, Horticulture Pavilion, For- 
estry, Fish, and Game Building, and the Educational Palace. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 299 

In the Mines Building the grand prize was awarded to Montana. 
In the Agricultural Building the State received 209 medals, and the 
exhibits in all the other exhibit palaces were remarkably good. 

Nebraska. 

On April 8, 1903, the Nebraska State legislature voted for the ap- 
pointment of a State board of commissioners by the governor and for 
the appropriation of $35,000. 

The following-named commissioners were subsequently appointed 
by the governor : 

Gurdon W. Wattles, president ; Peter Jansen, vice-president ; Matt 
Miller, treasurer ; H. C. Shedd, secretary. 

Although Nebraska had no State building on the grounds, it 
erected a very large and commodious pavilion on the main aisle of the 
Palace of Agriculture, where the State commissioners established their 
headquarters. In the pavilion were reception rooms, reading and 
writing tables, post-office, check room, lavatories, and all the articles 
and conveniences found in the more elaborate State buildings on the 
grounds. The pavilion covered nearly 8,000 square feet of space, and 
was handsomely decorated with grains, grasses, and corn arranged in 
most artistic form. In addition to the appropriation of $35,000 made 
by the legislature to cover the cost of the exhibit, private subscrip- 
tions, amounting in the aggregate to $25,000, contributed largely by 
exhibitors, increased the amount expended by Nebraska at the fair to 
$60,000. 

The principal exhibit made by Nebraska was in the Agriculture 
Department. There sheaf grain, grasses, corn, vine products, and all 
agricultural products were shown, including all varieties of field, 
sweet, flint, and pop corn. 

In connection with the agricultural exhibit in the pavilion, the 
commission maintained a small theater fitted up with opera chairs, 
stage, electric fans, and all accessories of the modern playhouse. In 
the theater a free stereopticon and moving-picture exhibition was 
given, illustrating the resources and industries of the State. Another 
attractive feature of the agricultural exhibit was the mounted steer 
" Challenger," which won the first prize of the world at the inter- 
national stock show at Chicago, December, 1903. 

In the horticultural exhibit a display of Nebraska's choicest fruits 
attracted much attention. 

The educational exhibit showed the work of the Nebraska schools 
from the kindergarten through the colleges and universities. It also 
made a fine display of the work of women's clubs in literary and 
musical lines. Throughout the exhibit the fact that Nebraska ranked 
first in small percentage of illiteracy was constantly emphasized. 



300 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In the mineral exhibit samples of Nebraska's best building stones, 
bricks, cement, and similar products were displayed, and a complete 
collection of soils from different parts of the State was shown. Cases 
of fossils from the university museum, specimens from the geological 
department of the university, and typical photographs of Nebraska 
added attractiveness to the exhibit. There was also an exhibit show- 
ing Nebraska's dairy and creamery resources. 

Opposite the Nebraska Pavilion the State made its main corn dis- 
play. Nebraska had a larger exhibit of corn than any State making 
an exhibition of cereals. There were more than 57 varieties, running 
from the little " Tom Thumb " ears of popcorn to mammoth ears of 
field corn. One species of corn which attracted particular attention 
was the result of grafting experiments, whereby several varieties of 
corn of various colors and shades were made to grow on one cob. 
This variety was known as the " Evolution Species." 

During the exposition live-stock shows the Nebraska commission 
transported free from Nebraska to St. Louis the prize-winning stock 
and poultry of the State fair at a cost of several thousand dollars. 
The choice and exhibition of this kind of stock and poultry were in 
charge of the Nebraska live-stock and poultry associations. 

New Hampshire. 

The New Hampshire Building was a reproduction of the birth- 
place of Daniel Webster. The building was quaint and striking in 
appearance, with high-pitched roof and an absence of eaves, small- 
paned, old-fashioned windows, and weatherboarded sides, and an 
enormous chimney rising from the center of the roof, exactly like the 
original at Franklin, N. H. In every room was a wealth of old- 
fashioned furniture from New Hampshire homes, much of it a hun- 
dred years old or more, as well as Webster relics, davenports, massive 
polished-top mahogany tables and sideboards, warming pans, antique 
sideboards, china closets, straight-backed armchairs, grandfather 
clocks, china and pewter ware. The greater part of the antique fur- 
nishings were from the very valuable collection of Gen. William E. 
Spalding, of Nashua. The State Building was provided with a lec- 
ture hall for stereopticon lectures, having a screen 16 feet square. 

The State commission was composed of Gen. Charles S. Collins, 
president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commis- 
sioner; Omar A. Towne, secretary; Augustine R. Ayers, treasurer; 
J. Adam Graf; Orton B. Brown; Mrs. Arthur C. Jackson, hostess. 
Mr. Brown contributed a carload of lumber, and General Collins and 
Mr. Jackson individually bore all the expense of construction and 
maintenance. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 301 

The most elaborate of New Hampshire's exhibits was that of the 
largest cotton mills in the world, in the Manufactures Building, 
although the State was represented by individual exhibitors in the 
various exhibition palaces. 

New Jersey. 

Members of New Jersey commission. — Foster M. Vorhees, chief 
commissioner ; Elbert Rappleye, Edgar B. Ward, C. E. Breckenridge, 
Edward R. Weiss, J. T. MacMurray, Ira W. Wood, W. H. Wiley, 
Johnston Cornish, Harry Humphreys, R. W. Herbert; Lewis T. 
Bryant, secretary. 

The object of the New Jersey commission for the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition was to provide visitors from the State with suitable 
and homelike headquarters and to advertise the extensive resources 
of the Commonwealth. The growth of the manufacturing interests 
of the State has been so remarkable that from a purely agricultural 
center it has, within a comparatively few years, obtained an indis- 
putable position in the forefront of the manufacturing States of the 
Union. The number and character of individual exhibits compared 
favorably with other States represented. They represented a variety 
of industries, and were among the finest exhibits at the exposition. 

The State Pavilion was a practical reproduction of the old Ford 
Tavern at Morristown, N. J., which was used as Washington's head- 
quarters during the winter of 1779-80. Alexander Hamilton made 
his home there that winter, and there met the daughter of General 
Schuyler, whom he afterwards married. Among other famous men 
who have been beneath its roof were Green, Knox, Lafayette, Steu- 
ben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, " Light Horse " Harry Lee, Old Israel 
Putman, " Mad Anthony " Wayne, and Benedict Arnold. 

The location of the New Jersey Building was in the center of a 
grove of trees, with an extensive lawn, and had every convenience for 
the comfort of visitors. The furnishings were selected to harmonize 
in color as well as with a view to comfort. 

Owing to the expense required to make shipments of fresh articles 
such a great distance, the commission found it would be impossible to 
make such agricultural and horticultural displays as would do justice 
to the State with the amount of the appropriation placed at their 
disposal. 

The educational exhibit differed in some features from that of any 
other State. For the display of books and various lines of work not 
readily shown upon the walls or in the cabinets, drawers instead of 
shelves were placed under the cabinets. This enabled the work to be 
put in convenient form for inspection, and had the additional merit 
of keeping it clean. Another feature entirely new and used for the 



302 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

first time at this exposition was the index key. The exhibit was 
divided into sections lettered from A to M, inclusive, and these were 
subdivided into units numbered from 1 to 68, inclusive. Each unit 
consisted of a leaf cabinet with six drawers directly underneath. 
The units from 16 to 21, inclusive, served as an index to the entire 
New Jersey educational exhibit. Unit No. 15 directed to first year's 
work. Unit No. 16 directed to second and fourth year's work. Unit 
No. IT directed to third and fourth year's work, and so on. 

To find work from a particular school, the card containing work 
from the county or city in which said school is located was first taken. 
That card directed to the section in which all work of the school, 
except that placed upon the walls, could be found. Different lines of 
school work were bound in different colored volumes, as shown by 
index cards. Another unique feature of the exhibit was the manual- 
training work of each school shown in connection with its academic 
work. 

A combined exhibit of music and art was exceptionally fine and 
attracted much attention. The work of a very large percentage of 
schools, both rural and urban, was represented, and the Garden State 
ably maintained the reputation won at former expositions. 

In the section of social economy of the Educational Building the 
State was represented by comprehensive exhibits from the following : 
The State board of health, Trenton, N. J. ; bureau of statistics of 
labor and industries, Trenton, N. J.; New Jersey School for Deaf 
Mutes; New Jersey State Institution for Feeble-Minded Women, 
Vineland, N. J.; New Jersey Training School for Feeble-Minded 
Boys and Girls, Vineland, N. J.; New Jersey Children's Home 
Society, Trenton, N. J. ; Woodbine Settlement, Woodbine, N. J. ; 
State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women, Newark, N. J., 
and the School for Nervous and Backward Children. 

The exhibit of the geological survey in the Mines and Metallurgy 
Building was in many respects unique among the various exhibits in 
the Mines Building. Geological surveys have been carried out under 
State auspices for more than half a century, and, as a result, New 
Jersey was in a position to illustrate to younger and less thoroughly 
studied States how science and industry go hand in hand. 

New Jersey is the best-mapped portion in America. Therefore a 
salient feature of the exhibit was a large relief map of the State, 
models of typical sections of the State, and files of the position and 
elevation of every portion of the State. The building stones of the 
State formed a pyramid in the center of the exhibit, and alongside 
of it was a microscope, with 70 sections of New Jersey rocks, showing 
how they are studied to estimate their value for construction purposes. 

The New Jersey geological survey had two superb terra-cotta 
columns made of New Jersey clay on enameled brick piers. Adjoin- 
ing the entrance was the New Jersey clay exhibit proper. In it 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 303 

were shown samples of all the prominent clays, burned bricklets, 
which illustrated the way clay acts when burned at various cones 
(temperatures), the air and fire shrinkage, and various other proper- 
ties and analyses of clays, all facts of importance to the clay worker, 
as well as large photographs of the chief clay banks and various 
steps in utilizing clay. 

A collection of New Jersey bricks was tested to determine the break- 
ing and crushing strength. The results of these tests were shown, 
together with samples of the bricks classified according to the method 
of manufacture and geological occurrences of the clay. A model of 
a New Jersey clay refinery was shown, illustrating the manner in 
which high-grade clays are prepared for potteries. 

The natural advantages found on the coast and mountains of New 
Jersey have produced many fine and well-known resorts. In order 
to illustrate some of the attractions there found, the exhibit in the 
Forestry, Fish, and Game Building was prepared. It showed beau- 
tiful mounted specimens of practically all the birds that frequent the 
State. In addition to the mounted fresh and salt-water fishes there 
was displayed, in the largest pool that has ever been constructed at 
an exposition, a number of the live salt-water fish found along the 
coast. The oyster industry was represented by an exhibit from the 
State bureau of shell fisheries. A glass tank filled with salt water 
showed an oyster bed containing the following variety of oysters, 
all of which are products of New Jersey: Shrewsburys, Raritan, 
Barnegat, Maurice River coves, Absecon salts, and the Cape May 
salts. The tank also contained a profusion of marine vegetation, 
and a number of the varieties of clams and fish common to the waters 
of the State. An interesting demonstration was made of each stage 
of the progression from the spat to the prime oyster. 

Another very instructive and important feature was the mosquito 
exhibit, which was intended to illustrate the work which has been 
done by authority of the State of New Jersey in studying the life, 
history, and methods of dealing with the mosquito pest. The work 
was in charge of Prof. John B. Smith, the State entomologist, and the 
exhibit was prepared under his direction. It consisted of a series of 
table cases in which were shown the common species of mosquitoes, 
with their larvae as well as their natural enemies. Enlarged draw- 
ings gave the character of each species so far as they were not obvious 
on ordinary examination. 

At one end of the square was represented a marsh area divided into 
two parts. One of these showed breeding pools, where the immense 
shore crop develops. The other showed fiddler crabs and other 
creatures that provide a natural drainage for the meadows inhabited 
by them. Areas where fiddler crabs live are never mosquito breeders, 
and as a matter of fact only a small percentage of the entire salt, 



304 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

marsh country is dangerous. Illustrations showed drainage ditches, 
the methods of making them, and also typical areas where the insects 
breed. 

New Jersey had an exhibit also of road building in the Model City, 
showing the manner of constructing and maintaining the excellent 
highways of that State. 

In the Palace of Liberal Arts interesting exhibits were displayed by 
various business enterprises of the State. This included a variety of 
printing presses, books, binding, and publications of different series, 
musical instruments, philosophical and scientific apparatus, coins and 
medals, as well as an exhibit of chemical and pharmaceutical arts, and 
model plans and designs for public work. 

In the Palace of Manufactures and Varied Industries New Jersey 
exhibits attracted considerable attention. The display included hard- 
ware, carpets, tapestries, fabrics for upholstery, wearing apparel, 
silks, and clothing. 

In the Palace of Electricity New Jersey displays ranked among the 
best, as was also the case in the Palace of Machinery. 

In the Transportation Building and the Palace of Agriculture the 
displays, while not large, were very commendable. 

New Mexico. 

The legislature of the Territory of New Mexico in March ,1903, 
appropriated the sum of $30,000 for the purpose of adequately rep- 
resenting the resources and products of the Territory at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. Shortly after the passage of the act the gover- 
nor of New Mexico appointed the following commission, which sub- 
sequently met and elected its officers : 

Charles A. Spiess, president ; Carl A. Dalies, vice-president ; Arthur 
Seligman, treasurer; W. B. Walton, secretary; Herbert J. Hager- 
man, Eusebio Chacon, Fayette A. Jones, and H. W. Porterfield, 
managers ; W. C. Porterfield, assistant manager. 

The ten or eleven years that have elapsed since the Columbian Ex- 
position at Chicago have brought great changes to New Mexico, and 
the marked advancement and progress made along all lines were em- 
phasized in a comparison of her exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition with those at Chicago. The Territory had large and 
excellent exhibits, displayed in a most attractive and interesting man- 
ner and showing many of the splendid products of that country, as 
well as the educational facilities and other interesting features, and it 
was felt that the chance for statehood had much advanced by the ex- 
cellent impression made at the fair. 

Great irrigation enterprises within the last decade have reclaimed 
large areas of fine agricultural land, providing happy homes for peo- 
ple in that beautiful and delightful climate. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 305 

The superior products shown in New Mexico's agricultural and 
horticultural exhibits were a revelation to visitors, and demonstrated 
that the very best results and most perfect development in fruits and 
farm products are obtained by irrigation and sunny skies. The 
fruits, grains, vegetables, and other products of the soil shown had 
few equals. The exhibits were larger and better than have ever been 
made by the Territor} r at previous expositions. 

New Mexico's exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy ably 
presented the status of one of her most important industries, show- 
ing the production of a vastly greater number of producing mines 
than it was possible to show ten years ago, or when the Territory 
made an exhibit at Chicago, and it also included a far greater 
range of minerals, anthracite and bituminous coal, iron, zinc, lead, 
mineralogical forms, besides mica, gypsum, salt, sulphur, asbestos, 
marble, onyx, and building stone. A unique and most important 
product of the mines of New Mexico was the beautiful blue gem 
stone, the finest and most valuable turquoise found in any part of the 
world. The Territory had the only turquoise exhibits at the exhi- 
bition. One was in the mineral exhibit in the Palace of Mines and 
Metallurgy, and a larger and perhaps the most extensive exhibit of 
this stone ever shown was in the Varied Industries Building. An 
exhibit of a turquoise mine and its products was shown in the 
gulch, or outside mining exhibit, where a reproduction of the famous 
turquoise mines of Porterfield, near Silver City, N. Mex., showed the 
actual geological occurrence of the gem. This was accomplished by 
bringing to the fair several tons of the rock from the mine with 
turquoise embedded in it, just as it was when the chemical processes 
of nature were preparing the beautiful jewels to delight the eye of 
man. 

New Mexico's greatest pride was her educational exhibit, which 
showed results of splendid schoolroom work and by photographs 
recorded the grand and stately school buildings, demonstrating that 
New Mexico was, in proportion to her population, in no way behind 
the older States in her public school system. At Chicago the school 
exhibit represented only a few institutions, and these in a limited 
way; while at St. Louis a very large number of splendid graded 
schools and country schools were represented by fine exhibits. Be- 
sides the work of the colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts, 
the Military Institute, a university, a school of mines, two normal 
schools, and a number of denominational schools of higher order 
were displayed. 

The beautifully arranged ethnological exhibit in the Department 
of Anthropology consisted of a valuable collection, chief among 
which was the wonderful Harvey collection, brought from Albu- 
querque. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 20 



306 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Among the numerous beautiful buildings which adorned the 
Plateau of States, many of which were reproductions of historic 
structures or homes of some of the nation's famous citizens, stood 
the pretty structure erected by New Mexico, a gem in point of archi- 
tecture and interior decoration, and one of the ornamental features 
of the exposition. 

New York. 

New York commission. — Edward H. Harriman, president ; William 
Berri, vice-president; Louis Stern, chairman of executive committee; 
Edward Lyman Bill, treasurer; Lewis Nixon, Frank S. McGraw, 
Mrs. Norman E. Mack, Frederick K. Green, John C. Woodbury, 
John K. Stewart, James H. Callahan, John Young ; Charles A. Ball, 
secretary and chief executive officer; Mrs. Dore Lyon, assistant sec- 
retary. 

New York State's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition was calculated to exploit fully the wonderful resources of the 
State, as well as to set forth what the Empire State is accomplishing 
in the various lines of humanitarian work. The New York State 
commission started out with the idea of making exhibits only in 
lines where New York was preeminently the leader. On this account 
and for the reason that the appropriation was relatively limited, 
exhibits were planned to cover seven distinct departments. It was 
intended at the outset to make these exhibits strong in every detail, 
and the commission believes that the close of the exposition has dem- 
onstrated the excellent judgment exercised. 

The most conspicuous feature of New York's participation in the 
exposition was her State Building. An excellent site was chosen for 
this structure, and a handsome building was erected in a conspicuous 
place on the plateau of the States on the exposition grounds. The 
building occupied the most commanding site on the State plateau of 
any of the State buildings. It also enjoyed the benefits of Forest 
Park, both in front and rear, which made it one of the coolest build- 
ings on the grounds. 

The building was simple, but dignified, in design ; of Italian archi- 
tecture in the colonial treatment. Martini's Quadriga flanked the 
dome, representing the progress or art and commerce, and Lenz's 
dancing group was placed around the columns at the entrances. A 
very large hall ran through to the dome, the lower part of which was 
treated in the Doric order, and the whole was scholarly, dignified, 
and beautiful in design. Another interesting feature in the hall was 
the organ case, which was designed particularly for this place. This 
hall was flanked on the northern side by a large assembly hall with 
a barrel ceiling running up to the second story, and the treatment of 
this room in old gold, Antwerp blues, and siennas was beautiful. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 307 

The draperies were in green velvet, and the chairs were of leather, 
treated to represent the old Spanish illuminated leather. The floors 
were carefully made. There were rooms for banquets or functions 
of any kind. On the westerly side were the waiting rooms for men 
and women, writing rooms, and also retiring rooms and toilets. 

The mural decorations of the large hall were done by Florian 
Peixotto, and represented De Soto discovering the Mississippi, one 
showing the French and Indian occupation of the land, and others 
showing New York in 1803 and New York in 1903. The pendentives, 
which supported the dome, had four emblematic pictures represent- 
ing the four States most benefited by the purchase, the blue Missis- 
sippi in the background of each. 

The second story was divided into apartments for the commission- 
ers and the offices of the secretary, which were perfect in appoint- 
ments. The suites were composed of parlor, bedroom, and baths. 

A piano of great beauty, with inlays and paintings, was con- 
tributed by a leading New York manufacturer, a picture of Niagara 
Falls being particularly fine. A company of New York contributed 
the organ as an exhibit, and concerts were given each afternoon of 
the fair. 

The grounds received careful consideration, and there were many 
beds of flowers and shrubbery, such as lily ponds, poppy beds, 
hydrangeas, and cannse. 

The amount of money appropriated by the State of New York 
for participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was $390,000. 
There were no private subscriptions of any sort, but many exhibits 
were loaned to the commission from the various departments of the 
State to be displayed. The cost of installing the various exhibits 
was $10,755. This did not include the cost of labor in placing the 
exhibit, as the work was done by men who were employed by the 
State in the various departments. The cost of transportation of 
exhibits was $12,342. The State building cost $88,275.23 to erect. 

Upon the landscape gardening, which was one of the most admired 
features of the exposition, was expended the sum of $4,465.75. The 
organ case alone cost $3,500. Including that, the total amount 
expended for furnishing the State building was $23,423.96. 

New York displayed her products in six of the exhibit palaces, 
namely: Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Forest, Fish and 
Game, Fine Arts, and Mines and Metallurgy. In addition to this 
there was a very fine exhibit of live stock. New York State was the 
only successful exhibitor of a forest nursery. 

It is impossible to give an approximate value of the exhibits. In 
the Fine Arts Department, New York had 1,112 out of a total of 
3,524 exhibits. They were selected after very careful scrutiny by a 
jury appointed by the National Academy of Design, and consisted of 



308 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

oil paintings, mural paintings, water colors, miniatures, illustrations, 
etchings, engravings, lithographs, wood engravings, sculpture, archi- 
tecture, and applied arts. 

The commission made appropriations for the various exhibits 
as follows : 

Agriculture and live stock $25, 000 

Horticulture and floriculture 20,000 

Forestry, fish, and game 18,000 

Fine arts 10,000 

Scientific exhibit 7,500 

Education and social economy 27,500 

The education exhibit was composite in nature and was subdivided 
as follows: Administration, kindergarten, elementary grades, high 
schools, normal schools, training schools and classes, higher educa- 
tion, industrial and trade schools, special schools, business colleges, 
Indian schools, schools for defectives, summer schools, and extension 
schools. 

There were exhibits from both the State department of public 
instruction and the University of the State of New York. In the 
public schools exhibit contributions were received from 24 cities and 
various villages. There was also a comprehensive exhibit from the 
rural schools of the State. In the normal school exhibit contribu- 
tions were received from every normal school. The training schools 
and classes of the State were very generally represented. Exhibits 
were in place from Hobart College, Geneva; Manhattan College, 
New York City; Colgate University, Hamilton, and Syracuse Uni- 
versity. In the schools for defectives there were exhibits from the 
New York State School for the Blind, Batavia; New York Insti- 
tution for the Blind, New York City ; Western New York Institution 
for Deaf Mutes, Eochester ; New York Institution for the Improved 
Instruction of Deaf Mutes, New York City, and the New York Insti- 
tution for the Deaf and Dumb, New York City. The exhibit from 
the Indian schools contained work from all of the seven reservations 
in the State, and was arranged by the State inspector of Indian 
schools. 

Owing to the plan of installation adopted by the exposition author- 
ities, the State exhibit in the Department of Social Economy was 
found in several different places. The State commission in lunacy 
made an interesting exhibit of the ancient and modern methods of 
caring for insane patients. There was also a model showing the 
tent system for treatment of tuberculosis. The State board of chari- 
ties made a very complete exhibit of the several State institutions 
under its jurisdiction, first, by means of photography of exteriors 
and interiors, and, second, by specimens of work carried on in the 
industrial departments of the various institutions. They also made 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 309 

an elaborate photographic exhibit of the almshouses in the State and 
of the penitentiaries. The State labor bureau sent a series of 28 
graphic charts bearing on labor conditions in the State and compari- 
sons between New York and other States and countries. This was 
supplemented by a series of the reports of the bureau. The State 
department of health furnished an exhibit of the blanks generally used 
in the administration of the department of health and graphically 
showed the work under its jurisdiction. The State excise depart- 
ment furnished a series of graphic charts upon the receipt and dis- 
bursement of the excise moneys of the State. 

The New York agricultural exhibit differed from the other ex- 
hibits in the Agricultural Building in that the object sought was edu- 
cational rather than spectacular. In wheat there were over 500 
varieties and about 1,000 samples; in corn, about 100 varieties and 
300 samples; beans, 75 varieties; peas, 50 varieties; oats, 20 varieties; 
barley, 8 varieties; buckwheat, 50 samples, and other grains in pro- 
portion. There were also exhibits of tobacco, salt, canned fruits of 
every variety, canned meats and fish, hops, flour, maple sirup and 
sugar, including varieties of potatoes. 

In the Cheese Department New York had over half of the exhibit. 
In the Butter Department a facsimile of the Liberty Bell in butter, 
exact size, with all the inscriptions. 

New York had the largest exhibit in the Horticultural Palace and 
also had more than twice the number of varieties of any other State. 
New York was the only State showing pears and grapes. 

In exhibiting the timber indigenous to the State in the Forestry, 
Fish, and Game Building, two specimens of each species were shown 
in paneled framework, showing both sides of the specimen. 

In connection with the specimens of timber were exhibited a series 
of photographs of trees of New York, eight in number. Each tree 
was shown in leaf and also as it appears in winter. A life-size photo- 
graph of the bark of each tree was shown, and in most instances speci- 
mens of the leaves, flowers, and fruit. In this connection there were 
in small glass jars seeds of all the important forest trees of New York, 
also by-products of the forest, such as nuts, sugar, pulp, wood alcohol, 
and many other commodities. 

A collection of all the insects injurious to the trees of New York 
was shown in an attractive manner in cases. 

The outside exhibit of New York consisted of a nursery and planta- 
tion of forest trees. As a part of the inside exhibit were shown speci- 
mens of substantially all the food and game fishes of New York. No 
attempt was made to show abnormally large specimens; the purpose 
was to show the average fish, true to color and size. The collection 
included both fresh and salt water specimens of the fishes of New 
York. Some interesting specimens of oyster growth and of the 
enemies of the oyster were also shown. 



310 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

A part of the inside exhibit was a typical hunter camp. It was 
constructed of spruce logs and roofed with spruce bark from the 
Adirondack forest by Adirondack guides. 

An outside exhibit of forestry consisted of a nursery and plantation 
of forest trees, showing the method by which the forest, fish, and 
game commission of New York is foresting the denuded, nonagri- 
cultural lands of the State. The plot was 120 feet by 60 feet and 
contained 80,000 trees. 

In the Mines Building were displayed ten geological maps of the 
State of New York, besides a relief map of the State, a hypsometric 
map, a road map, and publications on mineralogical works besides 
photographs. In metallic products there were iron ores, lead and 
zinc, and pyrites. In nonmetallic products there were displayed 
garnet, emery, millstones, infusorial earth, mineral paints, graphite, 
talc, mica, salt, gypsum, land plaster, and plaster of Paris. In 
building stones there were shown granite, diabase, morite, sandstone, 
bluestone, limestone, marble, slate, and marl. 

A pavilion was erected in order to display the clay products of the 
State. The collection was of type products rather than a great mass 
of similar clays. New York State produces roofing tile, and several 
styles were wrought into the roof of the pavilion. The brick were 
of several styles and colors, from the classic roman dry-press brick 
to the rough rock- face clinker which forms the base course of the 
structure. 

North Carolina. 

Members of North Carolina commission. — H. H. Brimley, com- 
missioner-general ; T. K. Bruner and J. A. Holmes, resident commis- 
sioners. 

In March, 1903, the legislature of North Carolina appropriated 
$10,000 for the participation of the State at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition. Ten thousand dollars was also raised by subscriptions 
among citizens and manufacturers of North Carolina, making a total 
of $20,000. The cost of transportation, installation, and maintenance, 
and general expenses of the State exhibit practically used up the 
total amount. 

North Carolina had no State building. 

The State had exhibits in the Departments of Mines and Metal- 
lurgy, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game. The 
total cost of the State's participation in the exposition was about as 
follows : 

Value of loan exhibits in the different departments $9,000 

Cost of new specimens and cases 8,000 

Value of specimens and cases already on hand and with- 
drawn from the State museum 30,000 

Installation and expenses 12,000 

Total 59, 000 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 311 

In mines and metallurgy the exhibit covered a floor space of about 
2,200 square feet. It consisted of a full, systematic collection of the 
minerals of the State, a representation of the ores of gold, copper, sil- 
ver, iron, nickel, and tin that are native to North Carolina, and a very 
full exhibit of the economic minerals. Wherever possible, there were 
shown specimens of the finished product alongside of the raw mate- 
rial, and this feature added considerable value to the display. A 
very beautiful and very comprehensive collection of cut gems and 
crude gem material was perhaps the most attractive feature of the 
exhibit. The collection of building and ornamental stones included 
a large variety of granites, marbles, and sandstones, many of them of 
a very superior quality. 

In agriculture the chief features of the exhibit were the special 
tobacco display and the collection of grains and seeds in the main 
space. A good line of commercial cotton samples and of the best 
varieties of cotton seed were shown and some cotton-oil and cotton- 
mill machinery in connection therewith. The late date at which any 
money became available prevented any show of sheaf grains or 
grasses and cut short the exhibit in many ways. 

In the Department of Horticulture the show was a small one, owing 
both to the very poor fruit year and also, again, to the late date at 
which the collecting had to be started. The space occupied was about 
500 square feet in size, while in the four different spaces in the Agri- 
cultural Building the total floor area occupied was nearly 4,000 square 
feet. 

The combined forestry and fish and game exhibits were among the 
most complete of any of the State exhibits. The total floor space 
occupied by these was 2,400 square feet. The display of native tim- 
ber specimens was most complete and systematic, and the specimens 
were shown in a way to impart the most information in a condensed 
form. The main collection consisted of planks cut the full length and 
width of the trees, 4 feet long by 4 inches thick, with the bark left 
attached. One-half of each was dressed and sandpapered, but not 
varnished; the other half filled and varnished and given an oil-rub 
finish to bring out the beauties of the grain and to show the best 
finish the different kinds of wood would take. Wherever possible, 
two sections were shown in the form of disks cut across the log. 
These brought out the character of the end grain and the annual 
growth rings, as well as the size of the trees from which each speci- 
men came. A variety of finished wood products and a collection of 
forest seeds and of medicinal plants completed the exhibit. 

In the Department of Fish and Game the State showed collections 
of mounted food and game fishes, of oysters and clams, and of tools 
and appliances used in their capture, including some very fine models 
of the more typical of the fishing craft used in North Carolina 
waters. Fairly complete collections of the game birds, wild fowl, and 



312 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

shore birds were shown, as well as most of the prey-catching and fish- 
eating birds found in the State. The game animals and those val- 
uable for their furs were also exhibited, and a very fine lot of furs, 
both raw and dressed, occupied a case contiguous to that containing 
the fur-bearing animals. Guns, traps, etc., were shown as well to 
illustrate the means used in the capture of the different kinds. Col- 
lections of marine invertebrates, of reptiles and batrachians, casts of 
fishes and cetaceans, an old whaling outfit, and a lot of miscellaneous 
material completed the exhibit. 

Considering the amount of money used, the exhibits were large, 
varied, full, and of good quality all through, and in some cases 
unlimited funds could hardly have bettered them. 

North Dakota. 

North Dakota had no State building on the grounds. The ex- 
hibits, which comprised every variety of grain and species of grass 
grown in the State, gathered from the very best samples obtained 
from the crop of 1903, were shown principally in the Agricultural 
Building, although there was a very excellent exhibit in the Palace 
of Mines and Metallurgy, showing the mineral resources of the State, 
and including coal, clays, cement, building stones, etc. 

The State legislature, on March 17, 1903, passed an act authorizing 
the participation of the State at the World's Fair to be held in St. 
Louis in 1904, and at the Lewis and Clark Centennial and Pacific 
Exposition and Oriental Fair to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905, 
and creating a commission composed of the governor, the State aud- 
itor, the lieutenant-governor, the commissioner of agriculture, and 
Warren N. Steele, of Rolette County. The governor was made the 
president of the commission and the commissioner of agriculture the 
secretary. 

This act appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the exhibits to be 
made at the two expositions therein named. 

The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows : 

Governor Frank White, president; Commissioner of Agriculture 
R. J. Turner, secretary; Lieut. Governor David Bartlett, executive 
commissioner ; Hon. H. L. Holmes, and Hon. Warren N. Steele. 

There was absolutely no private contribution or subscription. The 
cost of the installation, including transportation and freight charges, 
etc., was in the neighborhood of $25,000. 

Ohio. 

In an act of the general assembly of the State of Ohio a bill was 
passed May 12, 1902, creating a commission to the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition and appropriating $75,000 for the erecting and 
maintaining of a State building. The act provided as follows : 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 313 

For the appointment of a commission to erect a building on the 
grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and to take charge 
of the building and exhibits that might be placed therein, the gov- 
ernor was authorized to appoint within thirty days after the passage 
of the act, a commission of seven residents of the State of Ohio and 
one executive commissioner, who should be ex officio a member of 
the commission. No more than four of the commission were to be 
of the same political party. It was the duty of the commission to 
decide upon plans and specifications for an Ohio Building to cost 
not exceeding $35,000. Members of the commission were not entitled 
to receive any compensation for their services except their actual 
expenses for transportation and for subsistence for the time they were 
necessarily engaged on the business of the commission. The salary 
of the executive commissioner was $2,500 per annum, and in addition 
to this salary he was allowed his actual and necessary expenses. 
That there should be appropriated the sum of $50,000, $25,000 to be 
available on and after the 15th day of February, 1903, for the erec- 
tion and equipment of the building and for other expenses provided 
for in the act. 

An extra appropriation of $12,500 for the completion of the State 
building was provided for in an act passed March 25, 1904, making an 
appropriation for an Ohio Building on the grounds of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Mo. 

The following commissioners were appointed: 

William F. Bur dell, president; L. E. Holden, vice-president; 
Stacey B. Rankin, executive commissioner; D. H. Moore, Edwin 
Hagenbuch, M. K. Gantz, Newell K. Kennon, and David Friedman. 

As soon as the bill had been passed and the commissioners had been 
appointed a meeting of the commission was held for the purpose of 
deciding upon the plans for the State building. The building was 
erected on the southeastern end of the fair grounds, on that part 
known as the Terrace of States, at a cost of $35,000. The structure 
was designed solely for the comfort and convenience of the people of 
the State, and no effort was made to exhibit therein any of the 
resources of the State. In an act of the general assembly of the State 
an additional bill was passed March 24, 1904, appropriating $12,500 
for completing and furnishing the State building on the grounds of 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In this connection it may be of 
interest to mention that President Francis especially complimented 
the commission for its promptness in having the building erected, for 
on the opening day of the exposition the Ohio Building was ready for 
occupancy and the president himself was the first to register his name. 
At the close of the exposition the commission advertised for the sale 
of the building and disposed of it to the highest bidder. 



314 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

While Ohio as a State maintained only one exhibit in the Mines 
and Metallurgy Building, consisting chiefly of clay and its products, 
over 150 private individuals and corporations throughout the State 
added to the prominence and magnitude of the exposition by install- 
ing costly exhibits, which were maintained by them at very great 
expense. These miscellaneous exhibits showed to very good advan- 
tage the natural resources of the State and its diversified products. 
In the Palaces of Electricity, Machinery, and Transportation the 
State was represented remarkably well by these private exhibitors, 
and much credit is due to them for their attractive and interesting 
display. In the Liberal Arts Building it may be correctly intimated 
that the Ohio exhibitors were predominant. In the Department of 
Anthropology, also, Ohio took the grand prize over all competitors. 
The display consisted principally of relics taken from the historical 
mounds of the State, which in themselves were very interesting. Not 
only was the grand prize awarded for the display, but a special gold 
medal was presented to Prof. W. C. Mills, librarian and curator of 
the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, for his untiring efforts 
in revealing to the public of to-day the mode of livelihood and the 
characteristics of the oldest and most historical race of this continent. 

Oklahoma. 

The Oklahoma World's Fair commission was appointed on April 
19, 1901, and organized ready for active work on May 1, 1901. Two 
days after it was decided to hold the World's Fair in Forest Park, 
the Oklahoma commission notified Secretary Stevens that Oklahoma 
was ready to select her site for a building. 

Oklahoma was among the very first to select a site on the World's 
Fair grounds, was first to lay a corner stone for the Territorial build- 
ing, and the first to accept her building complete from the contractor 
and dedicate the same. 

By an act of the legislature of the Territory of Oklahoma, dated 
March 1, 1901, the sum of $20,000 was appropriated for the partici- 
pation of the Territory at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Sub- 
sequently, on March 14, 1903, the legislature of the Territory enacted 
a bill appropriating $40,000 additional for the erection and equip- 
ment of the building on the grounds of the exposition, and for the 
transportation and installation of the exhibits of the Territory. 
The following were appointed by the legislature as a commission in 
charge of Oklahoma exhibits: 

Joseph Meibergen, chairman ; Otto A. Shuttee, treasurer ; Edgar B. 
March ant, secretary. 

The Oklahoma Building was of semi-Moorish architecture, size 
71 by 72, with balconies above, below, and in front, the full width of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 315 

the building. It contained reception halls, parlors, toilet rooms, and 
commissioner's office, 14 rooms in all. The building was two stories 
high, with basement, provided with rugs and carpets of Wilton 
velvet. 

The total cost of the building, exclusive of furniture, including gas 
and electric light fixtures, was approximately $15,500. 

All the plaster, inside and out, used in the construction of the 
building was manufactured from Oklahoma gypsum. 

The educational exhibit was shown in the Palace of Education 
and occupied 488 square feet. It contained representative work 
from the kindergarten to the University of Oklahoma. All the seven 
colleges and preparatory schools supported by the Territory were 
represented, and many of the ten institutions of higher learning sup- 
ported by denominational and private enterprises. Work from the 
majority of the 2,192 district schools was shown in leaf cabinets, 
framed pictures, and in other ways. Taxidermical work and model- 
ing in Oklahoma plaster were shown, together with specimens of the 
handiwork of the students in the Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege. There were more than 4,000 exhibits contained in the collec- 
tion, which was shown in cabinets and cases. The total cost of col- 
lection, installation, and maintenance was $1,825.95. 

The agricultural exhibit was shown in section 42 of the Palace of 
Agriculture, and covered 3,600 square feet of floor space. 

Specimens of all the agricultural products of the Territory were 
shown in the exhibit and consisted of the following: 

Thrashed grain : Exhibits. 

Wheat 160 

Oats 65 

Rye 5 

Barley 11 

Corn, shelled 19 

Miscellaneous, consisting of alfalfa seed, timothy, speltz, cas- 
tor beans, etc 31 

Corn in the ear : 

1903 159 

1904 300 

Potatoes : 

Irish plates__ 150 

Sweet do 57 

Broom corn 20 

The foregoing constituted the main body of the exhibit, which was 
supplemented by corn in the stalk, wheat, oats, barley, and other 
grains in exhibit bundles, native and tame grasses in profusion, water- 
melons, the largest of which weighed 117 pounds; various field and 
garden vegetables, cotton and cotton-seed products, flax, tobacco, etc. 
A special feature was a loaf of bread baked from flour ground from 



316 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

wheat of the 1904 crop. The total cost of collection, installation, and 
maintenance was $4,072.80. 

In the Horticultural Department the exhibit covered 1,100 square 
feet of floor space. The exhibit consisted of 250 jars of preserved 
fruits of the various kinds produced in Oklahoma, 200 bottles of Ok- 
lahoma grape wine, and about 400 plates of fresh fruits of the vari- 
ous kinds in their season. Four hundred and fifty bushels of the 
choicest apples were placed in cold storage in the fall of 1903 to keep 
the exhibit fresh. On the 15th of November the exhibit had 1,800 
specimens of apples from the crops of 1904. The total cost of collec- 
tion, installation, and maintenance was $4,892.48. 

The mineral exhibit occupied 1,020 square feet in the Palace of 
Mines and Metallurgy. Here were shown 186 exhibits of sandstone, 
limestone, and other building stone, magnetite, brick (both burned 
and green), transparent selenite, and various others from Oklahoma. 
It also contained salt, oil, and glass sand testing 96 per cent pure. 
The plaster resources of Oklahoma were shown from the raw mate- 
rial in a solid block weighing 3,600 pounds, through the various evo- 
lutions of plaster manufacture to the finished product in dainty 
statuettes. A prominent feature of this exhibit was the relief map 
of the Territory, made from Oklahoma plaster by Doctor Finney, of 
the University of Oklahoma. The map weighed 1,600 pounds and 
showed every elevation and depression, with the rivers, streams, lakes, 
gypsum deposits, and salt reserves. The total cost of collection, in- 
stallation, and maintenance was $3,263.50. 

Oregon. 

Members of commission. — Jefferson Myers, president; W. E. 
Thomas, vice-president; Edmond C. Giltner, secretary; W. H. Weh- 
rung, special commissioner and general superintendent; F. A. Spen- 
cer, David Rafferty, J. C. Flanders, G. Y. Harry, J. H. Albert, Richard 
Scott, Frank Williams, F. G. Young, George Conser; Layton Wis- 
dom, private secretary to general superintendent. 

The legislature of the State of Oregon made an appropriation of 
$50,000 for the participation of Oregon at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition. One of the main objects was to excite interest in the 
Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition to be held at Portland, 
Oreg., in 1905. 

The Oregon State Building was built of logs and was a reproduc- 
tion of Fort Clatsop, the fort in which Lewis and Clark and their 
companions resided during their stay in Oregon in the winter of 
1805-6. Two square wings stood diagonally from each front corner 
of the building like the old fortress abutments used in the days when 
it was necessary for pioneer settlers to maintain such defenses against 
the hostile Indians. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 317 

The cost of the erection and maintenance of the building was 
$9,000, of which the Lewis and Clark Exposition Company con- 
tributed $3,500. 

Not including the exhibits in the Oregon Building, the State made 
exhibits in six exhibit palaces, as follows: Agricultural Pavilion, 
Horticultural Pavilion, Educational Pavilion, Forestry Pavilion, 
Mining Pavilion, and Fish and Game Pavilion. 

In the Educational Department a very interesting display was 
made by the State board of education and the public schools of 
approximately all the towns in the State. 

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building were exhibits by large 
lumber corporations of the State and a very interesting display of 
mounted specimens of fish and game, furs and rugs, also cannery 
displays from the fish-canning concerns. The Oregon State experi- 
mental stations at Corvallis and Union made very interesting exhibits 
of grains and grasses in the Palace of Agriculture. The same 
classes of products were exhibited by about 60 individual exhibitors, 
residents of the State of Oregon. While grains and grasses formed 
the largest exhibit, there were also interesting displays of wool, 
mohair, hops, milling stuffs, evaporated cream, and vegetables and 
fruit, both evaporated and in jars. 

In the Horticultural Building about 50 exhibitors displayed speci- 
mens of the fruits of Oregon. Apples, pears, and prunes were shown 
in interesting variety and unexcelled quality. 

Four exhibitors made exhibits in the Live Stock Department. 

In the Mines and Metallurgy Building there was a very unique 
and interesting display of mineral specimens, many of which were 
loaned to the State of Oregon for use at the exposition. Among the 
specimens there were collections of gold quartz and nuggets from 
the various gold mines of the State. Besides the gold, there were 
shown collections of polished pebble, copper ores, native silver, 
including cobalt and antimony ores, crystals, opals, marble, jasper, 
asbestos, limestone, kaolin, asphaltum, and tellurium ores. There 
were also displayed Indian curios, ethnological, geological, and other 
specimens, all found in the State of Oregon. The total value of the 
exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy Building was estimated at 
$35,000. 

The cost of installing and maintaining the exhibits in the several 
palaces were as follows : 

Agricultural Building $7, 117 

Horticultural Building 6,148 

Educational Building 3,800 

Forestry Building 3, 200 

Mines and Metallurgy Building 5, 000 

Fish and Game Building 2, 300 



318 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The cost of freight and transportation from Oregon to the Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition was, approximately, $4,400. Altogether 
the State of Oregon expended $45,803.34 out of its appropriation up 
to the close of the exposition. 

Pennsylvania. 

By a joint resolution of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on Feb- 
ruary 4, 1903, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker appointed Lieu- 
tenant-Governor William M. Brown, president of the senate; John 
M. Scott, speaker of the house; Henry F. Walton, State treasurer; 
Frank G. Harris, auditor ; Gen. Edmund B. Hardenbergh, secretary 
of internal affairs, and Isaac B. Brown as members of the Pennsyl- 
vania commission. Subsequently the governor appointed the follow- 
ing additional members: William S. Harvey, Morris L. Clothier, 
Joseph M. Gazzam, George H. Earle, jr., Charles B. Penrose, George 
T. Oliver, H. H. Gilkyson, Hiram Young, James Pollock, and James 
McBrier. The president of the senate appointed John G. Brady, 
William C. Sproul, William P. Snyder, J. Henry Cochran, Cyrus E. 
Woods, and the speaker of the house appointed Theodore B. Stulb, 
John Hamilton, William B. Kirker, William Wayne, John A. F. 
Hoy, Fred T. Ikeler, William H. Ulrich, A. F. Cooper, Frank B. 
McClain, George J. Hartman. 

The commission organized on April 24, 1903, and nominated James 
H. Lambert, of Philadelphia, executive officer; Bromley Wharton, 
secretary of the commission and created an executive committee of 
nine members, with H. George J. Brennan as secretary; Thos. H. 
Garvin, superintendent State Building; Philip H. Johnson, archi- 
tect. 

The State appropriation was $300,000. The only amount raised 
by private subscription, which was used in the installation of State 
exhibits, was $15,000, contributed by the anthracite coal corporations 
to make a display of the process of mining and marketing anthracite 
coal. There were no exhibits in the Pennsylvania State Building 
outside of the portraits of distinguished Pennsylvanians, past and 
present, 42 of which were displayed, and a collection of pictures 
loaned by the American Art Society. Several mural paintings from 
the Women's School of Design, in Philadelphia, and a series of 
nearly 100 photographs of the monuments erected to Pennsylvania 
regiments on the field of Gettysburg. 

The State mining exhibit represented an expenditure of $60,000. 

The cost of the educational exhibit was $14,000; of the agricul- 
tural exhibit $12,000 ; of the fish exhibit, $10,000. 

In the Department of Social Economy Pennsylvania's charitable 
and penal system was fully demonstrated in an exhibit which re- 
ceived a grand prize and which was installed at an expenditure of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 319 

$2,500. In addition to this, Pennsylvania's interests were repre- 
sented in every department of the exposition — in Manufactures, 
Liberal Arts, Varied Industries, Electricity, Transportation, and 
Machinery. 

It was Pennsylvania-made machinery which furnished the power 
for the electric light of the exposition, as well as for driving the 
machinery and pumping the water for the Cascades. 

The Pennsylvania State Building occupied a conspicuous position 
on elevated ground and was one of the finest and most costly in the 
State group. The most imposing figure was the magnificently pro- 
portioned rotunda, the roof of which was supported by a colonnade 
of Ionic capitaled columns, which supported an entablature of great 
dignity, this in turn being surmounted by a series of 12 semicircular 
arches or lunettes, in each of which was placed an allegorical paint- 
ing, suggestive and typically illustrative of the very important 
industries of the State. 

The principal color scheme of the architectural features was ivory 
white, with the capitals and plinths of columns gilt, as also the 
vaulted soffits above the paintings and the large Guilloche moldings 
on ribs of the ceiling, and the other important details. 

The walls above the low wainscoting were painted in a rich shade of 
turquoise blue, with paneled ornamental stenciled work of a very rich 
ecru tone. 

The ceiling was finished in a rich yellow tint of a tone to harmonize 
with the general surroundings. The general effect produced, aside 
from the artistic result obtained, was Pennsylvania's State colors. 
The ladies' room contained some beautiful furniture, consisting of 
some large settees, tables, writing desks, and comfortably upholstered 
easy chairs. The windows were draped with red silk curtains on 
which were embroidered the coat of arms and other State emblems. 

The men's room, across the large stair hall, was similarly treated 
as regards furniture and draperies, but in more masculine taste, the 
furniture being covered in leather, the draperies of heavier mate- 
rial, and the color scheme and design throughout being more sug- 
gestive of the sex. 

The second floor had three large, beautifully lighted and propor- 
tioned rooms, known as " art rooms." 

The various rooms throughout the building were decorated murally 
and otherwise in such color tones, draperies, etc., as to make one har- 
monious with the other. Each department, in addition to its other 
feautres, had specially designed Smyrna rugs in color and design to 
match. 

Pennsylvania, in the allotment of space for her education exhibit, 
received one of the most desirable plots in the Educational Building. 
The booth was one of the most attractive in the building, and was in 
harmony with its purpose. The exhibit was almost entirely from the 



320 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

public schools, including work from the kindergarten, the grades, and 
the high school. The normal schools and the soldiers' orphans 
schools, which are a part of the public school system in Pennsylvania, 
were also well represented. The work of all the kindergartens ap- 
peared together, likewise the first grade, and so on through the grades. 
The high school and normal school products were arranged by sub- 
jects, the papers from one branch appearing in a cabinet. The dis- 
play was made on the inside walls of the booth in leaf cabinets, base 
stands, and special show cases. 

In portfolios and on the walls were about 3,000 photographs of 
school buildings, grounds, interiors with children at work and at 
play, manual classes at sewing, basketry, weaving, in the shops and 
the gardens, plans and drawings in full of model rural school build- 
ings ; evolution of the schoolhouses, showing the first log building, its 
successors until the modern school structure is reached, and noted 
places and buildings in Pensylvania history. The State soldiers' 
orphans schools had an interesting and attractive exhibit of photo- 
graphs of their buildings, grounds, pupils, and shops with work 
going on. The industrial Indian school at Carlisle had a number of 
most interesting photographs showing the marvelous development 
in the pupils after they enter that school. The normal schools of the 
State had about 300 photographs of buildings, interiors, and students. 

Haver ford College and Lehigh University had exhibits of photo- 
graphs of the college buildings, interiors, course of study, and stu- 
dents. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women, the Pennsyl- 
vania School of Industrial Art, and the Spring Garden Institute had 
most interesting exhibits showing the best handiwork in the lines for 
which these schools were severally noted. 

In the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy it was designed to make 
an exposition of the mineral wealth of the State in the crude condition 
of its occurrences, and of her industrial advancement in the arts and 
sciences as shown by the finished product. There were aggregated 
in the exhibit statistical data, photographic views, transparencies and 
prints, relief maps, specimens of crude, partly worked, and finished 
material. 

The central feature of the exhibit, an octagonal shaft about 30 feet 
in height, surmounted by an ornamental frieze, dome, and golden 
eagle, bore statistics relating to the most important mineral produc- 
tions of the State during the year 1903. Among the relief maps re- 
producing mining regions one, 12 by 8 feet, covered the whole State 
of Pennsylvania, and showed coal measures, including the Pottsville 
conglomerate, oil-producing areas, and gas territory. 

Among the crude materials exhibited, coal, the greatest mineral 
product of the State, was given preeminence. A piece of anthracite 
coal weighing 11 tons, said to be the largest unbroken piece of this 
coal ever taken from the ground, was surrounded by pyramidal 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 321 

glass cases in which were displayed anthracite coals of various kinds, 
quantities, and qualities in all the marketable sizes, from lump to 
culm. Adjoining this display was a working breaker illustrating 
modern methods of breaking, cleaning, and assorting anthracite coal. 
Next to this display was probably the most perfect and comprehen- 
sive coal-mine model ever constructed. It was about 16 feet by 9 
feet, and was accurately proportioned to the scale of 5 feet to 1 inch. 
The background of the model showed the surface plan of a large 
mine, including a miniature breaker near the head of the mine shaft 
to the breaker, small cars bearing slate and culm away from the 
breakers, and coal cars upon a track which ran under the breaker 
for convenience in loading the marketable product for shipment; 
also upon the left hand, the fan supplying ventilation to the mine, 
the carpenter shop, and the boiler room, and on the right hand, the 
men at work on strippings (coal lying on or near the surface) with 
steam shovels. 

Mounted prints and transparencies showed interior and surface 
views of mines, and a valuable collection of coal fossils completed 
the State exhibit of anthracite coal. 

The bituminous coal of the State of Pennsylvania was represented 
by twelve cross- sectional cuttings from well-known veins occurring 
in different parts of the State and by models and views. Pennsyl- 
vania's interest in iron mining and manufactures was represented 
by the crude product only. 

In crude specimens, ores of manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, 
etc., were displayed, as well as feldspar, corundum talc, asbestos, gyp- 
sum, and mica. A pavilion built of old Bangor slate showed slabs of 
different grades and varieties of finish. 

A handsomely mounted exhibit of crude and refined oils in 200 
flasks conveyed a conception of the variety and extent of the oil 
industry of the State. The whole exhibit, so far as space would per- 
mit, was designed upon a scale significant of the size, importance, and 
value of the mineral wealth it represented. 

The general scheme of installation of Pennsylvania's agricultural 
exhibit embraced an inclosing structure of show cases with plate- 
glass tops. On either side of the four corners was a massive paneled 
port surmounted by a glass sphere 6 inches in diameter and filled 
with some farm products similar to that which was shown in the cases 
adjoining them. 

Upon two of the keystones grains and seeds were displayed in glass 
jars, while corn was shown in rows of ears. Upon another keystone 
were shown fine specimens of fine tobacco, as also in the show cases ad- 
joining the pagoda. All the tobacco shown was grown in Lancaster 
County. Wool was shown in the grease, or " unwashed," in small 
samples taken directly from the sheep. These samples were arranged 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 21 



322 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

upon black velvet, which lined the bottom of the cases in a large 
variety of beautiful forms, and constituted one of the most attractive 
features of the exhibits. 

In the remaining show cases was found an unusually large collec- 
tion of the manufactured products of the farmers' crops, including 
meals, flours, " breakfast foods," oils, liquors, pipes, etc. 

Pennsylvania's fish exhibit was divided into five groups, namely: 
Live fish, mounted fish, birds and mammals, water colors and photo- 
graphs of fishery subjects, legally confiscated devices for catching 
fish and angling materials. 

Naturally, it was designed that the live-fish exhibit should be the 
prominent feature. Thirty-five aquaria were placed on two sides of 
the main aisle. Only prominent examples of various groups were 
displayed, consisting of game fishes, food fishes, the principal interior 
fishes commercially valuable as food, representatives of types which 
have no value either for game or food purposes and which were dis- 
tinctively destructive, and also minnows. 

The still exhibit was one of great beauty. The mounted groups 
were separated into two divisions, mounted fishes of the larger size 
and the mounted specimens of the birds and animals which prey upon 
fishes. 

The greatest interest was probably shown in the exhibit of legally 
confiscated nets, draped in artistic fashion against a high board wall 
stained to represent a natural fence. Among them were placed fish 
on panels, which added materially to the effect. It was the only ex- 
hibit of its kind in the World's Fair, and it apparently proved to be 
one of the most attractive. 

Pennsylvania responded enthusiastically to the invitation to partic- 
ipate in the general educational display in the Art Palace. Fully 
conscious of the ethical influence of art as a factor in the progress of 
the Commonwealth, the commissioners set aside funds to assist the 
Pennsylvania artists in displaying the best of their works produced 
since the Columbian Exposition — eleven years ago — and in a manner 
worthy of the State, which possesses the oldest art institute in the 
country and which gave birth to Benjamin West, Sully, Nagel, 
Rothemmel, and Abbey. 

The State had important representation in all of the six groups in 
which the department had classified its exhibits. 

The following table will show the extent of the participation : 

Paintings and drawings 145 

Etchings and engravings 7 

Sculpture 36 

Architecture 104 

Loan 14 

Applied arts 1° 7 

Total 313 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 323 

Pennsylvania sculpture was a striking feature of the impressive 
collection in the United States sculpture court of the Art Palace. 
The late Edmund C. Stewartson's work, " The Bather," one of the 
best productions of American sculpture, was installed here, and, 
among others, important works were shown of Charles Grafly, to 
whom was intrusted the designing of the official medal of awards for 
the exposition; of Alexander Sterling Calder, and of Samuel Mur- 
ray, who exhibited many portrait busts of well-known Pennsylva- 
nians. Architecture had as its Pennsylvania representation many 
well-known individuals and firms. 

To the splendid collection of foreign masterpieces forming the 
loan collection of the United States section, borrowed from individual 
collectors and art institutions, Pennsylvania made sumptuous con- 
tributions. 

The Pennsylvania display in the Department of Art was of the 
highest importance, and a comparison with the contributions of other 
States disclosed the fact that Pennsylvania stood second to only one 
other State in point of numbers. 

Philippine Islands. 

The Philippine exposition board was created by Act 514 of the 
Philippine Commission, passed for the purpose of collecting and in- 
stalling a distinctively Philippine exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition of 1904 at St. Louis, Mo. 

The original act carried an appropriation of $125,000, which was 
made immediately available, and authorized the board to incur addi- 
tional obligations to the amount of $250,000 apart from such sum as 
might be set aside by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company in 
aid of the Philippine exhibit. The amount of such aid was $200,000 
from the appropriation made by Congress. 

Several amendments to Act 514 were made, notably Acts 765, 827, 
1055, and other acts carrying additional appropriations. 

The exposition board, as originally appointed, consisted of Dr. 
W. P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum; 
Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, chief of the scientific department of the 
Philadelphia museums, and Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, of Manila, as 
members, and Dr. Leon M. Guerrero, also of Manila, secretary. Mr. 
Carson Taylor was appointed disbursing officer. 

Several changes in the authorized official organization have oc- 
curred. Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member, whose work had been con- 
fined to the Philippine Islands, resigned in August, 1904, and was 
succeeded by Mr. A. L. Lawshe, auditor for the Philippine Islands, 
who was appointed to serve during a leave of absence from the Philip- 
pines. Dr. W. P. Wilson resigned the chairmanship in October, 1904, 
the resignation to take effect November 1 following. Mr. Lawshe 



324 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

was appointed to the chairmanship to succeed Doctor Wilson, and Mr. 
Herbert S. Stone, previously connected with the board as chief of 
publicity, was appointed to the vacant membership on the board. 

The task of collecting the material for the exhibit devolved on 
Doctor Niederlein, who, as director of exhibits, was given sole charge 
of this work. He arrived in the islands for the purpose in October, 
1902. 

Chairman Wilson made a brief visit to the islands in May, 1903, 
to arrange plans for the work, and upon his return undertook the 
construction of the buildings and the beautifying of the grounds. 
Forty-seven acres of rolling country, lying for the most part on an 
elevation of the southwestern section of the World's Fair grounds, 
were assigned to the Philippine exhibit. The work of construction 
consisted of building a miniature city, with streets and parks and 
complete sewerage, water, and electric light, and fire-alarm systems. 
The ground plan included a central park or plaza, the sides of the 
quadrangle being occupied, respectively, by the cathedral or educa- 
tional building, the typical Manila house, the commerce building, and 
the government or administration building, each of these beautiful 
structures being filled with appropriate exhibits. In addition there 
were separate exhibit buildings devoted to forestry, mines, and 
metallurgy, to agriculture and horticulture, to fish and game, and to 
ethnology, all artistically placed. A reproduction of the ancient 
walls of Manila commanded the main approach to the Philippine 
grounds. After crossing a miniature reproduction of the Bridge of 
Spain, which spans the Pasig River at Manila, the visitors entered 
the Philippine reservation through the Real gate. Villages typical 
of the Philippine life, from the lowest grade to the better class, sur- 
rounded the main buildings, while on the south side were the quar- 
ters, camps, and parade grounds of the Philippine Constabulary and 
the Philippine Scouts. The Manila Observatory, with a large out- 
door relief map on the east and a hospital and office building in a 
convenient space on the west part of the grounds, completed the 
scheme. 

Each and every building constructed under Philippine auspices 
was typical of the islands. Vast quantities of bamboo and nipa, 
brought from the archipelago, were used in the construction of the 
native villages as well as in the Forestry, Mines, Agriculture, and 
Fish and Game buildings. 

While the expenditure for the exhibit far exceeded the amount 
originally contemplated by the Philippine Commission, due to many 
causes and conditions, it gave to the people of the United States a 
more intimate knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the Phil- 
ippine Islands than they could acquire except by an actual and 
extended visit. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 325 

The exhibit was an honest one. There were the least civilized 
people in the Negritos and the Igorrotes; the semicivilized in the 
Bagobos and the Moros, and the civilized and cultured in the Visa- 
vans, as well as in the constabulary and scout organizations. In all 
other respects the exhibit was a faithful portrayal. 

The official staff of the board was as follows : 

Dr. William P. Wilson, chairman ; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, member 
and director of exhibits; Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member; Dr. Leon 
M. Guerrero, secretary ; Mr. Edmund A. Felder, executive officer ; Mr. 
Carson Taylor, disbursing officer; Mr. H. C. Lewis, cashier; Rev. 
Jose Algue, S. J., director of the Philippine Weather Bureau and 
director of the Philippine Exposition Observatory; Capt. M. C. 
Butler, U. S. Army, director of supplies ; Capt. Llewellyn P. William- 
son, Medical Department, U. S. Army, medical director ; Mr. Charles 
L. Hall, chief department of agriculture; Mr. Charles P. Fenner, 
chief department of commerce and manufactures and representative 
of the American Chamber of Commerce of Manila ; Mr. A. R. Hager, 
chief department of education; Dr. Albert E. Jenks, chief ethnolog- 
ical survey for the Philippine Islands and chief of the department of 
ethnology, Philippine exposition; Mr. Roy Hopping, chief depart- 
ment mines and metallurgy ; Mr. Herbert S. Stone, chief department 
of publicity; Mr. Alfred C. Newell, chief department of exploita- 
tion; Mr. William N. Swarthout, editor of the Manila Times, on 
special duty ; Mr. George P. Linden, curator of exhibits, in charge of 
forestry; Capt. F. E. Cofren, P. C, chief of war exhibit; Mr. Antonio 
G. Escammilla, assistant secretary ; Capt. George S. Clark, purchasing 
agent; Mr. A. E. Anderson, architect; Mr. James D. Lalor, chief 
engineer; Miss Pilar Zamora, superintendent of model school; Mr. 
Jose Quadras, chief department of fish and game. 

The forestry exhibit was installed in a handsome and characteristic 
bamboo and nipa structure of the bungalow type. The interior of the 
building was divided into four parts, of which two were utilized to 
show the woods in the rough, planed, and polished states, a third 
being used to display forestry by-products, while the last contained 
the finished products made into furniture. 

The total number of exhibitors in this department was 1,294. The 
superior jury approved the following awards: 

Grand prizes, 3 ; gold medals, 24 ; silver medals, 39 ; bronze medals, 
32 ; honorable mentions, 207 ; total number awards granted, 305. 

In the commerce and manufactures was a commercial exhibit show- 
ing the articles of importation, their cost, method of packing, etc. 
Exhibitors of samples of imports in this department were awarded 
suitable medals and diplomas for their collaboration and the wisdom 
of the scheme has been fully demonstrated. 

The commercial library, consisting of the Philippine tariff and 
customs administrative act, public laws and resolutions passed by 



326 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

the civil commission, and other books of interest, served excellently 
as works of reference. 

The department of liberal arts and fine arts was installed in the 
two wings on the ground floor of the Government Building, while 
the fine-art exhibit was placed in the art gallery formed by the rear 
wing of the building. Taking advantage of the available facilities, 
they were arranged so as to give unity to the whole, notwithstanding 
their variety, thus making the general effect pleasing to the eye. 

A collection of mollusks of great scientific value and a collection 
of insects were placed, respectively, in the right and left wings of 
the building. 

A large collection of books, pamphlets, newspapers, photographs, 
etc., relating to the Philippines, the maps and public and private 
house models, and the different exhibits of the insular government 
bureaus were exhibited in the palaces above mentioned. The needle- 
work in silk cloth, pina, and cotton, together with work in leather, 
silver, and gold, and musical instruments, noteworthy on account of 
perfect workmanship, were equally well displayed for public inspec- 
tion. 

The prizes awarded to this department were as follows : 

Grand prizes, 14; gold medals, 55; silver medals, 64; bronze 
medals, 45 ; honorable mentions, 123. 

The main installation of fine arts was made in the reception hall 
of the Government Building, both for paintings and sculpture. Of 
the first mentioned there were 61, selected for special merit, and of 
the second, 28, notable for their artistic conception and execution. 
The remainder were divided between the educational building and 
the Manila House, there being 85 oil paintings aside from water 
colors and some drawings in crayon; 35 pieces of sculpture, and 8 
wood carvings. Among the pieces of sculpture were included cer- 
tain ancient pieces which, in some respects, illustrate the history of 
this branch of fine arts cultivated by the Filipinos, with special 
application to religious iconography. 

In July the paintings and sculptures were examined, and the fol- 
lowing awards were unanimously made : 

Grand prizes, 4 ; gold medals, 15 ; silver medals, 31 ; bronze medals, 
38 ; honorable mentions, 42. 

The Manila observatory took a special interest in the St. Louis 
Exposition and exhibited a model of a first-class meteorological seis- 
mic station equipped with the very latest instruments. This model, 
unlike others that were on exhibition at the World's Fair, was in 
working order, and all the recording instruments were continually 
kept in motion by the head mechanic of the Manila central observa- 
tory. 

The work in the meteorological station consisted principally in 
taking two daily observations of Green's mercurial barometer, of the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 327 

maximum and minimum temperature of the psychrometer, of the 
direction of the winds and of the clouds and also the amount of 
rainfall. 

The educational exhibit was installed in a large, well-lighted build- 
ing which was a diminished model of the Manila Cathedral. Cen- 
tral walls and alcoves, covered with green burlap, were erected to 
give wall space, and 220 square meters of space were thus provided. 
In preparing the exhibit, the first step was to enlist the cooperation 
of the American and Filipino teachers in the Government schools, 
about 2,000 in number, and as many as possible of the teachers of 
private schools. To this end, circulars were sent to every American 
teacher, and visits were made to the school divisions near Manila. 
Supplies of school materials, uniform paper for written work, etc., 
were sent by the bureau of education, which gave every assistance 
possible to schools that requested such material. Letters were 
written to a number of educators in America requesting personal 
expressions as to what they would find most interesting in a Philip- 
pine educational exhibit. In response many helpful suggestions 
were received. 

The educational exhibit known as " Department A," of the Philip- 
pine exposition board, contained collections sent by 438 exhibitors 
and consisted of 8,542 exhibits. 

Labels of various sizes were freely used to give visitors information 
regarding collections and conditions of school work in the Philip- 
pines, particularly where these conditions differed from those of the 
United States. 

Written work was displayed in flat-top wall cases arranged accord- 
ing to school divisions, some of the typical work being shown open 
under glass. These cases were arranged so that they might have 
been opened without disturbing the displayed work to give access to 
other written work of the division. 

The industrial exhibits and photographs filled 30 glazed show 
cases and the wall space around these cases and were arranged by 
school divisions. These show cases varied in size from one-half to 
7 cubic meters. The list of awards contained eight grand prizes, as 
follows : 

The secretary of public instruction and the general superintendent 
of education, on the exhibit as a whole; the Philippine Model 
School; Laguna High School; Liceo de Manila Secondary School; 
the Philippine Nautical School; the Philippine Normal School, and 
the University of Santo Tomas. 

Thirty gold medals, 71 silver medals, 110 bronze medals, and 323 
honorable mentions were also awarded. 

The Model School was in a typical nipa and bamboo schoolhouse 
especially arranged for exhibition purposes. It was in charge of 
Miss Pilar Zamora, a Tagalog, who is a teacher in the Philippine 



328 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Normal School. Two sessions were held daily, to which visitors were 
admitted. 

The exhibits in the agricultural building represented agriculture, 
horticulture, and land transportation. The material on exhibition 
consisted of all raw and manufactured products of the soil, together 
with crude native instruments and implements employed in the culti- 
vation of the land, as well as native machinery for the preparation of 
such products for the market, illustrating in as complete a manner as 
possible the old process of raising the various crops of the island. 

Among the cereals were large and interesting collections of rice, 
both hulled and in the hull, representing hundreds of varieties and 
subvarieties grown in the different islands of the archipelago. These 
varieties were divided into two groups, namely, " palay de secano " 
or mountain rice, which is cultivated without irrigation, and " palay 
de regadio " or valley rice, which is cultivated in rice paddies and by 
irrigation. There were also samples of wheat grown at some of the 
experimental stations established by the insular bureau of agricul- 
ture. Samples of corn or maize, millet, sorghum, pease, beans, and 
lentils were also exhibited. 

There was also a large collection of tropical and European vegetable 
seeds, together with seeds of various kinds of pumpkins, squash, cala- 
bash, and cucumbers grown in the islands. The collection of oil and 
oil-producing seeds consisted of samples of seasame, peanut, castor, 
pili, palo, maria, tangan-tangan, tuba-tuba, copra, or dried cocoa- 
nut, etc. 

The collection of wild and cultivated fruits, vegetables, and tubers 
preserved in formaldehyde was a very interesting one, and undoubt- 
edly the first collection of its kind seen in America. Samples of un- 
refined sugar of different grades, together with the preserved cane, 
were also displayed, with the crude native machinery used in the 
extraction of the sugar. 

Samples of alcohol, wines, and vinegar produced from the various 
palm saps or grain and sugar were well represented. The collection 
of fibers and textiles was very complete. It consisted of several va- 
rieties of shrub cotton in white, yellow, and brown, together with the 
cloth made of this cotton by the natives on crude hand looms, and the 
tree cotton variety, which is principally used by the natives for filling 
pillows. In the fiber exhibit were samples of hemp, maguey pina, 
and textile barks of all kinds, together with samples of cloth and rope 
manufactured from them. 

A conservatory built in the center of the building on the south side 
contained a very interesting collection of orchids, cycas, and some 
tree ferns from the Philippines. 

Exhibits were cared for in 93 show cases, 40 inches wide, 7 feet 
high, and 1 foot deep; 4 show cases 6 feet wide, 7 feet high, and 6 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 329 

feet deep. Other exhibits too large to be placed in show cases were 
cared for on 420 feet of double shelving and on tables 80 feet long 
and 12 feet wide. 

The exhibits in this building numbered over 20,000 individual 
pieces, the duplicates being exhibited under the same number. The 
following number of awards was granted in the department of agri- 
culture : 

Nine grand prizes, 4 gold medals, 179 silver medals, 145 bronze 
medals, and 463 honorable mentions. 

The Fish and Game Building was situated in the extreme northern 
part of the exposition grounds and overlooked Arrowhead Lake. 
The structure was in the shape of the letter " T," and had a floor 
space of 4,400 square feet and represented a " camarian," or Philip- 
pine warehouse. 

The building was divided into two sections; the first, containing 
a floor space of 1,700 square feet, was devoted to the game exhibit, 
while the second, containing a floor space of 3,200 square feet, was 
devoted to fish, fishing apparatus, shells, etc. 

At the entrance was a fine specimen of the Tamarao, a species of 
wild buffalo (Buhalus mindorensis Heude) ; to the left a complete 
collection of birds, well mounted and scientifically labeled, and to the 
right a fine collection of the enormous fruit bats and some of the 
skins of these bats, which are of great commercial value. Large col- 
lections of birds' eggs, attractively displayed; numerous specimens 
of stuffed wild boars and deer were displayed. Fine specimens of 
python, 21 feet long and 1 foot in diameter, and a collection of croco- 
diles, large iguanas, and lizards were prominent features in the collec- 
tion of reptiles. 

A numerous collection of nets for fishing and hunting of deer and 
wild boar, with some of the snares, game traps, bows, and arrows 
completely covered and festooned the ceiling and walls. 

There was also a collection of corals, gorgonias or sponge corals, 
having a spread of about 5 feet. 

The awards in this department, as approved by the superior jury, 
were as follows: 

Fish and game : Grand prizes, 2 ; gold medals, 5 ; silver medals, 10 ; 
bronze medals, 38 ; honorable mentions, 201. Water transportation : 
Grand prizes, 2 ; gold medals, 3 ; silver medals, 3 ; bronze medals, 2 ; 
honorable mentions, 33. 

A most interesting exhibit of the numerous mineral resources of the 
archipelago was displayed for the inspection of the public in the 
mines and mining exhibit. 

The most important exhibits were, first, the cases of iron ores, those 
from Bulacan, Luzon, receiving a grand prize, 3 silver medals, and 
2 bronze medals. Second, a complete coal exhibit, that from Cebu 



330 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and Bataan Island each receiving a gold medal. Third, an exhibit 
of gold and gold quartz, which filled five wall cases and two small 
table cases, and which received three gold medals, six silver medals, 
and four bronze medals. Gold medals were also given the exhibit 
of basalt for heavy foundations and heavy construction, marble from 
Eomblon Island, a geological and mineralogical collection exhibited 
by the mining bureau and Isuan mineral water from Los Banos, 
Laguna, Luzon. 

The ethnological collection was displayed in the ethnology build- 
ing, constructed around three sides of a square open court ; the build- 
ing was 119 feet long and 88 feet wide. It consisted of two long halls, 
one 88 by 37, and one 88 by 39 feet long. Over one of these long halls 
were two chambers about 30 feet square each. The building con- 
tained about 4,500 square feet of surface behind glass cases, and about 
9,400 square feet of open wall and ceiling space covered with museum 
specimens, or a total of about 1,300 square feet, where about 1,800 
specimens were displayed. 

Some of the specimens exhibited were: Bontoc Igorrote head- 
axes, Bontoc Igorotte basket work utensils used in the domestic and 
field activities; Benguet and Banawi Igorrote carved wooden food 
bowls and spoons; Benguet Igorrote baskets; wooden clay and 
metal pipes from northern Luzon ; and a collection of Benguet Igor- 
rote copper pots and copper mining outfit. Also Bontoc Igorotte 
spears, shields, and carved wooden human figures, men's basket hats, 
women's headdress beads, men's boar tusk armlets, and the earrings 
and ear plugs worn by both men and women. 

The ceilings and walls of the hall in which the exhibits were located 
were covered with bark and cotton clothing made by the various Igor- 
rote people, such clothing as women's skirts and jackets, men's breech- 
cloths and shirts, and the various burial garments used by both men 
and women. There was also a very large collection of shields and 
spears of the various Igorrote people, a very exhaustive collection of 
Negrito materials, and some excellent Kalinga, Ibilao, Tinguian, and 
Mangiyan materials. 

One case contained a collection of Bagobo, Manobo, and Mandaya 
materials and a collection of materials from the Tagakola, the Bilan, 
the Tiruray, and the Subano. 

A good collection of materials from the little-known Tagabanua 
people of the island of Paragua was displayed. 

The third hall contained, almost exclusively, materials from the 
various Mohammedan people of the archipelago, commonly called 
" Moros," such as Moro mats, saddles, and bridles made and used by 
the " Moros," crude string and wind instruments gathered from many 
places in the archipelago, and curious gongs used by the Moros as 
musical instruments and for beating sound messages from place to 
place. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 331 

A tj^pical manial house attracted much attention. The building 
represented a house of the wealthy class, with shell windows. The 
exhibit contained therein consisted in the main of handsome hand- 
woven fabrics and embroideries, prominent among which are the 
famed jusi and pina cloths and sinamy fabrics. There were, besides, 
many pieces of hand-carved furniture and works of art. 

There were artificial flowers, cotton goods, fancy goods, embroidery, 
jusi cloth, sinamay cloth, pina cloth, and silks. 

Besides the above, the walls, ceilings, and show cases were decorated 
with hats, baskets, mattings, and pottery. In the rooms were 50 
pieces of carved furniture. A number of paintings was also on 
exhibition here. 

Following is the list of awards as approved by the superior jury: 

Grand prizes, 1 ; gold medals, 16 ; silver medals, 62 ; bronze medals, 
213 ; honorable mention, 1,200; total number of awards 1,492. 

Porto Rico. 

In the Agricultural Building, not far from the main entrance, was 
found the Porto Rico section. It was in the nature of a pagoda of 
two floors. The lower one was dedicated to agriculture, mines, for- 
estry, and a few of the manufactures exhibits. On the second floor 
were the liberal arts and manufactures exhibits and the offices of the 
commission; also the needleAvork display, which was collected and 
exhibited by the Women's Aid Society, San Juan, and the Benevolent 
Society, Ponce, 

The commission that represented Porto Rico at the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition was composed of the following : 

Mr. Jaime Annexy, president; Mr. Gutsavo Preston, commis- 
sioner; Mr. Antonio Mariani, commissioner; Mr. L. A. Castro, as- 
sistant secretary; Mrs. R. A. Miller, honorary commissioner; Mrs. 
Hortensia Y. de Annexy, honorary commissioner ; Miss Maria Stahl, 
representative Women's Aid Society of San Juan; Mrs. David A. 
Skinner, representative of Benevolent Society of Ponce; Miss Pearl 
Magehan, superintendent of education; Mr. Nicolas Hernandez, 
attache. 

The president of the commission was for some months in personal 
charge of everything concerning the exhibit. To his efforts the 
credit for the Porto Rico exhibit is due, Mr. Annexy is an industrial 
engineer and occupies a prominent position in his native country. 
Porto Rican coffee was considered the most extensive exhibit and 
was awarded the highest honors. The coffee produced in Porto Rico 
is almost all exported to Europe. In the year 1902 to 1903 coffee was 
exported to European countries to the value of $3,252,043, and the 
export to the United States was only $718,531. The total exports of 
the same year to foreign countries was $3,956,893 and to the United 



332 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

States $10,909,147. The exhibition of coffee was the most important 
aim of the Porto Rico commission, and it was distributed free in the 
Porto Rico Pagoda. It was also given away green, roasted, and 
powdered, in bags of different sizes. 

Sugar was the next most extensive display and was awarded a 
gold medal. The export of sugar to the United States in the year 
1902 to 1903 was $376,757 and to foreign countries $2,543. Many 
millions of dollars have been spent to import the latest machinery for 
the manufacture of sugar and all modern improvements in trans- 
portation are rapidly being adopted. 

Tobacco leaf and manufactured tobacco comprised an excellent 
display. Different American concerns have undertaken in the last 
seven years the introduction of Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes 
into the United States, and there are few places in America where 
they can not be found. Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes are said 
to rank with those of Cuba. 

Porto Rican cotton was said to be of superior quality and attracted 
attention. Cotton growers in Porto Rico are adopting the best ma- 
chinery that is made in the United States. The liquor exhibit also 
was noticeable. Porto Rico received highest awards in straw hats, 
needlework, rice, beans, pharmaceutical products, etc. 

In the Educational Building was the Porto Rican public school 
exhibit. The development of this branch of the Porto Rico adminis- 
tration in the last seven years was remarkable. The total number of 
schools is more than twice the number maintained under the Spanish 
Government, although it is said that the public schools are able to 
accommodate less than one- fourth of the pupils, in spite of the fact 
that more than 25 per cent of the revenues of the island, both insular 
and municipal, are expended for educational purposes. In addition 
to the elementary schools there are now established four high schools. 
Teachers are both natives and Americans. 

An appropriation of $30,000 was made by the Porto Rican legisla- 
ture for the purpose of representation at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition. The Porto Rican Pagodo was designed by a native ar- 
chitect, Mr. Armando Morales, and cost $5,000. 

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 

Members of commission. — Robert B. Treat, president; William F. 
Gleason, vice-president; Edwin F. Penniman, treasurer; George E. 
Ball, secretary; George N. Kingsbury, executive commissioner; Col. 
Patrick E. Hayes, Frank L. Budlong, and George L. Shepley. 

The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Building was beau- 
tifully situated on an eminence on Colonial avenue, facing north, and 
adjoining Indiana and Nevada. The design for the building was 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 333 

selected in open competition by Rhode Island architects. The build- 
ing in its general form was a reproduction of the Stephen H. Smith 
mansion in the town of Lincoln — a model distinguished among types 
of colonial architecture in old New England. 

A distinctive feature of the design was the ogee gable, of which 
but one other example is believed to exist in Rhode Island colonial 
architecture. The Rhode Island Building imitated in cement the 
material of which the old Smith mansion is constructed — seam-faced 
granite — taken from the quarry on the estate. This material is 
curiously finished by nature's handiwork in many colorings. The 
irregularity of the pieces and the variety of the colorings in peculiar 
combinations gave a quaint appearance to the building, and added 
much to its attractiveness. 

From the broad front piazza tnrough an entrance the visitor was 
introduced to State hall. The hall was set with lofty columns in 
colonial style. A writing room was on the east and a reading room 
on the west ; between, a broad stairway led to the upper stories. The 
suite was in Doric detail. Opening from the southerly section of the 
hallway were the ladies' parlor, the smoking room, and information 
bureau. The stairway was a reproduction of a notably beautiful 
construction in old Providence Bank Building and the Brown-Gam- 
mell house. A curious feature of its design were the balusters, which 
were fashioned in nine different patterns. 

The finish of the second floor was from excellent models of the 
Ionic order found in old colonial mansions in Newport and Bristol. 
On either side of the hall were the executive and commissioners' 
rooms. Prominent among the features of the building was the 
stained-glass window at the second-story landing of the stairway. 
The design for this window was the result of a competition by the 
students of the Rhode Island School of Design. On either side, suit- 
ably reproduced as to design and coloring, were the seals of the State 
of Rhode Island and the city of Providence. 

By an ingenious arrangement of the gable construction a roof 
garden was provided, a broad stairway leading thereto from the sec- 
ond floor. A part of the roof garden was set aside for a suite for 
servants' quarters, breakfast room, kitchen, pantry, and storage. 
Apart from the sleeping quarters the entire building was devoted 
to public use. The furnishings, decoration, and equipment of the 
Rhode Island Building represented many public-spirited contribu- 
tions. The building cost $26,000, and the furnishing and equipment, 
which were contributed, were estimated to have cost $6,000. On July 
4, 1904, the Rhode Island Building was purchased by Mr. John Rin- 
gen, of St. Louis. It was the first building on the grounds to be dis- 
posed of. Mr. Ringen transferred the building intact to his country 
estate for a residence. 



334 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In April, 1903, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and 
Providence Plantations enacted a measure providing for a State ex- 
hibit, and appropriated $35,000 for the purpose of the same. It was 
subsequently found that the sum appropriated would not be sufficient 
for the purpose, and in April, 1904, the legislature passed another 
bill appropriating the sum of $30,000. 

Besides the State appropriation of $65,000, the school committee 
of the city of Providence subscribed $2,000 for an educational exhibit, 
making the total amount available $67,000. There was absolutely 
no private subscription or contribution. 

The cost of installation, including cost of transportation, was as 
follows : 

Rhode Island State Building $26,000 

Furnishing and equipment, contributed (valued at) 6,000 

Exhibit of inland fisheries 2,500 

Exhibit Department of Education 3,000 

Exhibit Department of Social Economy 3,000 

Exhibit Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game 1,000 

Exhibit Department of Agriculture and Horticulture 2, 500 

The State of Ehode Island was represented by exhibits in five of 
the exhibition palaces as follows: 

United States Fisheries Building: By the commission of inland 
fisheries. Palace of Education: State board of education, Ehode 
Island State Normal School, Providence High School, and demon- 
stration by exhibit of various schools of all grades in public school 
system of the city of Providence, Rhode Island School of Design, 
public schools of the town of Warwick, public schools of the town 
of Cranston, public schools of the town of Bristol, Miss Mary C. 
Wheeler's Private School for Young Ladies, Providence, R. I. 
Social Economy: Board of State charities and corrections, Socka- 
nosset School for Boys, Oaklawn School for Girls, department of 
factory inspection, bureau of industrial statistics, State Sanatorium 
for Consumptives, State board of health, State board of soldiers' 
relief. Forestry, Fish, and Game: James W. Stainton, of Provi- 
dence, R. L, exhibit of game birds and fish of Rhode Island. Palace 
of Agriculture : State board of agriculture, Rhode Island College of 
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 

South Dakota. 

Under an act of the legislature approved March 11, 1903, South 
Dakota appropriated the sum of $35,000 for the purpose of exhibiting 
the resources, the products, and the industrial, commercial, and social 
progress and general development of the State of South Dakota at 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A commission was also consti- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 335 

tuted, which consisted of three persons appointed, by the governor, 
selected entirely with regard to their familiarity with the resources, 
arts, and products of the State, their business experience and execu- 
tive skill, and all of whom were residents of the State. 

Shortly after the 1st day of July, 1903, when the law creating the 
commission became operative, Gov. Charles N. Herreid, then acting 
governor, appointed as commissioners, S. TV. Russell, of Deadwood; 
L. T. Boucher, of Eureka, and W. B. Saunders, of Milbank, who 
constituted the commission throughout the entire period. S. TV. 
Russell was elected president; L. T. Boucher, vice-president ; TV. B. 
Saunders, treasurer, and George R. Farmer, secretary. 

The commission at its first session determined that the State should 
be represented not only by a building or home for its citizens, but 
likewise in the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Dairy, 
Mining, and Education. To that end application was at once made to 
the chiefs of the various departments of the exposition for space in 
the respective exhibit buildings. Tentative locations were at once 
assigned to our State commission in all these departments, with the 
exception of that in the Palace of Education. 

Although one of the last of the States to procure ground for the 
erection of our State building, the South Dakota Building was one 
of the three State buildings ready to open its doors on the opening 
day of the exposition. 

The State building was located at the top of Art Hill, a little to 
the east of the colonnade of States and about 500 feet east of the Art 
Palace. 

The South Dakota Building in its exterior and style of architecture 
was unpretentious. The building was two stories in height, having 
two commodious porches on the north and west sides; the outside 
walls were covered with cement, finished in natural color. The 
building being situated at the top of a small hill and entirely sur- 
rounded by large oak trees presented a most inviting spot to the over- 
heated, weary sightseer. 

It was to the interior construction of the building that time, care, 
and expense were chiefly devoted. Upon entering the front door 
the visitor stood in a hall 12 feet wide by 21 feet in length; to the 
right was the writing room and general business office, to the left 
the parlor, and at the rear of the building were the ladies' retiring 
room, reading room, lavatories, and storage room. The walls and 
ceilings of all the rooms described were covered with metallic sheet- 
ing with embossed designs, beautifully tinted in colorings, each room 
different from the others. The furnishings of these rooms were 
simple, yet serviceable and neat, and in harmony with the colorings 
of the walls. 



336 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 






It was " The Great Corn Room " that impressed the visitor with 
wonder at its beautiful and fascinating designs, the interior walls 
being covered with native grasses, straw, and grains, wrought in a 
hundred beautiful and artistic designs. The word " Welcome," 
directly over the rostrum in the center of the south wall, attracted 
the attention of the visitor upon his first entrance to the building on 
account of the peculiar shading, the letters, running from a pure 
white at the top to a dark blue at the bottom, the shading being so 
gradual that it seemed incredible that it was actual corn in its native 
coloring. 

The arch in the ceiling presented a beautiful appearance, with large 
stars in crosscuts of red, white, yellow, and blue corn, a fantastic 
background with festoons of grains in the natural colors, wheat, oats, 
rye, barley, and flax straw being mostly used. There were two 
panels, lettered with oat straw, that glistened like burnished gold 
under the electric lights of the arch, describing the various products 
of the State, viz, cattle, swine, horses, wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax, 
gold, and silver. On the east wall wrought in corn upon a green 
background was the State's motto, " Under God the People Rule." 
This motto contained every conceivable color that corn is known to 
take on. 

The walls of the other rooms were adorned by a number of paint- 
ings in oil and water colors. A number of enlarged colored photo- 
graphs of artesian wells, public buildings, and other scenes, were also 
displayed, as well as pictures of prominent men of the State. 

During the exposition forty-three South Dakota people received 
attention and care on account of illness or indisposition or accidents, 
and thousands came there to rest, meet friends, and attend to busi- 
ness matters. A post-office was maintained in the building, where 
thousands of letters were received and delivered. 

The agricultural booth was similar in its construction to the " Corn 
Hall " of the State building, although different in design. The 
place assigned this exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture covered a 
space 35 by 45 feet 6 inches, with aisles on three sides. The facade 
fronted on the three aisles and in its architectural lines presented a 
solidity characteristic of the State's exhibits. Cane stalk and corn 
in red colors were used to form the base of the fagade, being put on 
in transverse sections, which gave at a distance as well as by close 
inspection a very pleasing effect. It was, however, to the interior 
decoration and exhibit that great labor and skill were devoted in mak- 
ing it especially attractive. Grains in the native straw, grasses, and 
clover were worked out in many fantastic shapes and beautiful designs. 
In the center of the booth, rising to a height of 15 feet, was a large 
octagonal pyramid, used almost exclusively for the display of grain 
in the straw; the bright yellow being in strong contrast with a red 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 337 

burlap background, made it naturally attractive. On the south wall 
or side a like exhibit of grains and grasses was shown; four large 
display tables, also in pyramid shape, occupied the space surrounding 
the centerpiece above described. On this table were several hundred 
glass jars, globes, and bottles for the display of grains and seeds of 
every description grown in South Dakota. It was, however, to the 
corn exhibits that special care and attention were given. Twelve 
large show cases were used for the display of this exhibit, besides a 
large quantity displayed in bulk, both in the ear and shelled. Over 
100 bushels of corn was used in this exhibit alone. 

The exhibit attracted much attention from the corn growers of 
other States, and was conceded to be one of great merit considering 
the newness of the State, and, as one Illinois farmer said, " It is better 
corn by long odds than I raised when I first went to Illinois." 

The display of horticultural products was in the Palace of Agri- 
culture instead of the Palace of Horticulture. Twenty-five barrels 
of apples of some 15 different varieties were collected early in the 
fall of 1903 and placed in cold storage at St. Louis, thus supplying a 
continual display until the fruit season of 1904. The fact that 10 
medals were awarded to the horticultural display demonstrates the 
merit of this exhibit. 

The State's representation in the dairy department was both unique 
and so different from that of other States that it attracted much 
attention. The space assigned for this exhibit in the refrigerator sec- 
tion of the Agricultural Building was 8 by 8 feet. The artistic fea- 
ture, aside from the display of butter in bulk, was a profusion of 
flowers, buds, leaves in the form of bouquets, wreaths, garlands, and 
festoons made out of butter. They were artistically displayed on 
plates, baskets, and various sized vases, some of which were made of 
butter and others of painted chinaware. At the back of the ex- 
hibit the name of South Dakota appeared in leaf-work letters, as 
well as statistics of the annual production of butter, milk, and cream, 
all worked out in butter also. 

About the 1st of June the educational exhibit was put in place. 
The walls were covered with art work, maps, and industrial work. 
The cabinets were filled with mounted specimens of written lessons, 
drawing, music, maps, and industrial work. The bases of the cabi- 
nets contained the remainder of the written work, neatly bound in 
volumes and labeled; specimens of basketry and woodwork, and a 
collection of zoological and botanical specimens. A number of the 
schools were represented by photographs alone, others by written 
work, photographs, and industrial work, and a few by written work 
alone. In subject-matter and original thought, South Dakota's 
work compared favorably with that of other schools of like age and 
conditions, especially in simplicity and originality. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 22 



338 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The arrangement of the mineral exhibit in the Mines and Metal- 
lurgy Building was along practical commercial lines rather than 
on specimen, spectacular, or on purely scientific lines, though rich 
specimens and beautiful pictures were displayed, and the . State 
School of Mines had a most excellent scientific collection of ores, 
rocks, and fossils that was awarded a gold medal. 

The location obtained for the exhibit was most favorable, and by 
many was considered one of the choicest in the building, having three 
full fronts on main aisles, two 44 feet and one 52 feet long, and was 
surrounded by the most attractive State exhibits in the building. 

The installation was with stone walls 2 feet high, built of rough 
ashlar and surmounted by a dressed coping. On the two 44-foot 
sides this was of the celebrated Sioux Falls red jasper. The 52-foot 
wall was of Hot Springs sandstone. 

On the face of each lintel the name of the State had been cut and 
gilded. In the center of the exhibit on tables were two relief maps 
of the Black Hills, one of these showing the whole geological uplift 
120 miles long north and south and 100 miles east and west, the other 
showing the mineralized portion of the hills as now known, 55 miles 
northwest and southeast and 25 miles wide. The larger was about 12 
feet long and 6 feet wide. 

Across the exhibit from east to west and above the heads were dis- 
played a series of panoramic views and pictures, transparencies on 
glass, being reproductions in color of the finest photographs obtain- 
able, showing the scenic beauty and material conditions of our Black 
Hills country. The varied ores were exhibited in large piles. 

Financial statement. — Following is a brief review of the expendi- 
tures made by this commission and a report of the disposition of its 
properties : 

Salary State commissioners $3,000.00 

Total amount expended 31,725.06 

Unexpended balance 274.94 

Total 35, 000. 00 

Received from sale of State properties : 

State building 365.00 

Furniture 387.50 

Booths and fixtures 225.50 

Total 978. 00 

Returned to the State treasurer unexpended balance, sal- 
vage 978.00 

The following properties have been turned over to the State His- 
torical Society, for the use of the same, or such purposes as the State 
may deem advisable : 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 339 

Educational exhibit (cases and bases, glass and cards), 

value $400.00 

Exhibit glass jars, globes, and bottles 115.00 

Exhibit ores and specimens 200.00 



Total 715. 00 

Tennessee. 

Members of commission. — Governor James B. Frazier, chairman; 
J. H. Caldwell, Chas. A. Keffer, E. Watkins, John F. McNutt, J. M. 
Shoffner, E. C. Lewis, John W. Fry, Hu. C. Anderson, Thomas W. 
Neal, I. F. Peters, Mrs. J. P. Smartt, Mrs. Mary C. Dorris, Mrs. 
A. S. Buchanan; B. A. Enloe, secretary and director of exhibits; 
D. F. Wallace, jr., assistant secretary. 

The State of Tennessee made nine different exhibits at the World's 
Fair, designated and located as follows : 

(1) Tennessee State Building, a reproduction of " The Hermitage," 
the home of Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United 
States. 

(2) Collective agricultural exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. 

(3) Special tobacco exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. 

(4) Palace of Horticulture. 

(5) Palace of Forestry. 

(6) Palace of Education. 

(7) Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. 

(8) Mining Gulch on Intramural Railway. 

(9) Administration Building, section of anthropology. 

The idea of raising a fund for the reproduction of " The Hermitage " 
as the Tennessee State building originated with the commission ap- 
pointed by the governor of Tennessee to take charge of the participa- 
tion of that State. The secretary of the commission was directed by 
the commission to inaugurate the movement. He began the agitation 
through the newspaper press, and delivered addresses on the subject 
to the commercial bodies of Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, and 
Jackson and to the representatives of the commercial organizations 
of Nashville. Intelligent zeal and persistent energy carried the en- 
terprise to a successful conclusion. The entire expense of construct- 
ing the building and maintaining it was defrayed by voluntary con- 
tributions. It was Tennessee's greatest single advertisement at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. " The Hermitage " was appropriately 
furnished with furniture of the period in which Andrew Jackson 
lived, and a great many articles of the original furniture owned by 
Jackson were exhibited in the building. 

In the Educational Building exhibit were displays from the city 
schools of Bristol, Knoxville, Memphis, Chattanooga, and Jackson, 



340 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and the public schools of Knox, Hamilton, and Shelby counties were 
represented also. The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville; Bu- 
ford College, at Nashville; Burritt College, at Spencer; Columbia 
Institute, at Columbia; Memphis, at Memphis; Mrs. Forest Nixon, 
Centreville; Roger Williams University, at Nashville; Southern 
School of Photography, at McMinnville, and Tennessee Industrial 
School, at Nashville, were all represented by highly creditable ex- 
hibits. 

The entire forestry interests of the State were represented in the 
forestry exhibit, which was collected from every portion of the State. 

There were 94 different producers represented in the horticultural 
exhibit. The display of horticultural products was collected from 
every part of the State, and Tennessee was surpassed by few in the 
character and quality of her products. 

There were 266 contributors to the agricultural exhibit, represent- 
ing every strictly agricultural product, except tobacco, which was 
represented in a special exhibit. There were 187 exhibitors repre- 
sented in the special tobacco exhibit, and these exhibits covered the 
tobacco production and industry of every county in the State. The 
collective exhibit in agriculture and the special tobacco exhibit were 
located in and adjoining the central nave of the Palace of Agri- 
culture. 

In the mineral display in Mines and Metallurgy Building there 
were 168 different exhibits, representing every mineral in the State, 
and the specimens were from the different localities where develop- 
ments have been made. This exhibit was one of the most beautiful 
in its installation and general effect of the many splendid exhibits 
in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. On account of the quantity 
of material collected and the inadequacy of space inside the building 
it became necessary to make a separate exhibit in the Mining Gulch, 
which was confined to coal, iron, phosphate, copper, and marble. 

There were 12 different exhibitors in the Live Stock and Poultry 
Department, who made their exhibits under the auspices of the com- 
mission. 

The exhibit in the division of anthropology, Administration Build- 
ing, was one of the finest of its kind, and one which attracted the 
attention of archaeologists from every part of the world. Gen. Gates P. 
Thurston, of Nashville, collected and installed the exhibit, which was 
made up from the private collection of General Thurston, the Hicks 
collection, and the collection of the Tennessee Historical Society. 

During the life of the exposition large quantities of advertising 
matter were distributed from the State building and from the State 
spaces in the exhibit palaces. This advertising matter was furnished 
in part by the State, in part b}' the different cities and counties of 
the State, and in part by the railroad companies of the State. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 341 

Texas. 

On January 9, 1902, a corporation known as " The Texas World's 
Fair Commission " was chartered under the provisions of the laws of 
the State of Texas on application of citizens of Texas, and appointed 
Texas World's Fair Commissioners by Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, then 
the governor of the State. It was believed by the commission that 
with State aid to the extent of $200,000 added to sums that had 
already been guaranteed by subscribers, the State could make a cred- 
itable showing at the World's Fair in competition with other States 
and Territories. Accordingly the commission memorialized the 
twenty-eighth legislature for an appropriation of $200,000. The bill 
which sought to authorize the appropriation was reported to the 
house and was opposed by the governor of the State on two conten- 
tions: First, that the constitution did not authorize such an appro- 
priation, and, second, that the limited revenues of the State would 
not justify it. When the commission failed in this direction, a meet- 
ing was held to determine whether the commission should attempt to 
go ahead with the work or abandon the enterprise. The commission 
decided by an overwhelming vote that Texas could not afford to deny 
herself participation in a universal exposition where all the States 
and Territories of the United States would enter in friendly com-, 
petition, and the executive committee and the general manager were 
instructed to proceed with the organization. The task of reorganiz- 
ing the work by counties was resumed, but with limited success. The 
plan was to call upon the counties for a sum equal to 2 cents on the 
$100 propert}^ valuation, with which to create the Texas World's Fair 
Commission fund. Out of 243 organized counties in the State the 
following subscribed and paid the amounts set against them : 

El Paso, Tom Green, Tarrant, Dallas, Harris, Jefferson, Galveston, 
Smith, Nueces, and Comal. 

Navarro, McLennan, Grayson, Travis, Harrison, Collin, Palo 
Pinto, Fannin, Lamar, and Bexar counties endeavored to raise the 
assessments set against them, but did not succeed in doing so, although 
their subscriptions in the aggregate were generous. The subscrip- 
tions from the counties mentioned amounted to $49,096.34. 

The railroads of Texas subscribed approximately $25,000. Early 
in the organization of the commission the Texas Bankers' Associa- 
tion passed a resolution calling on its members to assess themselves 
for the Texas World's Fair Commission fund at the rate of one-tenth 
of 1 per cent on their capital stock. About one-half of the banks of 
the State subscribed and paid on that basis an amount in the aggre- 
gate of $11,672.65. The State Lumbermen's Association gave $3,133. 
The Texas Cattle Kaisers' Association subscribed $2,150. 



342 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The above sums, augmented by scattering amounts from different 
sources, constituted a total fund to the commission of $126,780.14. 

The Texas commission was composed of the following-named per- 
sons: 

John H. Kirby, president; L. J. Polk, W. W. Seley, and Walter 
Tips, vice-presidents ; Koyal A. Ferris, treasurer ; Louis J. Wortham, 
secretary and general manager; Paul Waples, chairman executive 
committee; A. W. Houston, Barnett Gibbs, B. F. Hammett, Jesse 
Shain, E. P. Perkins, L. L. Jester, Monta J. Moore ; P. P. Paddock, 
executive commissioner ; E. H. Sexton, resident commissioner. 

The members of the board of lady commissioners were : Mrs. L. S. 
Thorne; Miss Kate Daffan, Ennis; Mrs. B. F. Hammett, El Paso; 
Mrs. O. T. Holt, Houston; Mrs. W. R. Roberts, Brownwood; Mrs. 
Fannie Foote Emerson, McKinney; Mrs. J. B. Wells, Brownsville; 
Mrs. W. F. Beers, Galveston; Mrs. C. L. Potters, Gainesville; Mrs. 
E. P. Turner, Dallas; Mrs. William Cameron, Waco; Mrs. William 
Christian, Houston; Mrs. W. F. Gill, Paris; Mrs. W. E. Green, Tyler; 
Mrs. J. F. Wolters, Lagrange; Mrs. F. Huf smith, Palestine; Mrs. 
I. H. Evans, Austin ; Mrs. J. C. Lea, Dallas ; Mrs. W. F. Robertson, 
Austin; Mrs. Bacon Saunders, Fort Worth; Mrs. T. V. Sessions, 
Nacogdoches. 

The Texas commission installed and successfully maintained ex- 
hibits in the palaces of Fine Arts, Education, Transportation, Mines 
and Metallurgy, Forestry, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The cost 
of the installation was as follows : 

Fine Arts $1,225.50 

Education 948.00 

Transportation 459.30 

Mines and Metallurgy 10, 577. 85 

Forestry 4,477.05 

Agriculture 6,899.87 

Horticulture 6,099.14 

The contract price for the Texas Building, which occupied one of 
the most admirable sites on the exposition grounds, was $45,562. 
Expenditures in furnishings and in ornamenting the grounds were 
$12,000. 

The Texas Building contained exhibits of a character intended to 
demonstrate the kinds of homes in which Texas people live, the kinds 
of schools in which their children are educated, and the churches in 
which they conduct their worship. These demonstrations were the 
conception and work of the Texas Federation of Women Clubs. 

The work which the Texas commission did for Texas in forcing a 
recognition of the rights of breeders of pure-bred cattle below the 
Federal quarantine line, and the rights of breeders and raisers of 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 343 

beef cattle, on the attention of the exposition management was notice- 
able. The original ruling of the Live- Stock Department of the expo- 
sition was to the effect that pure-bred cattle from below the Federal 
quarantine line should not be alloAved to participate in the live-stock 
show at the exposition, and that none but halter-broke cattle should 
be exhibited in any event. The effect of this ruling, the commission 
claimed, was, first, to shut out from participation the breeders of 
pure cattle from below the quarantine line, and, second, to prevent a 
demonstration that should show what the immense cattle ranges of 
the Northwest and Southwest are capable of producing. 

When the supplementary appropriation of $4,600,000 was under 
consideration by Congress, the commission, through its general man- 
ager, Louis J. Wortham, who acted also as the official representative 
of the Texas Cattle Raisers' Association, succeeded in having a pro- 
vision added to the bill permitting an exhibition of pure-bred cattle 
from below the quarantine line under such restrictions as the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture might deem advisable, and, further, permitting 
the exhibition of range cattle in carload lots. 

As a result of this action, the exposition provided for an exhibit of 
cattle from below the quarantine line and of range cattle in carload 
lots in November, and set aside $19,000 in prizes to be divided among 
exhibitors. 

Utah. 

By a legislative enactment the State of Utah, on the 12th day of 
March, 1903, appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the participation 
of Utah at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently about 
$10,000 additional was received from the legislature for the expenses 
of the State at the exposition. The act making the appropriation 
appointed Governor Heber M. Wells, of Salt Lake City, as chair- 
man of the State commission. The governor appointed as his assist- 
ants Hon. H. L. Shurtliff, Ogden; Hon. Willis Johnson, Salt Lake 
City; and the board elected S. T. Whitaker, of Salt Lake City, as 
director-general and John T. Cannon as secretary. 

The Utah State Building was erected from designs of Director- 
General Whitaker, and was a replica of a residence of the State of 
Utah. Mrs. Inez Thomas was appointed hostess of the State building. 

The State had exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, 
Educational Palace, and the Agricultural Pavilion. It received 3 
grand prizes, 140 gold medals, as well as several minor awards. 

United States Government Indian Exhibit. 

The United States Government Indian exhibit was opened June 1, 
and was visited by hundreds of thousands of persons, who pro- 



344 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

nounced it one of the most interesting and instructive exhibits at the 
World's Fair. 

Authority to establish and conduct the Indian exhibit at the expo- 
sition was granted in the following letter from the Secretary of the 
Interior to Mr. Samuel M. McCowan, superintendent of the Chilocco 
Indian School in Oklahoma : 

Sir : In connection with the Department letter of May 22 last, de- 
tailing you for duty as superintendent of the Indian exhibit at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and on the recommendation of the 
Commissioner of Indian Affairs, you are hereby detailed to erect 
the required building, perfect the details of the transfer of Indian 
families and pupils from their homes and schools to St. Louis, in- 
stall and conduct the exhibit and supply the Indians with necessary 
food, shelter, and medical attendance. 

You are hereby authorized to disburse the funds appropriated by 
act of Congress approved June 28, 1902 (32 Stats., p. 445), so far as 
expenditures are required by your duties in connection with the 
exhibit. 

You are hereby also authorized to pay your actual necessary travel- 
ing expenses incurred in connection with the exhibit, including trans- 
portation and sleeping-car fare, payable out of $40,000 appropriation. 

The exhibit occupied a reservation of about 10 acres in the north- 
west corner of the fair grounds, and its location at the extreme end 
of the anthropological exhibit typified the advancement of a primi- 
tive people toward civilization. Around the border of the reserva- 
tion were arranged in a semicircle the native dwellings of the 
" blanket " or uncivilized Indians, as follows : Beginning at the west- 
ern end of the semicircle, a Kickapoo bark house; the Maricopa- 
Pima group in two kees, one tent and summer houses; Arapaho 
group, one stockaded tepee; Geronimo, the great Apache medicine 
man, one (decorated) tepee; Pawnee group, ceremonial earth lodge 
or residence temple ; Wichita group, grass lodge, summer house, and 
one tepee ; Pueblo group, two tents and two summer sheds ; Porno 
group, one tent; Apache group, two tepees. These habitations were 
erected by the Indians themselves. 

The Indians were grouped as follows : Six Pima, Arizona ; 5 Mari- 
copa, Arizona; 23 Arapaho, 35 Cheyenne, 50 Pawnee, 35 Wichita, 5 
Comanche, 9 San Carlos Apache, 20 Osage, all from Oklahoma; 29 
Pueblo and 23 Navaho, New Mexico; 35 Sioux, Rosebud, S. Dak.; 
2 Pomos, California ; 8 Jicarilla Apache ; 25 Chippewa, Minnesota ; 
a total of 310. 

The school building was a two-story structure of the old Mission 
style of architecture, standing at the rear of the reservation and 
extending the width of it. A hall ran the length of the building 
on either side of which were the booths containing the exhibits. The 
idea was to show the contrast between the civilized and uncivilized 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 345 

Indians, and to this end the booths on the west side of the hall were 
occupied by the old Indians working at their crude, primitive trades, 
and those of the east side by the new Indians (pupils of the various 
Indian schools) pursuing the up-to-date methods taught them by the 
white man. 

The exhibits were as follows: On the west side, beginning at the 
south end of the building, Chilocco School exhibit, showing work 
in agriculture and stock husbandry, methods of instruction and re- 
sults; Pueblo, San Juan, N. Mex., expert potters and weavers with 
needle loom, primitive millers, and bakers of wafer bread; Porno, 
California, makers of fine baskets, mats, stone tools, and musical 
instruments; Pima, Arizona, makers of coiled baskets and pottery; 
Maricopa, Arizona, makers of fancy pottery and basket workers; 
Navaho, Arizona, famous blanket weavers, workers in silver, shell, 
and turquois; Sioux, South Dakota, decorative artists with porcu- 
pine quills, beads of buckskin, manufacturers of bows and arrows, 
and the calinite pipes, axes, and hammers ; Apache, Arizona, expert 
weavers of blankets and makers of pottery; Apache, New Mexico, 
makers of coiled basketry of a peculiar type; Navaho, Sante Fe, 
N. Mex., Indian School, modern blanket weavers; Navaho, reser- 
vation, N. Mex., workers in silver, shell, and turquois ; Pueblo, New 
Mexico, makers of pottery, blanket weavers and silversmiths. 

On the east side, beginning at the south end of the building; 
Chilocco class in domestic science, model dining room, furnishings 
made by the pupils of the Chilocco School, Chilocco, Okla. This 
class gave daily demonstrations in cooking and serving food, Miss 
Peters in charge. Laundry class from the Chilocco School, under 
the charge of Miss Peters. Class in printing the Indian School 
Journal, printed daily by a class of students from the Chilocco 
School, E. K. Miller in charge. Painting, blacksmithing, and wheel- 
wrighting classes from Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans., K. C. 
Kaufman in charge. Manual training, Haskell Institute, C. F. Fitz- 
gerald in charge. Domestic art class, students from Haskell Insti- 
tute, Miss Taylor in charge. Harness-making class from Genoa, 
Nebr., School, J. McCallum in charge. 

The halls were decorated with the work of the Indian pupils in 
penmanship, literary composition, arithmetic, sewing, lace work, 
bead work, and basketry. Every school in the service was repre- 
sented in this display, except Carlisle, Phoenix, and Riverside. The 
exhibit was remarkable for its beauty and extent. In the model 
dining room the tables, dishes, napkins, rug, floor, chairs, wall paper, 
and general furnishings were all manufactured by pupils of the 
Chilocco School. 

In the rear-center of the building was the assembly hall, where were 
held the daily classes, under the direction of Miss Harrison, and the 



346 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

musical and literary programmes, under the direction of Miss Craw- 
ford. There were in attendance at the school during the exhibit 
150 boys and girls. 

The following daily programme was observed : 

Reveille 6.00 

Flag salute 6.45 

Breakfast 7.00 

Band concert 9.30 to 11.30 

Industrial work 9.00 to 11.30 

Literary class work 9.00 to 11.00 

Literary musical programme 11.00 to 11.30 

Dinner , 12.00 

Band concert 1.00 to 3.30 

Industrial work 1.00 to 4.00 

Literary class work 1.00 to 3.00 

Literary musical programme 4.00 to 5.00 

Old Indian sports and ceremonies (on plaza in front of school 

building) 5.00 to 6.00 

Flag salute and dress parade 6.00 

Supper 6.20 

Taps 10.00 

The band concerts, under the direction of Mr. Lem Wiley, were 
always well attended and heartily applauded. The feature that 
attracted more attention, probably, than any other was the musical- 
literary programme. At these entertainments the hall was always 
crowded, and the audience never failed to be interested. The follow- 
ing programme, chosen at random, will give an idea of the character 
of the exhibitions : 

1. Prelude Orchestra. 

2. Vocal solo Dolly, Dolly. 

Mary Leeds, Pueblo. 

3. Scarf drill Kindergartners. 

4. Recitation My Tambourine. 

Ida Prophet, Seneca. 

5. Vocal Solo Hearts and Flowers. 

Oscar Norton, Houp. 

6. Oration The Old and New Indian. 

Richard Lewis, Pima. 

7. Vocal solo My Desire. 

Bertha Johnson, Pottawatomi. 

8. Recitation Flag of the Rainbow. 

Esther Parker, Comanche. 

9. Recitation The Pawned Bible. 

Stella Hall, Cherokee. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 347 

10. Vocal solo When the Birds go North Again. 

James Arquette, Puyallup. 

11. Recitation Why he Stole the Parson's Sheep. 

Iva Miller, Shawnee. 

12. Pole drill Sixteen Girls. 

13. Instrumental solo Selected. 

Gertrude Brewer, Puyallup. 

The dress parade in the evening was another feature that drew 
large crowds, and was thoroughly enjoyed by the spectators. 

The average daily attendance was about 30,000. On some days 
it ran as high as 50,000. 

Praise of the exhibit has been universal. Distinguished men of 
nearly every nationality and profession have eulogized it in the 
highest terms. It is believed that the Government, by bringing this 
exhibit to St. Louis, has given a strong impetus to the work of the 
Indian Service. The people of the country have seen the progress 
made by the Indian in the Government schools, and will no longer 
refuse to give the work their substantial support. It has beeen said 
that the true value of the Government Indian exhibit can not be 
estimated until the years have revealed its fruits. 

Vermont. 

The Vermont Building, 50 by 100 feet, was a reproduction of what 
is claimed to be the second most interesting historic structure in the 
United States — the old Constitution House at Windsor, where in 
1777 the constitution of the State was formulated, a constitution of 
intense interest from the fact that it was the first in all history to 
prohibit slavery. 

As this State building was a reproduction of a famous old tavern, 
it was peculiarly appropriate that it should maintain a dining room, 
and here between one and two thousand people were daily enter- 
tained. 

The minutes of the constitutional convention were for many years 
supposed to have been lost, but were quite recently discovered in the 
Congressional Library at Washington, and were elaborately repro- 
duced in facsimile by Senator Proctor. 

Thanksgiving Day was the Vermont and Hew Hampshire day at 
the exposition. 

The State commission was composed of the following: 

Governor Charles J. Bell, ex officio chairman; W. Seward Webb, 
president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commis- 
sioner; Frederick G. Fleetwood, second vice-president; J. C. En- 
right, secretary and counsel; F. W. Stanyan, treasurer; Miss Mary 
Evarts. 



348 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The legislature having failed to make an appropriation, Mr. Jack- 
son, a native of Waitsfield, personally raised all the money required 
for the construction and maintenance of the State building. 

Among the elaborate displays were those of private exhibitors in 
the Machinery Building, marble in the Mines Building, and the 
granite exhibit in the same building. 

Virginia. 

During the winter session of 1902 the Virginia legislature by enact- 
ment provided $50,000 for an industrial exhibit at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, with the condition that no portion of the sum 
should be used for a State building. The act provided for three com- 
missioners and five assistant commissioners, one of whom was named 
principal assistant, with duties of superintendent and treasurer. The 
State commissioner of agriculture was named as one of the com- 
missioners, and the appointment of two was left to the governor, 
with power vested in the commission to appoint the assistant commis- 
sioners. Governor Montague appointed Col. A. M. Bowman, of 
Salem, Va., and J. L. Patton, of Newport News, Va., as commis- 
sioners. This commission, in February, 1903, elected Hon. G. W. 
Koiner, president, and appointed Hon. George E. Murrell, of Fon- 
tella, Va., superintendent, treasurer, and secretary; Hon. W. W. 
Baker, alternate and second assistant, and later appointed O. W. 
Stone, Martinsville, Va., B. C. Banks, Bland, Va., Lyman Babcock, 
of Bay Shore, Va., and J. C. Mercer, of Williamsburg, to complete 
the executive force. Mr. Murrell immediately took charge of the 
work and assisted by J. C. Mercer as his secretary and stenographer, 
with the aid of Mr. Baker, planned the scope and took steps toward 
the collection of exhibits. Later, as the force was strengthened, Mr. 
Stone was given charge of tobacco and peanuts, Mr. Banks of min- 
erals and timber, and Mr. Babcock of fish and game. 

Exhibits were planned in agriculture, horticulture, foresty, fish 
and game, mines, and education, and were executed as follows : 

In agriculture, exhibits of corn on the stalk, in the ear, and shelled, 
to the extent of 1,000 bushels; grain in sheaf and threshed; peanuts 
shelled and unshelled, to the extent of 5,000 pounds; wine, pickles, 
vegetables, cowpeas, transparencies illustrating agricultural scenes, 
cotton in bales, etc., tobacco in leaf and manufactured products. A 
pavilion erected in the Agricultural Building was of Moorish archi- 
tecture, consisting of one central and eight subsidiary pavilions, con- 
nected with corn festoons. Corn, tobacco, peanuts, and sheaf grain 
entered into the decorations on a blue ground, the effect being har- 
monious. It was accorded the honor of obtaining one of the four 
grand prizes awarded in State agricultural exhibits. Tobacco was 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 349 

also used as a special exhibit, and was featured by an Indian maiden 
standing on a pedestal 23 feet high and holding in her outstretched 
hand a bundle of tobacco. A miniature log cabin advertised a special 
brand of tobacco. The horticultural exhibit consisted of an open, 
three-towered elliptical pavilion and a horn of plenty, apparently 
pouring apples on a pyramid of natural fruit below. This was made 
primarily an apple exhibit, more than 800 barrels being used for the 
purpose. Peaches, melons, pears, cranberries, and other fruits were 
shown in season. 

The forestry, fish, and game exhibit was displayed by the use of 
sectional disks and boards in the rough, dressed, and polished, and 
by specimens of fish in natural skins and papier-mache, illustrating 
the leading food fish of Virginia waters. Mounted animals and a 
very complete collection of mounted water fowls and game birds 
were displayed. There was also one of the largest collections of 
oyster models ever made, illustrating by means of composition repli- 
cas in the natural shell of all the leading types of the Virginia oyster. 

Transparencies 28 by 30 were used to illustrate forest scenes, while 
in manufactured goods an interesting display was made. The exhibit 
booth consisted of a rear fagade with brown color scheme, relieved 
by ornamentation in shells, fish scales, and forest products, the whole 
forming an immense picture of Hampton Roads executed in colors. 

The installation for the mines and metallurgy exhibit was mediaeval 
in architecture. A castellated gateway, veneered with copper ores, 
gypsum, and slate was flanked by a balustrade of slate surmounted 
by onyx balls. In the gateway appeared a coal exhibit, representing 
King Coal seated on a throne and guarded on either side by gnomes. 
The windows in the rear were screened with transparencies 28 by 34, 
illustrating scenery of the State, while the floor space was occupied 
by pyramids of various ores. The panels of the wall space were 
framed in coke, in which were displayed, in colors, pictures of the 
upper works of the mines. Between these panels were arranged 
upright cases containing ores of gold, silver, lead, iron, asbestos, kao- 
lin, mica, clays, zinc, manganese, talc, etc., while exhibits of marble, 
rough and sculptured, together with cubes of building stones and 
mineral waters were displayed. The general color scheme was that 
of copper and iron pyrites. In these four exhibits Virginia occupied 
a little less than 10,000 square feet of floor, and her exhibits, both 
by award and public opinion, were adjudged to be among the best. 
An award was won by every entry made. During the spring of 
1903 the Virginia assembly appropriated $10,000 to be expended by 
the Commission in the erection of a State building. This sum was 
augmented by private subscriptions of nearly an equal amount, and 
an exact replica of Monticello, the home of Jefferson, was erected. In 
this building, outside of the manual exhibit made in the Education 



350 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and Social Economy Building, by the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Insti- 
tute of Stanton, all of Virginia's educational exhibit was displayed. 
It consisted of an exhibit valued at over $10,000, made by the Uni- 
versity of Virginia. A comprehensive exhibit was made by the 
Randolph Macon system, and exhibits were made by Roanoke College, 
Hollins Institute, and a number of other schools. The building, in 
addition to its social offerings, provided an interesting historical 
study through its furnishings of articles owned by Jefferson, and was 
classed among the most satisfactory State buildings of the fair. 

Washington. 

In March, 1903, Governor McBride, pursuant to the act of the 
legislature, appointed the following-named gentlemen members of 
the Washington State commission for the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition : 

A. L. Black, Bellingham; Edward C. Cheasty, Seattle; Thomas 
Harrington, Buckley; M. E. Hay, Wilbur; G. L. Lindsley, Ridge- 
field ; G. W. R. Peaslee, Clarkston ; R. P. Thomas, Anacortes ; W. W. 
Tolman, Spokane. 

At the first meeting of the commission, held in Tacoma April 2, 
1903, A. L. Black was elected president of the commission ; G. W. R. 
Peaslee, secretary; and Elmer E. Johnston, of Everett, executive 
commissioner. 

The type of structure selected for the Washington State Building 
at the St. Louis World's Fair was an unique and attractive one, de- 
signed primarily to demonstrate the quality, character, and exceeding 
dimensions of the State's forestry product. It consisted of eight 
pieces of fir timber 24 inches square and 110 feet long, placed on end 
at the points of an octagon 90 feet in diameter at the base, five stories 
in height, the eight timbers surmounted by an observatory carrying 
a flag pole 60 feet in length. All the material entering into the con- 
struction of the State Building was shipped from the State of Wash- 
ington, and was donated to the State by the Northwest Lumber Manu- 
facturers' Association. The market value of said material in Wash- 
ington would be, in round numbers, $8,000. The freight on the 
material from Washington to St. Louis and the construction of the 
building amounted to $18,823.10. The unique design and unusual 
construction features of this building constituted it at the start one 
of the features of the exposition construction. 

It was photographed by many thousand visitors, illustrated in rail- 
road guides as one of the attractions, featured by papers and maga- 
zines everywhere, and will probably be distinctly remembered longer 
by a greater number of people than any other building on the expo- 
sition grounds. As a practical exhibit of the State's lumber products 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 351 

it was a tremendous success, and together with its exhibit contents, 
representing a composite collection of the State's natural products 
and resources, was a colossal advertisement and demonstration of the 
State's natural wealth. 

In addition to the State appropriation, heretofore mentioned, and 
the donation of lumber material above referred to, various counties 
in the State expended a total of $15,000 in the maintenance of indi- 
vidual exhibits. 

The State of Washington installed and maintained throughout the 
period, in the various classified exhibit palaces, comprehensive ex- 
hibits of its mines, forestry, fisheries, game, horticulture, agriculture, 
education, climate, and scenery, and in addition, and supplemental 
thereto, maintained a composite showing of all these resources in its 
State building : 

Horticulture : One thousand boxes of the best apples grown in the 
State in 1903 were carried over in St. Louis in cold storage. On May 
1 the exhibit was opened with the 500 jars of miscellaneous fruits pre- 
served for this exhibit; on May 15 we began the showing of fresh 
fruits, which showing was continued with all varieties and ample 
quantities (both in Horticultural Hall and in our State building) 
throughout the season, consuming four carloads of this material re- 
ceived by freight, and 150 boxes miscellaneous fruits in season ex- 
pressed. Awards — Grand prize, for " collective exhibit of fruits." 
Gold medals, Yakima County, Chelan County,. W. L. Wright, Geo. H. 
Farwell; silver medals, Chelan County Horticulture Association, 
Chelan County Fair Association, Clarkston Fruit Growers' Associa- 
tion, Orondo Fruit Farm, Yakima Horticulture Association, Wash- 
ington Irrigation Company (Sunnyside), Wrightville Farm, to 38 
individual exhibitors; bronze medals, to 27 individual exhibitors. 

Forestry: A comprehensive collection of commercial woods, large 
dimensions, roughs and a good variety of finish shown in our various 
booths, counters, tables, etc. ; also, a sample collection of all our 
native woods, rough and finished, exceeding in quantity (exclusive 
of the exhibit features of our State building) the exhibit shown by 
any State. 

This exhibit was entered as " collection of commercial woods of 
best quality and largest dimensions; and the greatest educational 
exhibit of forestry shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in 
that it teaches the youth and uninformed adult more of the character- 
istics and extent of the wonderful forests of the Northwest, and 
conveys to the residents of the treeless areas of the North-Central 
States a better knowledge of the quality and duration of their future 
lumber supply than does any other forestry exhibit shown on the 
occasion." 

Awarded grand prize on " commercial woods." Collaborators — 
H. McCormick Lumber Company, the Larson Lumber Company, 
Grays Harbor Commercial Company, Pat McCoy Logging Company, 
St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber Company, Clarke-Nickerson Lumber 
Company, the Northwestern Lumber Company, the Northwestern 



352 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Woodenware Company, Panel and Folding Box Company (Ho- 
quiam), E. K. Lambert (Elma), and the American Portable House 
Company. 

Agriculture : In this department our space in Agriculture Hall and 
the lower floor of our State building was crowded with an exhibit of 
all cereals in straw and seed, forage grasses, vegetables, hops, wool, 
dairy products, etc. 

Awarded grand prize on " collection of cereals, forage grasses, and 
miscellaneous vegetables ; " grand prize on " best one- farm exhibit ; " 
gold medals on various county exhibits, seven in number ; gold medals 
on various mill products, five in number ; gold medal on dairy exhibit, 
by Hazelwood Company; gold medal on hops, wool, and flax; gold 
medal on beet sugar. 

Fisheries : Washington's exhibit in this department included every 
native leading variety of food fish and game fish, exceeding in num- 
bers and quantity the showing of any other State. The installation 
was also the most practical undertaken here, considering the water 
and temperature, as all live exhibits were failures, and the collective 
exhibit was awarded first prize. 

Game: In this department was shown a comprehensive specimen 
collection, in whole mounts, of the fur-bearing animals, animals of 
prey, game animals, and game birds indigenenous to the section ; one 
carload. Awarded silver medal. 

Mines: In this department was shown the most complete collec- 
tion of the State's minerals that has ever been made. Entered as " a 
collection of ores, gold, silver, copper ; minerals, fossil collection, coal 
and coke; building materials, iron, lead, antimony arsenic; road- 
making and cement materials, clay and clay products, limestone and 
lime, soils, mineral waters, illustrations." Awarded gold medal on 
" collective exhibit of ores and minerals ; " silver medals to various 
counties and individual exhibits. 

Climate and scenery: Over 400 paintings and photographs were 
shown in the State building. Not in competitive exhibit. 

Education: Photographic enlargements of all the State's normal 
schools colleges, and city school buildings; also shown in the State 
building. 

Literature : The " State Book " issued by the commission has been 
distributed at the rate of 500 per day throughout the period; in 
addition to which individual literature has been furnished by Seattle, 
Spokane, Yakima, Everett, Walla Walla, Oregon Kailway and Navi- 
gation Company, Clarkston, Waitsburg, Tacoma, Bellingham, We- 
natchee, Olympia, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Rail- 
way Company, Chelan, Pullman, to the total number of 800,000 
pieces. 

The total expenses on account of participation in the Exposition 
were $69,135.47, leaving a balance unexpended of $8,245. 

Wisconsin. 

The board of managers for the State of Wisconsin was appointed 
under an act of the State legislature, and an appropriation of 
$104,000 was also made for exploiting the State's resources, its edu- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 353 

cational advantages, and for providing a State building. Of this 
amount $100,000 was for general exploitation and the State building, 
and the $4,000 was for use exclusively in showing the work of the 
State University, which ranks among the leading educational institu- 
tions of the United States. 

The appropriation was apportioned by the board of managers as 
follows : 

Agriculture $5,000 

Dairying 6,000 

Horticulture 5,000 

Agricultural College 1,500 

Mines 5,000 

Education 6,000 

State building 15,000 

Furnishings and maintaining 10,000 

Forestry 5,000 

Live stock 10,000 

Special university appropriation 4,000 

The results obtained from the exploitation are shown in the large 
number of grand prizes, gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to 
the State. The State building received a gold medal. The Wiscon- 
sin building was erected at a cost of only $14,750. 

The Wisconsin State Building was located on Commonwealth ave- 
nue on the brow of the hill above the United States bird exhibit. 
The building was original in conception. The design of the build- 
ing was what is known as the " English cottage." It was a depar- 
ture from the ordinary semiclassic style of architecture prevalent in 
the exposition buildings. It gave the impression that it was de- 
signed for the spot on which it was located, and it fitted in the slope 
of the hillside and between the giant forest trees as if it were a part 
of nature's plan. The structure with its plastered walls and red 
gable roofs, amid the green foliage, was a welcome relief from the 
general massive architecture of the surrounding buildings. 

The building proper was 30 feet from the street. The semicourt 
was flanked on the north and south by long and wide verandas and 
a veranda extended across the front of the cottage. The semicourt 
was a profusion of flowers and shrubbery. The keynote of the 
building was rest and comfort. The decorative and color schemes 
were restful and quiet and harmonious. The wainscoting and the 
grand staircase were finished in Flemish oak, and the furniture was 
the " mission style," which harmonized with the woodwork. Indian 
Mankets in rich dull reds and blues hung from the railing of the 
wall, which emphasized the " mission " effect. 

The second floor was devoted to the sleeping apartments of the 
hostess and the board of managers and the governor's suite. The 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 23 



354 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

furnishings were of mahogany. In the basement were the dining 
room, kitchen, and storerooms. 

The personnel of the board of managers of the State of Wisconsin 
was as follows: 

W. D. Hoard, president; A. J. Lindemann, vice-president; Grant 
Thomas, secretary; S. A. Cook, treasurer; W. H. Flett, William A. 
Scott, Mrs. Lucy E. Morris, Mrs. Theodora Youmans ; Mrs. Emma L 
Walsh, hostess. 

In the Palace of Education and Social Economy a comprehensive 
display of the highly organized school system of the State of Wis- 
consin was arranged ; in the Palace of Agriculture a fine collection of 
the agricultural and dairy products of the State, also the exhibit of 
the Agricultural College ; in the Palace of Horticulture a superb dis- 
play of the fruit ; in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy an interest- 
ing exhibit of the mineral wealth; in the Palace of Forestry, Fish, 
and Game a display of the commercial woods, and throughout the 
fall prize-winning herds of cattle, sheep, horses, and other live stock 
were on show at the live stock display grounds. The educational 
exhibit in the Palace of Education was illustrative of the progress 
of Wisconsin's schools. The exhibit embraced the kindergarten,, 
graded schools, high schools, manual training schools, optional study 
of the German language, public library, the public museum in its con- 
nection with the schools, school for the deaf, agricultural school, and 
barracks or portable schoolhouses for use in the crowded districts of 
the city. The three free schools of agriculture and domestic econ- 
omy, located at Madison in connection with the State University, 
and at Menominee, and Wassau were especially noteworthy. The 
two latter are distinctly training schools in agriculture and domestic 
economy, and are the only schools of their kind in the United States. 

The public schools of Milwaukee made a separate display. The 
furnishings of the entire exhibit, except the cabinets, were made by 
the pupils of the high school manual training department. 

A unique feature of modern school work was illustrated by the ap- 
plication of the graphophone in the instruction of the children, and 
illustrations of the results obtained. Unique among the records were 
those on which had been impressed the voices and declamations of 
children who have been taught to speak at the public school for the 
deaf. 

The Milwaukee public school exhibit embraced the entire school 
system, from the enrollment of the student in the kindergarten to 
the graduation by the high school, the salaries of the teachers, and the 
financial statement of the school board. 

One booth was devoted to the work of the benevolent institutions 
and the United States School for Indians. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 355 

The exhibit of the State University was in the Palace of Social 
Economy. It was mainly composed of photographs of the university 
buildings, grounds, equipment, and of classes at work. 

Wisconsin made its best record in the display in the Agricultural 
Palace, which was made up of agricultural products of the State 
and of butter and cheese exhibits. The space that was allotted to 
Wisconsin was utilized to the best possible advantage. Every grain 
grown in the Badger State was exhibited in the stalk or sheaf and 
in the threshed state. There were also, from time to time, fresh 
exhibits of seasonable vegetables. 

The display in the Horticultural Palace was comprehensive enough 
to include about all of the fruits produced in the State. Eighty- 
nine varieties of Wisconsin apples were shown. There were shown 
18 kinds of Wisconsin grown strawberries ; 5 varieties of crab apples ; 
47 kinds of plums ; 4 kinds of pears ; 5 kinds of gooseberries, and 4 
kinds of cranberries. 

Wisconsin's fame as a cranberry-producing State was brought to 
the attention of the visitors by a miniature representation of a Wis- 
consin cranberry bog. 

Under the head of " mining interest," there were included all of 
the various distinctive mining industries and the granite and other 
stone productions of the State, and its clay development. All of 
this was included in the State's display in the Mines and Metallurgy 
Building. A clever representation of a cross section of a lead and 
zinc mine was interesting. 

In the center of this exhibit was a pyramid of red hematite iron 
ore from the famous Menominee, Baraboo, and Gogebic districts. 

In the display of metals, Wisconsin showed zinc, lead, iron, copper, 
and graphite. The last was new in the State, and promised great 
results. 

The display of granite and building stones was of interest, and a 
polished shaft of Montello granite was greatly admired. 

The display included samples of various clays for which the State 
is famous, together with examples of the wares made from them. 

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, Wisconsin made a com- 
prehensive display of its commercially important woods. There were 
14 kinds of timber suitable for commercial purposes, together with 
the furnishings of the display, which were also of Wisconsin wood. 
Of the woods the more important were white and red and curly birch. 

There were, in 4 large cases, lifelike specimens of the taxidermist's 
art. Prominently displayed was the Wisconsin badger, and other 
cases contained bear, deer, and porcupines in characteristic attitudes. 

The live stock exhibits of the State were very successful, although 
handicapped by a small appropriation. 



356 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The entries consisted of horses — Percherons, Clydesdales, hackneys, 
and English coach animals. In cattle there were Guernseys, Short- 
horns, and Jerseys. In sheep, Shropshires, Bembouillets, and Cots- 
wolds. In swine, Tamworths, Berkshires, and Poland Chinas. Poul- 
try, of all breeds, and pigeons were also displayed. 

Wyoming. 

By act of the seventh legislature of the State of Wyoming in 1903, 
provision was made for the appointment by the governor of a com- 
mission of seven members to secure a collection of the resources and 
products of this State and to properly display and care for the same 
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis in 1904, celebrat- 
ing the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana 
Territory from the Government of France. 

The same act appropriated $25,000 from the general revenues of the 
said State of Wyoming, to be used in the purpose aforesaid. 

In pursuance of such act of the Wyoming legislature, Governor 
DeForest Richards appointed the following commission: 

Clarence B. Richardson, commissioner in chief ; Robert H. Homer, 
Bryant B. Brooks, Willis George Emerson, George E. Pexton, Charles 
A. Badgette, William C. Deming. 

Whereas the law provided that the said commission should meet at 
the State capital and organize within fifteen days of the date of 
appointment, a meeting was held upon the 20th day of March, 1903. 
The following were elected : 

Robert H. Homer, president; Bryant B. Brooks, vice-president; 
William C. Deming, secretary. 

In pursuance of the instructions of the commission, the commis- 
sioner in chief and the secretary proceeded to St. Louis about the 
middle of March, 1904, and installed Wyoming's exhibit in the Mines 
and Agricultural departments, along general lines approved by the 
commission. The exposition was formally opened on the 30th day of 
April, 1904, and Wyoming was one of the comparatively few States 
to have its exhibit practically complete upon the opening day. 

Almost from the opening day of the exposition a surprisingly 
large number of people from Wyoming visited the fair, and the 
expressions of approval of the showing made by this State were 
highly encouraging to the commission. It was shown by registration 
at the Wyoming headquarters and at the various hotels that one 
person in every fifty in Wyoming saw the World's Fair. 

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Wyoming's exhibits were 
very favorably located on two of the most prominent aisles of the 
building and occupied a floor space of 2,700 square feet. In addition 
to this, a wall space of 2,100 square feet was utilized for a display 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 357 

of Wyoming pictures, plats, maps, and drawings. The exhibit in this 
building was quite extensive and weighed about 250,000 pounds, it 
being the purpose of the commission to show all native products in 
commercial quantities. 

The oil exhibit, which Dr. F. Salathe kindly volunteered to pre- 
pare, consisted of over 200 varieties of every grade of lubricating 
and illuminating oil in this State, and was one of the most complete 
exhibits of the kind shown at St. Louis. 

Whenever it was practicable, the commission endeavored not only 
to show the crude material, but some article of utility manufactured 
from it. In carrying out this idea, the iron exhibit comprised 32,000 
pounds of the crude ore, and around it were grouped nails, spikes, 
bolts, steel rails, barbed w^ire, and pig iron manufactured from the ore. 

To illustrate the utility of our onyx and marble displays, a large 
pyramid of the different varieties of onyx, weighing about 40,000 
pounds, was shown; also a beautiful mantel and fireplace manufac- 
tured from this material. 

The mines exhibit was comprised of 156 varieties of mineral — a 
larger number than was shown by any other State — and over 3,000 
classified exhibits. Being one of the most complete in extent and 
variety shown in the Mines Building, the State received a gold medal 
on the general collective exhibit. 

Great quantities of copper ore and copper products from the famous 
Encampment district made up a large part of the State's display. 
One of the exhibiting companies showed the mineral in all its stages 
and processes of manufacture, from the crude ore to the finished 
product. 

Wyoming also exhibited one piece of natural soda, weighing 5,000 
pounds, taken from a natural soda lake near Laramie, in Albany 
County, while the exhibit of refined sodas was on a par with that 
exhibited from any other State. In bituminous and lignite coals, 
both in quality and quantity, Wyoming's exhibit was one of the most 
prominent found at the fair. Cubes of coal weighing as much as 
10,000 pounds each, from which huge pyramids were formed, towered 
high above their surroundings and immediately caught the eye of 
every passer-by. These coal exhibits came chiefly from the great 
mines at Cumberland, Rock Springs, and Kemmerer, and were taken 
from veins 30 feet in thickness. 

Onyx in both its native and finished state was shown in large quan- 
tities. A p} T ramid of gray onyx and beautiful mantels and polished 
slabs from fields in northern Laramie County were a revelation to all 
who saw them. 

Gold ore and refined gold from the famous South Pass district were 
on exhibition, demonstrating that Wyoming may in the course of time 
rival her southern neighbor, Colorado, as a gold-producing State. 



358 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Marble and building stones were shown in great variety, both in 
their native and finished states. Moss agates, lithograph stones, 
asbestos, bentonite, gypsum, glass from native sand, and soda added 
to Wyoming's collection, which in variety was as great as any exhibit 
in the Mines Department. All told, there were 156 varieties of min- 
erals, aggregating more than 3,000 classified exhibits. The exhibit 
Avas reenforced by beautiful color photographs of Wyoming scenes 
and resources, which occupied a wall space in the Mines Building of 
2,100 square feet. 

The commission was especially indebted to State Geologist H. C. 
Beeler for his valuable assistance and advice in connection with this 
work. 

As the State's appropriation was so limited, the commission decided 
to show all the agricultural, horticultural, educational, and forestry 
and game exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture. In this building 
Wyoming occupied a floor space of 2,100 square feet and a wall space 
of 1,400 square feet. 

The agricultural display was prepared and installed under the 
direction of Prof. B. C. Buffum, assisted by Mr. Elias Nelson, and 
consisted of over 1,400 classified exhibits. The showing of grains was 
particularly remarkable, and by actual competitive tests it was 
demonstrated that Wyoming grown wheat weighed 66 pounds per 
bushel, and the heaviest wheat from elsewhere was that of the Argen- 
tine Republic, which weighed 64J pounds per bushel. Wyoming oats 
weighed 48 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest oats from elsewhere 
were those from New Zealand, which weighed 46J, and those from 
Idaho, weighing 46 pounds. Wyoming hulless barley weighed 56 
pounds, while the standard is 48 pounds per bushel. 

On all these products, as well as Wyoming grown alfalfa, Wyoming 
was awarded grand prizes. 

The exhibit of Wyoming forestry products, which was prepared 
under the direction of Mr. John H. Gordon, showed a number of trees 
from 5 to 7 feet in diameter, and a variety of over 40 woods found in 
the State. Owing to the great expense and disadvantage under which 
such a collection must necessarily be made, it was impossible to reach 
every section of the State and secure samples of the different woods, 
but this was done wherever it was found to be possible, and an effort 
was made to secure samples of all the woods of the State. 

A beautiful table manufactured by Mr. Gordon, made of over 35 
varieties of these woods, was a work of art and attracted more atten- 
tion and favorable comment than anyone thing shown in the exhibit. 

The exhibit of Wyoming grown fruits from Fremont county, as 
well as the fruits grown in Laramie County, were especially praise- 
worthy. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 359 

The educational exhibit, which was prepared and collected under 
the direction of the superintendent of public instruction, T. T. T. 
Tynan, consisted largely in showing pictures of school buildings of 
the State and the school work of many of the pupils. Although only 
a small sum was available for this purpose, the exhibit was quite com- 
plete and made a very creditable showing. 

The commission printed and distributed over 500,000 pamphlets 
giving information on the resources of Wyoming, and this was sup- 
plemented by a large amount of literature which was received for 
distribution from other sources. 

Wyoming exhibitors received 125 awards in the two departments of 
Mines and Agriculture, where the Wyoming exhibits were shown, and 
the grand prizes awarded Wyoming grown grains were the results 
of actual tests by weight for the excellent quantity and size of the 
grain. Credit must be given Prof. B. C. Buffum, of the State Uni- 
versity, for his thorough work in the preparation of these exhibits. 

The Wyoming Commission closed up its affairs February 1, 1905, 
showing that its entire expenditures for all purposes was only $20,000, 
or about four-fifths of the appropriation. 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition Hostess* Association. 

In obedience to the call of Mrs. Parks Fisher, hostess of the Mary- 
land Building, the hostesses of the various State and Territorial 
buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition assembled at the 
Maryland Building on the morning of June 16, 1904, for the purpose 
of forming an organization, the object being mutual improvement 
and the bringing into closer social relationship the members thereof. 

Preliminaries were discussed and the meeting adjourned to assem- 
ble on June 30 at the Alaska Building, on which occasion the organi- 
zation was perfected and the following officers were elected : 

President, Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; vice-presidents, Mrs. 
Mary E. Hart, Alaska, Mrs. C. C. Monson, Connecticut, Mrs. Floyd 
Walton, Mississippi, Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico, Miss Esther 
Wehrung, Oregon ; recording secretary, Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York ; 
assistant recording secretary, Mrs. G. L. Hall, New Jersey; corre- 
sponding secretary, Mrs. W. N. Strother, Virginia; assistant corre- 
sponding secretary, Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; treasurer, Mrs. 
Belle Hall Small, Missouri; press representative, Mrs. Mary E. 
Hart, Alaska. 

Many pleasant social functions took place under the auspices of 
this popular organization, and its business and social meetings were 
characterized by the greatest harmony. The organization is a per- 
manent one and is to be represented at all future expositions. Its 



360 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

officers are to be elected annually, the next election to be held at the 
Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oreg. 

The full list of membership is as follows : 

Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska; Miss 
Jessie Drais, Arizona ; Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas ; Mrs. Frank 
Wiggins, California; Mrs. J. A. Filcher, California; Mrs. Josiah 
Hughes, Colorado; Mrs. C. C. Monson, Connecticut; Mrs. John W. 
Hughes, Georgia ; Miss Anne Sonna, Idaho ; Mrs. Floyd Walton, 
Mississippi; Mrs. Belle Hall Small, Missouri; Mrs. Emma D. 
Nuckols, Missouri; Mrs. Addie McDowell, Montana; Mrs. H. E. 
Freudenthal, Nevada; Mrs. G. L. Wall, New Jersey; Mrs. Sallie 
Douglas, New Mexico; Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; Mrs. E. B. 
Marchant, Oklahoma ; Miss Ethel Wehrung, Oregon. 




APPENDIX 5. 



REPORT OF BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS TO THE 

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 

COMMISSION. 



AUTHORIZED BY ACT OF CONGRESS MARCH ?, 1901. 



I 



New York, K Y., June , 1905. 
HAVE the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Board of 
Lady Managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which 
was appointed by you as provided for by the act of Congress 
dated March 3, 1901. 

Very respectfully, 

Mary Margaretta Manning, 
President of the Board of Lady Managers 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. 



Historical Data. a 

The territory originally known as Louisiana was taken possession 
of by the explorer La Salle in 1682, in the name of Louis XIV, and 
the first colony was founded by the French at Biloxi in 1699. The 
vast domain was transferred to Spain, by secret treaty, in 1763, and 
remained in the possession of that country until 1800, when the 
King of Spain, during the assistance of Napoleon in the erection of 
the Kingdom of Etruria for his son-in-law, the Duke of Parma, 
ceded the Louisiana Territory to France in return for that aid. It 
was part of Bonaparte's policy and earliest ambition to restore to 
France all her lost possessions, and by the significant treaty of San 
Ildefonso, signed by Manual Godoy, the Spanish minister of state 
(known as the " Prince of Peace "), and Marshal Berthier, minister 

° Compilation. 

361 



362 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

of France at Madrid, all that vast and vaguely defined territory 
known as Louisiana, which France had originally transferred to 
Spain, was reconveyed to France. 

Up to the end of the revolution the possession of the Louisiana 
Territory by one foreign power or another had not touched Amer- 
icans closely, but now conditions changed. When rumors of the last 
treaty finally reached the United States, the planters in the Missis- 
sippi Valley became alarmed. The laws and customs regulations 
of the Spaniards at New Orleans were arbitrary, and their business 
methods antiquated, complicated, and irksome to the colonists, and 
there had already been friction between them, the Spaniards being 
aided by Indians hostile to the frontiersmen. The right of deposit 
was essential to the pioneers who journeyed down the river in their 
flat-bottom homemade boats; they required a place to store their 
goods at New Orleans while waiting the arrival of trading vessels. 
In the early nineties the Spanish authorities closed navigation and 
refused the right of way to the ocean, but in 1795 a treaty was signed 
which gave the right of deposit, with certain minor limitations, 
for three years, and the way to a market was kept open for that 
period, and thereafter until 1802; that year the Spaniards again 
withdrew the privilege, and therein lay a potent motive for the acqui- 
sition of at least the mouth of the Mississippi River, and, although the 
immediate demand of these early American settlers was simply an 
open seaport and waterway to the sea, the Louisiana Purchase was the 
direct outcome of our strained relations with Spain. 

A resolution was offered in Congress authorizing the President to 
call out 50,000 militia and take possession of New Orleans, but the 
United States sought security, and a substitute resolution was adopted 
appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of the Floridas and New 
Orleans, the Floridas being at first the entire cession contemplated, 
even without the island of New Orleans. The chancellor, Robert R. 
Livingston, had been appointed as our minister to France at a time 
when the affairs of that country were in a somewhat precarious con- 
dition. Napoleon, then only 34 years old, was dictator, surrounded 
by enemies. President Jefferson wrote Livingston to make the best 
terms he could with Napoleon, either for the mouth of the river, site 
for a city, or place for deposit. He at no time spoke of acquiring the 
whole tract. Livingston, with great tact and judgment, kept the 
matter before Napoleon, realizing not only the importance of the 
small tract originally involved, but the incalculable advantage that 
would be derived by the United States could the accession of the 
whole territory be accomplished. He was, therefore, greatly sur- 
prised by a question from Talleyrand, in which he was asked " What 
we would give for the whole tract? " This was followed by a prop- 
osition from Napoleon's representative, Marbois, the state treasurer, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 363 

in which he offered to sell all the Louisiana Territory to the United 
States for 100,000,000 francs ($20,000,000), with a provision that the 
United States should pay the claims of American citizens against 
France for depredations by French privateers, which amounted to 
20,000,000 francs ($4,000,000). This offer Livingston declined, and 
Marbois asked him to name a price. Livingston, after a polite and 
politic disavowal of any anxiety to seek a larger expansion of terri- 
tory, cautiously remarked, " We would be ready to purchase, provided 
the sum was reduced to reasonable limits," but refused to make an 
offer, postponing the matter until the arrival of Monroe, who, he was 
informed by the United States Government, had been appointed min- 
ister with special powers to negotiate this purchase of New Orleans. 

Talleyrand told Livingston that if they gave New Orleans, the rest 
would be of little value, and Marbois dropped his price to 80,000,000 
francs ($16,000,000) and the claims, and later said if we would name 
60,000,000 francs and take upon us the American claims to the amount 
of 20,000,000 more, he would submit the offer to Bonaparte. Our 
minister declared that sum was greatly beyond our means, and wished 
Bonaparte reminded that the whole region was liable to become the 
property of England. The minister of the public treasury admitted 
the weight of this possibility, but said : " Try if you can not come up 
to my mark. Consider the extent of the country, the exclusive navi- 
gation of the river, and the importance of having no neighbors to 
disrupt you, no war to dread." 

The American minister was not long in deciding to accept Napo- 
leon's proposition to acquire the whole territory, but still waited to 
conclude negotiations until the arrival in Paris of Monroe. 

The great treaty was, in its essential elements, the work of three 
days. On April 11 Talleyrand asked Livingston " whether he wished 
to have the whole of Louisiana?" On April 12 Monroe arrived, but 
was too ill to attend a conference. Livingston again saw Talley- 
rand, and on April 13 two conferences took place between Marbois 
and Livingston, lasting several hours and ending at midnight, in 
which both negotiators agreed upon a treaty of transfer and acqui- 
sition, leaving open the amount to be paid. Upon this point they did 
not widely differ. Livingston's memorable midnight dispatch, dated 
Paris, April 13, 1803, and finished at 3 o'clock in the morning, gives 
the authentic official history of the Louisiana purchase treaty. The 
Livingston letters tell that the decision to sell Louisiana was reached 
on Sunday, April 10, after Napoleon had had a prolonged confer- 
ence with Talleyrand, Marbois, and others. The idea of selling 
originated in the active brain of Napoleon. It was opposed by Tal- 
leyrand, Berthier, and others, but Napoleon contemplated war with 
England, and needed funds. The Louisiana Purchase tract was so 
far away and would require so much money and so many men to 



364 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

protect it, that, in his estimation, it was probably better to dispose 
of it at a good price rather than hold, and he feared, in the event of 
war, which was imminent, he would lose the colony of Louisiana 
within sixty days after he took possession. The treaty of Amiens 
was at an end; Austria was threatening; a British fleet was in the 
West Indies; he was disgusted at the disastrous campaign in Santo 
Domingo, angry with Spain, and desired to be free for new cam- 
paigns in Europe. The First Consul, impressed by our minister's 
social rank in his own country, no less than by his merciless logic 
and solid understanding, had given his promise that debts due for the 
spoliation of our commerce should be paid. This promise, of which 
he was again reminded, could only be kept by realizing on sale of 
public lands, as he had no other resource. Small wonder that he 
wished to be rid of the whole irritating subject of Louisiana. 

Monroe, on his arrival in Paris, found that the negotiations for 
the purchase were already far advanced by Minister Livingston. 
Owing to the illness of the special envoy, he was not presented to 
the First Consul until May 1, and hence, as a negotiator, had noth- 
ing officially to do with the treaty, which was virtually negotiated 
April 13, and finally concluded April 30. On that day the treaty 
was signed in the presence of Napoleon by Marbois and the two 
American representatives, and when the negotiations were completed 
Napoleon made the following prophecy : " This accession of territory 
strengthens forever the power of the United States. I have given 
England a rival." 

The agreement, in the form of a treaty, reached Washington July 
14 for ratification. Congress was called in special session October 
IT; the treaty was confirmed by the Senate after two days of dis- 
cussion ; a resolution was passed, to take effect immediately, but only 
after much opposition. Many persons were strongly opposed to the 
purchase, condemned the acquisition of a wilderness, and expressed 
their belief that the territory was not worth the price to be paid, and 
that its control would be difficult and unprofitable. 

The exact cost ultimately agreed upon was 64,000,000 francs in the 
form of United States 6 per cent bonds, representing a capital of 
$11,250,000. In addition to this, the American Government agreed 
to assume and pay the obligations of France to American citizens for 
French attacks upon American shipping. These were estimated at 
20,000,000 francs, or $3,750,000, making the total payment $15,000,000. 
The tract comprised 554,000,000 acres. Napoleon sold the territory 
for 2 cents an acre, or 10 acres for one franc. When the negotiations 
were pending, Marbois expressed to Napoleon the difficulty of reach- 
ing a definite conclusion as to boundary. When Talleyrand was 
questioned as to boundaries, he returned evasive answers, and said he 
did not know, and when pressed to be more explicit, said : "You must 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 365 

take it as we received it." "But what did you mean to take?" 
asked Livingston. " I do not know," replied Talleyrand. " Then 
you mean that we shall construe it our own way? " said Livingston 
again, to which Talleyrand made final reply : " I can give you no 
direction. You have made a noble bargain for yourselves, and I 
suppose you will make the most of it." 

When we consider that Jefferson at one time was willing to give 
$2,000,000 for New Orleans alone, we can marvel that so vast an 
empire as the whole province should come to us for the price paid. We 
can afford to overlook any defects in the treaty details and forever hold 
in gratitude the illustrious men who, by their diplomatic skill, their 
earnestness of purpose, and well-directed efforts, achieved one of the 
greatest triumphs in the world's history. It well justified the asertion 
of Minister Livingston as he placed his name to the treaty of cession, 
and rising and shaking hands with Monroe and Marbois, said : " We 
have lived long ; but this is the noblest work of our lives." 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held to commemorate this 
most important event in the history of America — the purchase from 
France of the vast Louisiana Territory — an event second only in 
importance to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which 
constituted the first great advance of the United States toward 
national expansion, and at the same time insured to them the control 
forever of the greatest natural waterway on earth, the Mississippi 
River. 

The Missouri Historical Society was the first organization to take 
formal steps toward the celebration of the one hundredth anniver- 
sary of the acquisition of this territory. In acknowledgment of the 
public sentiment expressed, Governor Stevens, of Missouri, called a 
convention of delegates to be appointed by the respective governors of 
the twelve States and two Territories that had been created in the 
Louisiana Purchase. Ninety-three delegates attended the meeting 
on January 10, 1899, and unanimously voted that an international 
exposition should be held in St. Louis as a means of giving expression, 
by practical demonstration, to the universal appreciation of what had 
been accomplished within this vast region during the century. 

An executive committee was appointed, of which Hon. David E. 
Francis, of St. Lotus, was made chairman. The aid of the United 
States Government was sought, and, after preliminary work on the 
part of the members of the committee in raising the $10,000,000, 
which Congress had made a condition should be secured before 
rendering material assistance, a bill was passed March 3, 1901, appro- 
priating $5,000,000 toward " celebrating the one hundredth anniver- 
sary of the Louisiana Purchase Territory by the United States by 
holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, 
and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. 
Louis, in the State of Missouri. 



366 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

This enormous tract of land that for a century had been steadily 
contributing to the material advancement of the world was now to 
show that it was ready and able to assume its full share not only in 
practical life and progress but in the deeper phases of science and art, 
and to demonstrate the nature of its resources by participation in the 
greatest universal exposition ever held. By this exposition it was 
not only above all else to illustrate the marvelous development of 
the territory whose acquisition it was meant to celebrate, but it was 
likewise " to provide for a comparative display of the products, 
natural and artificial, of the nations of the world, to be arranged in 
classified groups, the exhibits of each nation in every class to be set 
down by the side of those of all other nations, thereby better to insure 
comparison and an intelligent verdict as to merit by the direct and 
practical contrast thus secured." It was to demonstrate the feasible 
combination of the artistic with the useful, the beautiful with the 
enduring, the graceful with the strong. 

The three most significant dates historically connected with the 
acquisition of the magnificent domain known as Louisiana are April 
30, 1803, when the great treaty was signed; October 19, when the 
treaty was ratified in the Senate of the United States by a vote of 24 
to 7; and December 20, of the same year, when our Government 
received formal possession at New Orleans from the French prefect, 
Laussat. The council chamber of the Cabildo (which building was 
so ably reproduced at the exposition) and the balcony adjacent were 
the scene of the formal retrocession of Louisiana from Spain to 
France, and also of the event so much more momentous to us — the 
ceremony in which France delivered Louisiana into the keeping of 
the United States. 

On August 20, 1901, by a proclamation of the President, "in the 
name of the Government and of the people of the United States, all 
the nations of the earth " were invited " to take part in the com- 
memoration of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of 
great interest to the United States and of abiding effect on their 
development, by appointing representatives and sending such exhibits 
to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as would most fitly and fully 
illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in 
civilization." This invitation was sent through the Department of 
State of the United States to the chief magistrates of all civilized 
governments, from nearly all of whom official acceptances were 
received in reply. 

It has become a matter of history that ground was broken for the 
site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition December 20, 1901, that 
day being the anniversary of the one on which the jurisdiction over 
the Louisiana Territory passed from France to the United States in 
1803. The dedication exercises were held on the afternoon of April 
30, 1903, and were designed to commemorate not only the one hun- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 367 

clredth anniversary of the signing of the treaty by Livingston, Monroe, 
and Marbois, transferring the territory from France to the United 
States, but also to dedicate in a formal manner the grounds and 
palaces of the exposition then rapidly advancing toward completion, 
though not to be opened before the following spring. 

The exercises were participated in by representatives from nearly 
all civilized nations, and the presence on April 30, 1903, of the Presi- 
dent of the United States, ex-President Cleveland, the Joint Com- 
mittee of Congress, the ambassadors and ministers of twenty-six 
foreign governments, the governors and representatives of more than 
forty States and Territories, conferred upon it the official indorse- 
ment of the nations of the world, and added the weight and dignity 
which the sanction of governments alone could give. 

When the treaty of cession was concluded in 1803 President Jeffer- 
son represented less than 6,000,000 people and there were but 50,000 
white settlers in the Louisiana Territory. President Roosevelt in 1903 
represented 80,000,000 people, the Purchase contained 15,000,000 
inhabitants, and the 865,000 square miles which it comprised had 
been geographically divided into twelve States and two Territories. 
It was an area greater in extent and in natural resources than that of 
the original thirteen States, and constituted the largest real estate 
transfer ever known in the history of nations. 

The price of $15,000,000 paid for it was considered exorbitant by 
those who were opposed to the purchase in 1803, yet the possibilities 
of the country, then so vague and ill-defined, so amply justified the 
prophetic faith of its advocates that a century later many millions 
of dollars in excess of the purchase money were spent in commemo- 
rating the transfer of a tract of land without which the present great- 
ness of the United States would not have been possible. The present 
value of the agricultural products alone of the area for one year are 
a hundred times, and the taxable wealth more than four hundred 
times, the purchase money. 

The board of lady managers was created pursuant to a clause in 
section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901, empowering the 
National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as 
follows : 

And said Commission is hereby authorized to appoint a board of 
lady managers, of such number and to perform such duties as may be 
prescribed by said Commission, subject, however, to the approval of 

a The creation of the National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion was authorized by act of Congress, March 3, 1901, and the members were 
appointed by President McKinley. According to section 12 of an act approved 
June 28, 1902, the Commission will cease officially to exist on the first day of 
July, 1905, at which time, also, will expire the term of appointment of the mem- 
bers of the board of lady managers. 



368 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



said company. Said board of lady managers may, in the discretion 
of said Commission and corporation, appoint one member of all com- 
mittees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have 
been produced in whole or in part by female labor. 

The following is the complete list and order of appointment of the 
members of the board of lady managers made by the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition Commission, acting under the authority conferred 
by the aforesaid section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901 : 



Name. 


Date 
appointed. 


By whom. 


Miss Helen M.Gould ». 


Oct. 16.1901 
Oct. 18,1901 
do 


Hon. P. D. Scott. 


Mrs. John A. McCall 


Hon. M. H. Glynn. 
Hon.F.A.Betts. 




Miss Anna L . Dawes. _ 


do 


Do. 


Mrs. William E . Andrews 


do 


Hon. J. M. Thurston. 




...do 


Do. 


Mrs. James L . Blair 


do 


Hon. John M. Allen. 


Mrs. Fannie L . Porter 


do.. 


Hon. P. D.Scott. 


Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger 


do 


Do. 


Mrs. Richard W.Knott.-. 


Nov. 19,1901 
do 


Hon. William Lindsay. 
Do. 






do 


Hon. Thomas H. Carter. 




do 


Hon. John F. Miller. 




Nov. 20,1901 
Nov. 21,1901 
do 


Hon. Thomas H. Carter. 




Hon. John F. Miller. 


Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter 


Do. 


Mr3. Lewis D. Frost 


do 


Hon. John M. Thurston, 


Mrs. Finis P.Ernest 


Nov. 22,1901 
Jan. 22,1902 
Sept. 30, 1902 
Oct. 2,1902 
do 


Hon. George W. McBride. 




Do. 




Hon. M. H. Glynn. 




Do. 




Do. 




do 


Hon. Thomas H. Carter. 


Mrs. Annie McLean Moores 


Oct. 3,1902 
Nov. 29, 1902 


Hon. John M. Allen. 


Miss Lavinia H.Egan... 


Do. 







Officers and Members of the Board of Lady Managers, Louisiana Purchase 

Exposition 

Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, Albany, N. Y. ; Mrs. Edward L. 
Buchwalter, first vice-president, Springfield, Ohio; Mrs. Finis P. 
Ernest, second vice-president, Denver, Colo. ; Mrs. Helen Boice- 
Hunsicker, third vice-president, Hoboken, N. J.; Miss Anna L. 
Dawes, fourth vice-president, Pittsfield, Mass. ; Mrs. Belle L.Everest, 
fifth vice-president, Atchison, Kans. ; Mrs. M. H. de Young, sixth 
vice-president, San Francisco, Cal. ; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh 
vice-president, Atlanta, Ga. ; Mrs. William H. Coleman, treasurer, 
Indianapolis, Ind. ; Miss Helen M. Gould, New York, N. Y.; Mrs. 
Richard W. Knott, Louisville, Ky. ; Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Hart- 
ford, Conn. ; Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger, Little Rock, Ark. ; Mrs. 
James Edmund Sullivan, Providence, R. I. ; Mrs. Margaret P. Daly. 
Anaconda, Mont. ; Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, Portland, Oreg. ; 
Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff, New York, N. Y. ; Mrs. John Miller Horton, 
Buffalo, N. Y; Mrs. Lewis D. Frost, Winona, Minn.; Mrs. W. E. 
Andrews, Washington, D. C. ; Mrs. Annie McLean Moores, Mount 
Pleasant, Tex. ; Miss Lavinia H. Egan, Shreveport, La. Miss Julia 
T. E. McBlair, Washington, D. C, hostess of the building of the 
board of lady managers. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 369 

Standing committees. — Executive : Mrs. Daniel Manning, chair- 
man; Mrs. Holcombe, Miss Egan, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman, 
Mrs. Buchwalter, Mrs. Moores, Miss Dawes, Mrs. Knott, Mrs. 
Hanger, Miss Gould. Entertainment: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairr 
man; Mrs. Porter, Mrs. Everest, Mrs. Sullivan, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. 
de Young, Mrs. Horton, Mrs. von Mayhoff , Mrs. Hunsicker. Foreign 
Relations: Miss Dawes, chairman; Mrs. Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. 
Holcombe, Mrs. von Mayhoff, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Moores. Con- 
gresses: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Mrs. Andrews. 
Press : Mrs. Knott, chairman ; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Egan, Mrs. Moores. 
Woman's Work : Mrs. Montgomery, chairman ; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. 
Daly, Miss Gould, Mrs. Buchwalter, Miss Dawes, Mrs. de Young. 
Legislative: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. 
Coleman. Awards : Mrs. Hanger, chairman ; Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, 
Mrs. Porter, Mrs. Hunsicker. Auditing Committee : Mrs. Andrews, 
chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. Montgomery. 

Special committees. — Hall of Philanthropy : Miss Helen M. Gould, 
chairman. Creche : Miss Helen M. Gould, chairman ; Mrs. Everest, 
Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Sullivan. House : Mrs. Ernest, chairman ; resi- 
dent members of board and members of rotating committee on duty. 
Model Playground: Mrs. Holcombe, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss 
Gould. Editing Minutes: Mrs. Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, 
Miss Dawes. House Furnishing: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; 
Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery. 

Introduction. 

As it was designed that the St. Louis Exposition should afford an 
opportunity of demonstrating to other nations the progress that the 
United States had made in every branch of manufacture, agriculture, 
and art, the enormous field that existed from which to draw the great 
variety of material warranted the assumption that a wonderful dis- 
play would be made. The sponsorship of our Government, and its 
invitation to other nations to participate, vested in the citizens of the 
United States, not only as a nation but as individuals, the responsi- 
bility of acceptably placing before the eyes of the world the achieve- 
ments and advancement not only of their own but of all civilized 
and semicivilized nations. 

The importance of the event rendered it a fitting occasion for 
women again to exhibit to the world the record of their increasing 
development and progress. At the Centennial in Philadelphia the 
women's commission brought together the exhibits shown in the 
Woman's Department, raised funds necessary to build the Woman's 
Pavilion, suggested the Department of Public Comfort, and origi- 
nated and carried to completion other useful and practical ideas. The 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 24 



370 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

board of lady managers at the World's Columbian Exposition 
achieved a most wonderful success ; at the Cotton Centennial in New 
Orleans the women from each State and Territory did excellent work, 
as did those at Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, and Buffalo. All this had 
thoroughly prepared the public mind for the cooperation of women 
in further exposition work. 

The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 
was, therefore, created as an official organization, acting under the 
authority given it by the Government. Its most important duty — 
that of appointing woman jurors — was prescribed by Congress, and 
all others were secondary to it. The members realized the responsi- 
bility which rested upon them and the necessity of making such a 
record that at the close of the exposition they again might show that 
women's attainments and achievements were a factor of sufficient im- 
portance to warrant their participation in an exhibition of such mag- 
nitude ; they must continue to prove by practical demonstration that 
the rapid advancement and increased usefulness of women, made 
possible by the educational and other advantages that had been ac- 
corded them, rendered their work worthy of the examination and 
attention of the world. 

Preparatory to accepting any responsibilities that might be re- 
quired of them in order to represent woman's work officially, a formal 
request was made by the members of the board of lady managers to 
the National Commission, to define the full scope of their appoint- 
ment and the duties to be assigned to the board, careful inquiry being 
made as to what special and important work they would be expected 
to perform. 

Pursuant to this request, an informal meeting of the eighteen mem- 
bers who had been appointed in the fall of 1901, was called by the 
National Commission, in the city of New York, for December 5 of 
that year. Hon. Thomas H. Carter, president of the National Com- 
mission, in an address on that occasion, outlined their duties to a 
limited extent, and stated that a meeting would be called in March, 
1902, for the purpose of perfecting their organization and determin- 
ing the nature of their work. This meeting was not called, as had 
been contemplated, however, and it was not until September 30, 1902, 
that the members of the board were again assembled, pursuant to a 
call of the Commission, the meeting place being in the city of St. 
Louis. 

After formal organization of the board of lady managers they were 
again addressed by Hon. Thomas H. Carter, who said, in part, as 
follows : 

The act of Congress left the number of lady managers optional with 
the National Commissioners. 

Before the exorcise of the discretion allowed by Congress numerous 
persons suggested a great variety of ways whereby the ladies of the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 371 

country, and the world, if you please, might with force and propriety 
participate in this coming exposition. The agency or organized clubs 
was for a time suggested as a proper method by which the assistance 
of womankind might be interjected into this great work, but many 
difficulties appeared in an effort to crystallize that thought in the 
proper shape. 

Owing to the confusion existing during the sessions of Congress, 
the necessity as well as the desirability of allowing the National Com- 
mission to appoint a board of lady managers became from day to day 
more apparent, and, therefore, in pursuance of that authority it was 
determined, with the consent and approval of the local committee 
under whose auspices the exposition was given, to appoint a board 
consisting of twenty-one persons; and of the twenty-one nineteen 
members have now been appointed. * * * It will rest with you 
ladies, and the two additional members hereafter to be appointed, 
whether or not you wish to increase the size of your board. * * * 

After or about the time of the New York meeting the National 
Commission, acting under the authority of the law, prescribed cer- 
tain general limitations or rules within which this board of lady man- 
agers would continue to exercise their functions. These rules were, 
I think, made very general, and were submitted to the local company 
for approval, as the statute requires. The company has suggested 
certain amendments, which are not of great importance and do not at 
this time limit your deliberations to any considerable extent. * * * 
The rule upon which your authority will rest reads : " The board of 
lady managers, appointed as authorized by section 6 of the act of 
Congress, shall have authority to exercise general supervisory control 
over such features of the exposition as may be specially devoted to 
woman's work." That rule is practically without any limitation 
whatever. It places under your control and supervision the work for 
the exhibits, whether appearing in the manner of artistic, industrial, 
or other tangible production, or whether appearing in the manner of 
woman's engagement in any part or portion of the exposition work. 
I think it will rest with you that girls under a certain age should not 
be permitted to be employed in the exhibits, or in any manner made a 
part of the coming exposition. * * * You will find in this rule 
the amplest authority with reference to any subject-matter over which 
you seek to exercise jurisdiction, composed in whole or in part by 
woman's work. That is all the limitation you will find. That rule 
the company has approved without amendment, and in approving 
it * * * I believe that it is clearly the earnest desire of the com- 
pany to secure and at all times approve of your cordial cooperation. 

In the matter of executing the duties before you, it will be found 
necessary, I believe, at this meeting, after the election of your officers, 
to secure such quarters as may, in your opinion, be necessary for the 
convenient transaction of the business committed to your charge. It 
will likewise be necessary for you to begin to consider the scope of 
woman's work in connection with the exposition, and likewise form 
proper rules and regulations for the government of your officers and 
the direction of the general task that you have before you. It is 
needless to suggest that future success will, as you know, to a consid- 
erable extent, be dependent upon the thought and consideration 
given to your rules to start with. One feature of the rules hereto- 
fore commented upon to some extent, and perhaps both by the Com- 



372 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

mission and the company, has been subject to criticism. That is the 
limitation upon the incurring expense. It has been suggested that the 
board of lady managers at Chicago, which consisted of over one 
hundred persons, spent $150,000 or thereabout. They were limited, 
I think, and spent the limit. Your expenses are not limited, except 
by a rule adopted by prudence, and applicable to all bodies having 
money to expend from the United States Government. The purpose 
of this rule, let me say to you, ladies, was to preserve ordinary sys- 
tem in the transaction of the business that must be dispatched very 
rapidly, and must be dispatched under a system. 

The observations I have here made seem to about cover, for the 
present, at least, the matters that will come up before you for consid- 
eration : 

First. The scope of your work, unlimited by this Commission, save 
in the particulars prescribed in the law, to that which is in whole or 
in part made up of woman's work. 

Second. After determining the scope, the field within which you 
will act, and the rules that govern your officers, you will be called 
upon to determine other questions from time to time — the matter of 
investment, the matter of a special building, which shall be the 
ladies' home, and other questions such as may seem to you to be meet 
and proper. 

I am quite sure that throughout this space of time — two or three 
years — during which we are working together, you will find it quite 
easy to get along with this Commission. * * * Let me make 
this suggestion here, and one based upon an experience this Commis- 
sion has had: You will find, as far as our observation has been ex- 
tended, that you have here in the city of St. Louis and the surround- 
ing country a body of earnest people, charged with a mighty work — 
the disbursement of the largest sum of money ever collected on the 
globe for an exposition of any kind — larger than Chicago, Buffalo, 
and Charleston combined — and the one overwhelming, all-absorbing 
thought uppermost in the mind is to make this exposition a success, 
commensurate with the mighty means placed at the disposal of the 
company, the Commission, and the board. The weather will be hot 
and difficulties will come, tempers will become disturbed, and patience 
sorely tried, but throughout it all bear in mind that the man who is 
somewhat irritating has simply too much vim and enthusiasm for 
the moment. 

President Francis, the general counsel, the treasurer, are all devot- 
ing practically their entire time and attention to this work, and the 
things already accomplished indicate that their efforts have been 
well directed and their work well performed. It is for you to say, 
you to determine in a general way, and upon your good judgment 
and earnest efforts will largely depend the extent to which women in 
this country and of the world at large are to participate, directly or 
indirectly, in making this exposition the most beneficent for women 
that has or can be made in any age or ages. 

At the close of Senator Carter's remarks President Francis, of 
the Exposition Company, said: 

I have only come to say, ladies, that if we can be of any assistance 
to you we shall be more than glad to render that assistance. If you 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 378 

have any suggestions to make us, we shall be pleased to receive them 
and consider them by prejudging them in your favor. I do not 
know what your plans are, but I wish to say that if you desire per- 
manent quarters, we will be very glad to provide them in the Ad- 
ministration Building. That might be a little inconvenient, per- 
haps, but we have all of our own offices there, and have all the accom- 
modations one can require. I do not know if you propose to have 
a permanent secretary and establish headquarters here or not. I take 
it for granted that you are familiar with the provisions of the law. 
Of course, you know that the board is nominated by the National 
Commission, of which Senator Carter is president. All of the nomi- 
nations that have been made by the National Commission have been 
confirmed. I believe the membership of your board is limited to 
twenty-one. I have heard of the organization of that body. I wish 
to say, that we think we have made adequate, if not liberal, provi- 
sion for the expense of the board in this way: We have decided to 
tender you ladies, subject, of course, to your amendment, after first 
acknowledging your generosity, we have decided to say to you that 
we will allow you 5 cents per mile mileage from your homes to St. 
Louis, and 5 cents per mile back to your homes, or to your New York 
meetings, and in addition to that $6 per day for subsistence during 
the time you are in attendance at such meetings. If you do not 
think that sufficient, we are open to suggestions from you. 

During your stay in cities where meetings Avill be held you are 
allowed $6 per day subsistence, whether you choose to expend that 
or not ; if you do not think $6 per day sufficient, make a suggestion 
accordingly. 

In regard to your duties, the law prescribed those. I suppose the 
report which was made by the Commission to the local company and 
approved by the local company, has been forwarded to the board. 
You know that you have the right to appoint one member to every 
jury of awards that passes upon work wholly or partly made by 
women. I do not know what provision the law makes, if any, for 
your duties, but this exposition, comprehensive as its scope may be, 
can not be a success without the hearty cooperation of the ladies, 
and that is what we wish. 

I do not know what plans you have about a Woman's Building. I 
wish to say that any suggestions you have to make us we will take 
under serious consideration. A great deal has been said about per- 
manent structures. We have no objections to permanent structures, 
we rather court them, provided always some means are furnished for 
the maintenance of those buildings after the exposition is over. 
There is another condition that must be observed, and that is in 
regard to the permission of the city for these buildings to remain. 
You, of course, understand that the exposition proper does not own 
any of the ground within the site. We have 1,200 acres, which is 
much larger than any exposition ever held, about 688 acres being the 
property of the city. About 112 acres of the site is the property of 
the Washington University, for which we. pay it a specific rental ; 
that makes a total of 780 acres. In addition to that we have 410 
acres which we have leased from private owners. That property 
must be returned to them free of all incumbrances. Therefore, if 
a permanent structure be contemplated it must be erected on city 
property. 



374 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

Ladies, I will be very glad to answer any questions you may desire 
to ask in connection with the exposition, and, as I said, any sug- 
gestions of yours I shall submit to our local company, executive 
committee, and board of directors, and Senator Carter will submit 
the same, I have no doubt, to the National Commission. 

At a meeting of the Commission held the same day (September 30) 
the resignation of Mrs. John A. McCall from the board of lady 
managers was read and accepted by the Commission. 

The statements of Senator Carter, as well as those of President 
Francis, stimulated the interest of the members of the board; they 
comprehended anew that it involved not only a heavy responsibiltiy, 
but constituted a national trust to represent the women who to-day 
stand upon the advanced but firm ground secured by the steady and 
persistent efforts of other women in their long struggle to obtain 
intellectual advantages and recognition. 

By reason of the sacrifices and endurance of those pioneers, every 
opportunity is now afforded to women not only to acquire any trade 
or profession, but also to practice it without hindrance; in many 
cases the same money value is placed upon their labor as upon that of 
men for similar work, and no longer is the line of demarcation rigidly 
drawn between the woman of leisure and the self-supporting woman. 
It, therefore, devolved upon the members of the board of lady mana- 
gers to advance, to the best of their ability, the conditions under 
which women might continue to maintain their social, intellectual, 
and financial independence. 

At this first formal meeting of the board of lady managers held in 
St. Louis the president and board of directors of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Expositon Company tendered to the members a most delightful 
evening reception at the Southern Hotel. This was the first official 
entertainment given to the board of lady managers. 

On Wednesday, October 1, 1902, the election of the following offi- 
cers was effected : 

Mrs. James L. Blair, president; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, first 
vice-president; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second vice-president; Mrs. 
Helen Boice-Hunsicker, third vice-president; Miss Anna L. Dawes, 
fourth vice-president; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth vice-president; 
Mrs. M. H. de Young, sixth vice-president; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, 
seventh vice-president ; Mrs. Frederick Hanger, secretary ; Mrs. Wil- 
liam H. Coleman, treasurer. 

Miss Helen M. Gould then offered the following resolution : 

Resolved, That it is the earnest desire of the board of lady mana- 
gers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition that there be no indecent 
dances or improper exhibits in the Midway during the exposition, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 875 

and that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company be urged to 
use the utmost care in awarding the concessions for shows, in order 
that there may be no objectionable features. 

The motion was carried unanimously, and its observance by the 
local company was largely instrumental in lowering to a minimum 
the number of objectionable features on the " Pike." 

In a joint conference of the National Commission and President 
Francis the latter consented that the Commission should make the 
number of lady managers 24 instead of 21, and on October 2, 1902, 
the following resolution was offered by the first vice-president, Mr. 
Glynn, and adopted by the Commission : 

Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition shall consist of 24 persons, including those here- 
tofore appointed, together with Mrs. Daniel Manning, of Wash- 
ington, D. C. ; Mrs. A. I. von Mayhoff, of Monticello, Va. ; and Mrs. 
Josephine Sullivan, of Providence, E. I. ; also the two additional 
members to be nominated by Mr. Allen. 

Be it farther resolved, That the appointments thus made now fixes 
the membership of the board at 24, and that no vacancy which may 
hereafter occur, on any account whatever, shall be filled until the 
board is reduced below 21 members, and that at no time shall any 
vacancy be filled hereafter so as to increase the board above 21. 

After the election of officers, appointment of committees on woman's 
work, rules and regulations, hall of philanthropy, and the transaction 
of other routine work, the board of lady managers adjourned to meet 
in New York, November IT, 1902. 

In response to a request from the board of lady managers for per- 
manent headquarters for their accommodation during the exposition 
period, to be afterwards used as a hall of philanthropy, President 
Francis, on November 5, 1902, referred to the fact that the Missouri 
State Federation had instructed its delegates to the convention of the 
General Federation of Women's Clubs to be held at Los Angeles to 
recommend such a memorial of woman's work, but that the federation 
had failed to take action in the matter. 

The Exposition Company afterwards offered to contribute $50,000 
toward the erection of such a building if the board of lady managers 
would raise $150,000 — $50,000 of which should be applied toward the 
building and $100,000 as a permanent endowment fund. 

The meeting of the board of lady managers was called on Novem- 
ber 17, 1902, pursuant to adjournment of the meeting of September 30, 
1902, and at that time the hall of philanthropy was fully considered, 
and the above-mentioned proposition of the Exposition Company 
declined. 



376 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

At the session held on the 19th of November a motion was made and 
carried that there should be an eighth vice-president, and Mrs. Daniel 
Manning was elected to fill that office. 

President Carter, of the National Commission, was invited to be 
present at this meeting, and again emphasized his views in regard to 
the prerogatives of the members of the board in performance of the 
duties which might be assigned them. He also spoke as follows: 

With the power comes the responsibility. This exposition, if the 
general tone of business continues, ought to be, in the matter of attend- 
ance and universal interest, a pronounced success. The matter of 
interesting the world, securing attendance, securing exhibits, attract- 
ing the attention of different classes of people, would insure success. 
The law of Congress is pretty thoroughly considered. It was pretty 
thoroughly debated in the House of Representatives particularly. 
No part of the law was more thoroughly considered than this part* 
which contemplated the interesting of the women of the world in 
the exposition about to be given. 

Determine at the earliest day practicable what the view of this 
board is as to what part women are to take in the exposition. That 
subject can not be too promptly considered or decided upon. You 
are to plan the scope of women's work in this exposition. Give the 
representation of women's work in this exposition a national or 
international character. If of an international character, will this 
board undertake to select the people who are to go abroad to represent 
the women of this country in appealing to the women of other coun- 
tries? * * * It is a matter of supreme consequence that the 
women of the country shall be represented in a manner that will be 
approved by themselves at least. * * ■* ■ I think it rests with you 
to formulate plan and scope, and transmit that formulated plan and 
scope to this Commission, to be approved by the Commission and 
approved by the local company, as a part of the programme of this 
exposition. It was the intention when this board was appointed to 
get together a body of representative women from all over the United 
States, and that this body when assembled would become a directing 
force along general lines. In the matter of women's work there is 
no limit. You exercise " general supervisory control." I would say 
that, in pursuance of authority granted the board of lady managers, 
that this board adopt resolutions stating that no woman shall be 
appointed to represent the exposition by either the National Commis- 
sion or the local company until the name of such representative shall 
have been submitted to and ratified by this board of lady managers. 
You will find in talking with this company a keen anxiety to quickly 
adopt any suggestions that will bring about success in any line. 
Claim whatever you think in the form of a rule, assert your right to 
approve or confirm if you please everyone appointed to push this 
woman's work anywhere. In regard to a building, say what you 
want; submit your plans to this Commission; place your wants in 
the form of a resolution to be approved by the Commission and the 
local company ; the approval will carry with it the expense. We will 
regard any expenditure which you may make as "legitimate exposi- 
tion work " — commissioners to go abroad, or whatever it may be. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 377 

There is a large amount of money available for this exposition. 
It has been handled with the utmost care, skill, and excessive pru- 
dence by the company, but that shows merely a good, sound economi- 
cal management; however, there is ample means, means that will 
unquestionably apply to meet every want. 

At the session on November 20 the committee named to prepare 
resolutions to be presented through the National Commission to the 
Exposition Company offered the following, which were adopted, 
and copies forwarded to the Commission and company : 

First. The board of lady managers respectfully call the attention 
of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to the act approved 
March 3, 1901, under which act this board has the power to appoint 
one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such 
exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by women. 
The board of lady managers decline to accept the amendment of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to this act of Congress 
expressed in a resolution of the executive committee of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company, as follows : " To nominate one mem- 
ber of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as 
shall have been produced in whole or in part by female labor." 

Second. The board protests against the appointment, without its 
authority, of any representative at home or abroad connected with 
work for which this board is responsible. 

Third. That the board of lady managers select, with the approval 
of the local company, two of its members to awaken interest in the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company among women in other 
countries. 

Fourth. That the president of this board be authorized, at her dis- 
cretion, to appoint committees to visit each State to enlist the cooper- 
ation of the women in securing the proper representation of woman's 
work at the exposition in St. Louis; and in furtherance that the 
governor of each State be formally requested to name two women on 
the State commission. 

Fifth. That the local company be requested to appropriate $50,000 
for the erection of a woman's building on the fair grounds to be used 
after the close of the exposition as a hall of philanthropy. 

Sixth. The board of lady managers request the directors of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to provide money to meet 
the current expenses of this board. They are further requested to 
notify this board in writing of the amount appropriated for this pur- 
pose. It is the sense of this board that an allowance of 5 cents per 
mile and $10 per diem be allowed; the per diem to cover the time 
from the day of departure until the day of return. 

Seventh. That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition, acting in harmony with the local committees 
appointed by the president of this board, shall have supervisory 
control of the entertainments of all women's organizations desiring 
to hold meetings in the building that will be appropriated to the use 
of this board. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Mrs. James L. Blair, President. 
Mrs. Richard W. Knott. Chairman. 



378 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

To the copy of the above resolutions which was sent to the National 
Commission, President Carter replied as follows : 

St. Louis, U. S. A., November 29, 1902. 

Dear Madam : I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of a set of 
resolutions adopted by the board of lady managers at their meeting 
in New York City on November 20, 1902. 

You are informed that the resolutions have been transmitted with 
proper recommendations to the local company for consideration. 
You are also informed that correction of objectionable rule in the 
" rules and regulations governing the system of awards," to which 
reference is made in the first subdivision of the resolutions, has been 
made. The rule referred to, as corrected, will embrace the word 
" appoint " instead of " nominate." 

You are also informed that the Commission deems it inexpedient 
to apply to Congress for an appropriation to aid in the construction 
of the proposed hall of philanthrophy. The Commission does not 
wish to be understood as being opposed to this commendable enter- 
prise, but instead favors the proposition. The disinclination to 
appeal to Congress for aid arises from an understanding with the 
company and leading members of committees of Congress, that no 
further appropriation would be sought from the General Govern- 
ment in connection with the fair. 

After a conference with the president and the secretary of the 
Exposition Company, the Commission is gratified to be able to inform 
you of the disposition of those officers to consult the board of lady 
managers with reference to the appointment of all persons intended 
to in any manner represent the board or its work in the exploitation 
of the exposition at home or abroad. We are also able to convey to 
you the assurance which has been conveyed to the Commission by 
President Francis, that it is the disposition of the Exposition Com- 
pany to furnish the board of lady managers adequate and comfort- 
able accommodations upon the grounds controlled by the company. 
The president of the company will communicate with your honorable 
board with reference to this and other subjects referred to in the 
resolutions. 

You are informed that, agreeable to an arrangement made nearly 
twelve months ago, the accounts of the board of lady managers will 
be paid direct by the Exposition Company. It is desirable that your 
board should transmit all accounts direct to Mr. W. B. Stevens, 
secretary of the Exposition Company, by whom all settlements will 
be made. 

Yours, very truly, Thos. H. Carter, 

President. 

Mrs. Apolline M. Blair, 

President Board of Lady Managers, St. Louis, Mo. 

This meeting adjourned subject to the call of the president. 

The next meeting of the board of lady managers was called by the 
president, Mrs. Blair, at the Murray Hill Hotel, New York City, 
N. Y., February 1G, 1903, at which time a letter was read that had 
been received by the president of the board from the Exposition 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 379 

Company, in which an offer was made to the board, for its exclusive 
use, of one of the permanent buildings to be erected for the Washing- 
ton University (and subsequently to be used by it as a Hall of 
Physics), to be known during the exposition period as the " Building 
of the Board of Lady Managers." This structure appealed specially 
to the members of the board, from the fact that it had been endowed 
by a woman, Mrs. Eliza Eads How, of St. Louis, and the offer was 
accepted. The building was finished about the middle of April, 
1904, and thereafter remained the headquarters of the board during 
the term of the exposition. While it was not perfectly adapted for 
a woman's building, they made it as attractive as possible, and it 
served for their entertaining and occupancy far better than had been 
anticipated. Upon motion, it was decided that the furnishing of 
the building for the board of lady managers be under the supervision 
of the president of the board. 

On February 16, 1903, a communication was received from Mr. 
Corwin H. Spencer, first vice-president of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company, stating that $3,000 had been appropriated by 
the executive committee of the Exposition Company for the use of the 
board of lady managers. 

Although the members of the board were not only willing, but 
anxious, to settle upon some definite line of action, the vagueness of 
their powers outlined by the members of the Commission, together 
with the obstacle presented by the lack of funds, had caused them to 
be most conservative in action; without the positive assurance of 
financial aid they were not in a position to decide definitely upon a 
plan of future work. This condition led to the appointment by the 
president, Mrs. Blair, of two committees, one known as the " commit- 
tee to confer with the National Commission on matters pertaining to 
the board of lady managers," and which consisted of Miss Lavinia H. 
Egan, chairman, Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, 
and Mrs. William E. Andrews ; and the second, known as a " commit- 
tee on woman's work," consisting of Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, 
chairman, Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Mrs. Daniel Manning, and Mrs. 
Edward L. Buchwalter. Both of these committees were to confer 
with the National Commission and the latter committee with the 
local company. 

Upon motion, duly seconded and carried, the meeting adjourned, to 
meet in St. Louis April 29, 1903. 

A reception was given by the board of lady managers to the 
president-general, officers, and members of the Daughters of the 
American Revolution of the Twelfth Continental Congress, at the 
New Willard Hotel, Washington, D. C, on February 26, 1903. The 
committee consisted of Mrs. Horton, chairman, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. 
Montgomery, Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Moores, Mrs. Coleman, Mrs. 



380 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Hunsicker, Mrs. Porter, and Mrs. Hanger. Invitations were ex- 
tended to the President of the United States and his Cabinet, Diplo- 
matic Corps, officers of the Army and Navy, members of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, the Government Board, the National 
Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and officials con- 
nected with the exposition resident in Washington. The Exposition 
Company was most generous in allowing $600 for the cost of this 
reception. The two committees appointed to confer with the Na- 
tional Commission and local company on matters pertaining to the 
board of lady managers, met at the Southern Hotel, St. Louis, March 
11, 1903, and were admitted to a conference with the National Com- 
mission on that day. The subject in regard to the work and duties 
of the board was reopened by the following questions : 

First. What special work does the Commission desire the board to 
perform before the opening of the exposition ? 

Second. What service will the Commission require from the board 
between the opening and closing of the exposition ? 

to which Senator Carter replied as follows : 

The plan and scope of your work must first be determined, and, in 
an advisory or suggestive sense only, I venture to submit for your 
consideration a plan and scope which would require your board — 

First. To make due preparation for the intelligent selection of one 
member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits 
as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor. 

Second. To advise the Commission from time to time as to the 
desired extent and the appropriate manner of woman's participation 
in the ceremonies incident to the dedication, opening, and conduct of 
the exposition. 

Third. To confer and advise with the officers and chiefs of the 
exposition on the progress being made from time to time in exciting 
the interest and enlisting the cooperation of women in the several 
departments, and to appoint all committees necessary to carry out the 
purpose, and to procure information on the extent of woman's par- 
ticipation in the exposition. 

Fourth. To encourage the presentation of exhibits by women by 
correspondence, advertising, or such other means as the company may 
approve. 

Fifth. To collect statistics of women's work in connection with the 
exposition for publication. 

Sixth. To encourage, by correspondence or otherwise, attendance 
at the exposition of societies and associations of women and the hold- 
ing of conventions, congresses, and other meetings of women. 

Seventh. To maintain within the grounds during the period of 
the exposition an organization for the relief of women and children 
who may be found in need of aid, comfort, or special protection. 

Eighth. To receive and officially entertain women when requested 
so to do by the Exposition Company and the Commission. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 381 

Ninth. To commission members of the board or others, with the 
approval of the Commission and the company, to travel in the interest 
of the exposition, either at home or abroad. 

Tenth. To provide for the constant attendance, in rotation, of at 
least three members of the board at the exposition grounds from 
April 30 to December 1, 1904. 

Eleventh. To issue bulletins from time to time as the company and 
the Commission may approve, for the special information of women 
and the exploitation of their contributions to the success of the 
exposition. 

These suggestions may be supplemented by others, and some of 
them may be disregarded by you entirely. They will, however, serve 
to convey to you the views of the Commission on the general range 
of work you can, if you wish, undertake to perform, subject only to 
the limitation that you submit your plan when agreed upon to the 
Commission and the company for consideration and approval, to the 
end that harmony may prevail. 

Let us not at any time lose track of this one important fact, that 
the exposition will be enormously expensive at best, and that it does 
not befit us to look up ways and means of expending money exclu- 
sively but to have some regard for the income of the Exposition Com- 
pany. Widespread and indiscriminate entertainment of societies 
will be quite impossible. Within the scope of your work there should 
be some committee or subdivision of the board to begin at once to 
ascertain what different societies, organizations, and women's con- 
gresses could be assembled here, and then bring them in within the 
scope of your work for submission to the company. We will gladly 
submit to the company a plan for the disposal of matters that will 
involve a reasonable limit of entertainment, and have means placed 
at your disposal for correspondence, exploitation, and entertainment. 
Your committees ought to be at work now and continue diligently 
at work until the exposition gates open. After that you will have 
ample work to do in connection with carrying out the projects you 
will have previously originated. 

The meeting set for April 29 was called by the president of the 
board one day earlier, and the members met in the Administration 
Building, exposition grounds, April 28, 1903. 

The announcement of the death on February 27, 1903, of Mrs. 
Washington A. Roebling, the member of the board from New Jersey, 
was read and received with regret, and a committee was appointed 
to draft suitable resolutions, to be spread upon the minutes of the 
board. 

On that day the following rules and regulations were adopted by 
the board, a copy being submitted to the National Commission and 
subsequently approved by that body on April 29, 1903, and by the 
Exposition Company January 12, 1904. 

Rules and Regulations. 

No. 1. Meetings. — All the meetings of the board shall be held in 
the city of St. Louis. The regular meetings shall be held at such times 



382 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

as may be designated by a majority vote of the board. Special meet- 
ings shall be subject to call of the president of the board, the 
president of the National Commission, or written request of five mem- 
bers of the board. The president shall convene the board in accord- 
ance with the terms of the request. 

No. 2. Officers. — The officers of the board shall consist of a presi- 
dent, eight vice-presidents, a secretary, and a treasurer. 

No. 3. Duties of officers. — The president shall preside at all meet- 
ings of the board and shall sign all requisitions for funds to be ad- 
vanced to the treasurer, and examine and approve all accounts to be 
paid by the treasurer. 

No. 4. Duties of vice-presidents. — In the absence of the president 
the vice-presidents shall preside alternately from session to session, in 
the order of their official designation. 

No. 5. Duties of secretary. — The secretary shall keep a correct rec- 
ord of the proceedings of the board, and shall attend to th giving or 
serving of all notices of meetings. She shall conduct the official corre- 
spondence of the board of lady managers, and shall perform such 
other duties as the board may assign to her. She shall notify all com- 
mittees of their appointments, and also the work assigned to them. 
Previous to each meeting she shall make out an order of business for 
the chair, and also a list of standing and special committees. She 
shall make her headquarters in the city of St. Louis. 

No. 6. Duties of treasurer. — The treasurer shall have the care and 
custody of all funds coming into the possession of the board, and 
shall disburse the same only upon order of the board and the approval 
of its president. At each regular meeting of the board she shall ren- 
der an itemized statement of all receipts and disbursements from the 
date of the last report, and shall whenevr directed by the board deposit 
the unexpended balance with the treasurer of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company. 

No. 7. Quorum. — Nine members of the board shall constitute a 
quorum for the transaction of business. 

No. 8. Executive committee. — The board shall elect an executive 
committee of seven members. It shall be the duty of the executive 
committee to devise plans relative to the work within the legal juris- 
diction of the board and submit, from time to time, recommendations 
to the board for consideration and action with the view of making 
arrangements to appropriate committees. The executive committee 
shall elect its own chairman and secretary. 

No. 9. Standing committees. — The following standing committees 
shall be constituted and shall be elected by ballot, unless otherwise 
specifically provided therein: First, a committee on rules: second, a 
committee on work ; third, a committee on awards ; fourth, exposition 
rotating committee ; fifth, an auditing committee. 

No. 10. Committee on rules. — The committee on rules shall consist 
of three members, and shall prepare and present to the board such 
amendments to the rules and regulations as may from time to time be 
found necessary. 

No. 11. Committee on work. — The committee on work shall consist 
of five members, and shall prepare and present to the executive com- 
mittee a plan covering the scope of woman's work. 

No. 12. Committee on awards. — The committee on awards shall con- 
sist of three members, whose duty it shall be to collect and report to the. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 383 

board such information as will enable the board to execute intelli- 
gently the provision of section 6 of the act of Congress approved 
March 3, 1901. 

No. 13. The exposition rotating committee. — A committee of six 
members of the board, to be designated by the executive committee, 
shall be in attendance at the exposition from April 30 to December 1, 
1904, in the discharge of such duties as may be prescribed by the 
National Commission, or may arise from time to time within that 
period, and appropriately require consideration and action of such 
committee. Four members of each committee shall be appointed at 
the end of each calendar month, beginning May 31, 1904. The ap- 
pointments shall be so made that no member shall serve more than two 
consecutive months. 

No. 14. Auditing committee. — The auditing committee shall consist 
of three members, elected by the board, and shall examine and audit 
the accounts of the treasurer, and present to the board a written report 
concerning each settlement, which shall be made promptly upon the 
receipt of the treasurer's itemized statement required by rule 6. 

No. 15. Special committees. — Special committees may be appointed 
by direction of the board to consider matters not included within the 
jurisdiction of any committee provided for herein. 

No. 16. Amendments. — Thes rules and regulations may be amended 
at any regular meeting of the board by a two-thirds vote of the mem- 
bers present, written notice of proposed amendment having been given 
at least one day in advance of action thereon. 

No. 17. Order of business. — Reading of the minutes; reports of 
standing committees; reports of special committees; unfinished busi- 
ness; new business; adjournment. This order of business may be 
suspended at any regular meeting by two-thirds vote of the members 
preent. 

No. 18. Roberts's Rules of Order shall govern the proceedings of 
this board. 

Upon the centennial of the day the Louisiana Territory was sold 
by Napoleon to the United States, the exposition, which embodied all 
that the vast territory now represents, was consecrated to its purpose. 
In the presence of 50,000 persons the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
was formally dedicated ; 12,000 troops, the pick of the United States 
Regular Army, and the best militia of the country, moved past a given 
point for one hour and a half, under Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin, 
U. S. Army, grand marshal. Governors and their staffs were loudly 
cheered as they appeared at the head of their State troops. Gathered 
on the reviewing stand was a notable assembly — our Chief Executive, 
President Roosevelt; ex-President Cleveland, ambassadors and dip- 
lomats, cabinet officers, the lieutenant-general of the Arm} 7 , Nelson A. 
Miles; Cardinal Gibbons and Bishop Potter, Senator, Representa- 
tives, governors, State and Territorial representatives, Government 
officials, President Francis, and the board of directors of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition Company, the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Commission, and the board of lady managers. 



384 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

At the meeting in the Liberal Arts Building following the parade, 
President Carter of the National Commission addressed the great 
assembly. The enthusiasm was unbounded when, in turn, the Presi- 
dent and ex-President spoke to the vast multitude. After the meet- 
ing an adjournment was made to the Administration Building, where 
President Roosevelt and ex-President Cleveland received many of 
their friends, and the board of lady managers entertained a distin- 
guished company at 5 o'clock in their rooms in the Administration 
Building. Among the guests present at the dinner tendered in the 
evening by Hon. David R. Francis to President Roosevelt, in the 
building of the Hall of Congresses, were several members of President 
Roosevelt's Cabinet, ex-President Cleveland, Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. 
Miles, diplomatic representatives of thirty foreign governments, gov- 
ernors, Senators, National Commissioners, and the board of lady 
managers. 

The second, or " International Day," the procession was arranged 
as on the first day, the introductory oration being delivered in the 
Palace of Liberal Arts. President Francis extended greeting to rep- 
resentatives of foreign governments and responses were made by 
Ambassador Jusserand, of the French Government, and Sefior Don 
Emilio de Ojeda, Spanish minister to the United States. In the even- 
ing a reception was given at the St. Louis Club in honor of the dip- 
lomatic corps, and a banquet was tendered to visiting journalists in 
the Hall of Congresses on the exposition grounds. 

The third, or " State Day," the visiting governors were specially 
entertained, and the closing exercises held, after which the governors 
and representatives of different States proceeded to the sites that had 
been allotted their respective State pavilions and broke ground and 
laid corner stones with appropriate ceremonies. 

In all of the exercises of the three opening days the members of the 
board of lady managers, by their participation in the ceremonies, rep- 
resented the women of the country. 

On Saturday, May 2, 1903, the following resolution was offered by 
Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, the first vice-president : 

Whereas the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition find it necessary to have funds at their disposal for the 
proper conduct of the business of the board ; therefore be it 

Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to take the neces- 
sary steps to secure such an appropriation from Congress at the earli- 
est possible date; that said committee be, and is hereby, directed to 
take immediate action in such matter, and that said sum shall not be 
less than $100,000. 

Upon the adoption of this resolution Mrs. Daniel Manning was 
made chairman, and in accepting the appointment she asked the mem- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 385 

bers of the board to use their influence with the Senators and Con- 
gressmen of their States for the passage of the bill. 

At this meeting (May 2, 1903) the president announced the 
appointment of the following standing committees : Executive, enter- 
tainment, foreign relations, women's congresses, and press, and the 
committee on women's work was enlarged. 

An invitation was received from the Wednesday Club of St. Louis, 
in which a reception was tendered by that organization to the board. 
The courtesy was greatly appreciated and promptly accepted, and the 
occasion brought together the intellectual women of that city. 

No further meeting was held until December 15, 1903, which was 
called by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission and held in 
St. Louis, at the Southern Hotel, Mrs. E. L. Buchwalter, first vice- 
president, presiding. The following communication was then read 
by the secretary : 

St. Louis, U. S. A., October 21, 1903. 

Ladies : I herewith tender to you my resignation from the office of 
president, to which you did me the honor to elect me. Begging you 
to accept the same, with my best wishes for the welfare and success 
of the board in the future, I remain, 
Always faithfully, yours, 

Apolline M. Blair. 

Board or Lady Managers, Louisiana Purchase. 

The resignation was accepted by the board, and a committee 
appointed to prepare suitable resolutions. At the afternoon session 
Miss Dawes, chairman of this committee, presented the following : 

Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition accepts with regret the resignation of Mrs. James L. 
Blair as president ; that it places upon its records its appreciation of 
her service to the board of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Her 
large abilities and her experience in social and public affairs have 
been freely given to this work, and she has served the board and the 
exposition with unwavering zeal and with conspicuous ability. Her 
enthusiasm for the exposition, her far-reaching sense of its aims and 
scope, her large conception of the possibilities of our connection there- 
with as a board, and her interests in its needs inspired her administra- 
tion of its affairs and called for the recognition and thanks of this 
board, whose head and representative she was, and of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition which she served. 

Resolved, That this board of lady managers express its recogni- 
tion and gratitude by adopting these resolutions and that the secre- 
tary be directed to send a copy to Mrs. Blair. 

Anna L. Dawes. 

Helen Miller Gould. 

Frances Marion Hanger. 

Jennie Gilmore Knott. 

Emily S. G. Holcombe. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 25 



386 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

On motion of Mrs. Manning, seconded by Mrs. Coleman, the reso- 
lution was unanimously adopted. 

President Francis then appeared before the board of lady mana- 
gers, and, upon the request of the chairman, made an address, in 
which he said, in answer to a request to give to the board some idea 
concerning the cost of the exposition : 

I only can give you the comparisons with other of the largest 
expositions ever held in this or any other country. I will state as 
compared with the Paris Exposition, we are now nearer a state of 
completion than that exposition was on the date of its opening. That 
no exposition was ever so near completed four and a half months 
prior to its opening. Of course we have a great deal of work to do, 
and we must bear in mind that although we use a vast amount of 
material, 90 per cent of the cost is put in labor — not only the labor 
out on the grounds, but the labor in the lumber districts, in the load- 
ing and unloading of the lumber — and this comprises the greater 
part of our buildings as they are built almost exclusively of lumber — 
the -value of it is comparatively small as compared with the cost of 
preparing it for market and getting it here. 

Then the matter of wages — we have to pay 33 per cent higher wages 
than were paid at the Chicago Exposition. At that time carpenters 
got 35 cents per hour — you may remember that was the year of the 
panic, 1893. When we first began carpenters in this town were 
getting 45 cents an hour ; they are now getting 55 cents an hour, and 
when you bear in mind that we have 5,000 carpenters at work there, 
an advance of 25 per cent in wages means something. 

We broke ground on December 20, 1901, but we did that because 
it was the anniversary of the transfer of this territory from the 
French Government to the United States. But that was two years 
ago, and in those two years wages have gone up in St. Louis from 
45 to 55 cents; plumbers' wages have advanced 25 per cent; plas- 
terers were getting $4.50 per day — we are now paying them $6, and 
on last Friday they struck for $7. The hodcarriers who carry plas- 
ter for the plasterers are getting $4 per day— count twenty-five 
working days in the month, our hod carriers are receiving $100 per 
month, which is more than educated clerks receive. A while ago 
these hod carriers struck for $4.50 per day. * * * This is an 
Universal Exposition — we do not want to take a stand against union 
labor, but if it is to be a Universal Exposition we must stand by the 
laws of the United States so as to admit contract labor from abroad — 
men who work on erecting the foreign exhibits. 

We were paying our day laborers 22^ cents an hour and the rail- 
roads throughout the country were giving them 22-J cents an hour; 
on the 25th of September they wrote that they had four demands: 
One was the recognition of the union (no one ever knew they had a, 
union); second, that eight hours should constitute a day; third, 
they should get 30 cents an hour, and fourth, time and one-half for 
overtime. Well, in order not to stop our work I told the men to pay 
them 25 cents an hour, but that we could not limit our work to an 
eight-hour day; it was in the fall and we had to take advantage of 
the fine weather — we would pay them 25 cents an hour and work as 
long as we wished them to work — ten hours. I said to the laborers 
this is not a commercial enterprise; we are not running this for gain ; 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 387 

we have put up $10,000,000 or $15,000,000 ; we are doing a patriotic 
duty, celebrating an historical event. * * * 

We have 50 per cent more of buildings under roof than Chicago 
had at this time. We have 1,240 acres of ground space covered by 
buildings, while Chicago had 679 acres, which is nearly twice as 
much. When we say that the Chicago Company spent $22,000,000 
I think you will say that under the circumstances $19,500,000 is a 
small amount for us to spend. Of course we have profited by their 
experience, which should be valuable to us. 

A committee was appointed on December 16, 1903, to confer with 
President Carter, and place before him the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the board of lady managers respectfully request 
the National Commission to suspend its rules limiting the further 
appointments upon the board, for the purpose of appointing a rep- 
resentative from the city of St. Louis upon the board of lady 
managers. 

On the same day the following communication was received in 
reply : 

Dear Miss Dawes: The Commission has under consideration the 
question propounded by you, understood to be substantially as fol- 
lows : " Is it the intention of the Commission and the Exposition 
Company to suspend the rule heretofore adopted, whereby it is pro- 
vided that no appointment will be made on the board of lady mana- 
gers, until the number shall be reduced below twentjr-one ? " 

In reply, I am authorized by the Commission to say that the Expo- 
sition Company, speaking through its president, has intimated that 
the executive committee of the company will present a request to the 
Commission for the suspension of the rule referred to, to the end 
that a lady residing in the city of St. Louis may be appointed a 
member of the board of lady managers, under such suspension of the 
rule. 

This request, we are advised, will be presented by the company 
to-day, and the Commission is disposed to suspend the rule by unani- 
mous consent in conformity to the request when presented, and to 
appoint the lady recommended by the executive committee of the 
company. You will be advised of the action of the Commission on 
the subject under consideration the earliest practicable moment. 
Very respectfully, 

Thomas H. Carter, President. 

Miss Anna L. Dawes, 

Chairman of Committee, 

Board of Lady Managers. 

On December 18 the following letter was received from the presi- 
dent of the National Commission on the same subject : 

St. Louis, December 17, 1903. 
Madam: By direction of the Commission I am authorized to ac- 
knowledge receipt of your resolution recommending that the Commis- 



388 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sion suspend the rule restricting the membership of the board of 
lady managers, to the end that an appointment may be made of a 
representative from the city of St. Louis. In reply thereto you are 
informed that the rule referred to can not be suspended, save by the 
joint action of this Commission and the Exposition Company. The 
Commission feels indisposed to initiate any movement looking to its 
suspension. If requested by the Exposition Company to suspend the 
rule for the purpose of naming some lady residing in St. Louis, 
recommended by the Exposition Company, the Commission would 
probably, by unanimous consent, suspend the rule for that purpose. 

Very respectfully, 

Thomas H. Carter, President. 
Mrs. Daniel Manning, 

President Board Lady Managers. 

As no decision could be reached by the executive committee of the 
Exposition Company in regard to a choice of representative from the 
city of St. Louis on the board of lady managers, the board felt the 
necessity of selecting a president from its existing membership, and 
at the next session, on December 16, 1903, again held in the Adminis- 
tration Building, Mrs. John M. Holcombe moved that " we proceed 
at once to elect a president of this board." 

Mrs. Buchwalter, the chairman, stated that it was in order to pro- 
ceed with the election of a president of the board, and asked for nomi- 
nations. Miss Helen M. Gould spoke as follows: 

I would like to nominate Mrs. Daniel Manning for this office. 
Mrs. Manning has had large experience in matters of this kind as 
head of the Daughters of the American Revolution, having resided 
in Washington as the wife of one of the members of Mr. Cleveland's 
cabinet, and in representing our country abroad, having been one of 
our representatives at the Paris Exposition. I understand that Mrs. 
Manning is one of two women from this country who received the 
decoration from the French Government, and I take pleasure in nomi- 
nating her for the office of president of this board. 

This nomination was seconded by several members, and, as no 
other nominations were made, the tellers announced the result of the 
vote: For Mrs. Manning, 13 votes; one blank, Mrs. Manning not 
voting. 

The chairman then thanked the members of the board for the sym- 
pathy and help they had given her. 

In reply the secretary extended to Mrs. Buchwalter the sincere 
ili sinks of the members of the board for the efficient work she had 
performed as their first vice-president and honorable chairman, and 
Miss Dawes spoke for the entire board in expressing her thanks to 
Mis. I > i i eh waiter for her impartiality, confidence, good management, 
and elegance in presiding. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 389 

Mrs. Daniel Manning, the newly elected president, then took the 
chair and thanked the board for the honor conferred upon her. 

The order of business was then proceeded with, and, pursuant to 
a wish expressed by the National Commission to meet the board of 
lady managers, the members of the Commission were announced 
and Mrs. Manning said : 

Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Commission: We under- 
stood that you would graciously come over and talk with us a little 
while. We are starting in on a new lease of life. We want to work 
for the exposition to the best of our ability. We want your advice 
and wish to cousult you about a number of matters, but, first, we 
would like to hear from you. 

President Carter responded as follows: 

Madam President and Ladies : We have come to say a few words 
to you and to have you consult with us upon any subjects you desire 
to bring up. I do not know how graciously we have come, but we 
come very cheerfully. The subject of your remark has been under 
consideration for a long time and we all regret that a more definite 
conclusion has not been reached relative to the sphere of your activity 
in connection with the World's Fair. I think your report, the re- 
port of your committee, of which Mrs. Montgomery is chairman, and 
which she recently submitted, crystallizes into close compass about 
the line of action the board might appropriately pursue. The report 
referred to dealt not only with the conclusion reached, but the details 
whereby those conclusions were reached. It included discussions, 
formal and informal, and certain correspondence relating to the sub- 
ject. The Commission has approved that report in so far as it pre- 
scribed in definite form the sphere of your work, and, with the ap- 
proval of the Commission, that report has been forwarded to the local 
company. These resolutions or statements made by your board, 
which in your judgment would constitute a proper sphere of action, 
seem to embody a field sufficiently broad to be worthy of your inten- 
tions. It was hoped by the Commission that during the present 
session of the board, the members of the local company, together 
with the Commission, would be present for a conference — more in- 
formal than formal — which might result in a correct and definite 
understanding as to just what you were to do, and how you were to 
do it. 

The only conclusion which has been reached is that which gives 
you a contingent fund, which seems to have been adequate for the 
meager necessities of the past, but I believe that up to this hour the 
exact part your board is playing in connection with making this 
exposition a success, is far too indefinite to be satisfactory to you, 
and it is certainly not satisfactory to the Commission. Our Com- 
mission will adjourn to meet on the 10th of January, and we hope 
by that time to be in receipt of some communication from the Expo- 
sition Company announcing their disposition of the report I have 
referred to, and the scope of the work of the board of lady managers. 
Notwithstanding that will be at a very late date, it is well to have it 
in sight. 



390 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The ladies of your board have been engaged without much credit 
being given to the board or to the ladies themselves, in the work of 
exploitation. A number of the ladies have done most efficient work 
in their respective States — and some, in the adjoining States — calling 
the attention of the people at large, and in some instances the legis- 
lative sessions, to the vastness, scope, and policy of the exposition. 
It is unfortunate that your board does not receive the credit which 
this line of meritorious effort deserves. In the end, I doubt not, 
that in the final reports you will be accorded full measure of credit 
for what you have done individually and collectively. The past has 
been devoid of results because of a lack of understanding to start with. 
I think you are now beginning an era more promising than any out- 
look you have had in the past. I congratulate you upon having 
reached a condition of harmony within your own organization, which 
speaks well for the future. The earnestness of this board, the dis- 
interestedness of its members, leading them in the first instance to 
volunteer their services to this great enterprise, has been an example 
to the whole country of national devotion, which has been of great 
advantage to the exposition management; your gratuitous and 
earnest effort has been a means of making the exposition favorably 
known throughout this country, at least. Your expenses have been 
very light — I believe, up to this time, less than $20,000, in the neigh- 
borhood of $20,000 — which, considering the long distances traveled, 
and the number of meetings, is a trifling sum in comparison with 
what has been spent by similar boards of former expositions. 

As you are aware, the act of Congress, under which both the Com- 
mission and your board find warrant for existence, granted to the 
local company an appropriation of $5,000,000 for the purposes of giv- 
ing this exposition. We have probably in moments of inconsiderate 
feeling been too prone to find fault — I speak of the Commission, not 
of the ladies — prone to find fault with the people here who have been 
doing the best they could. There has been a disposition to assume 
the control, to the exclusion of outside agencies; and this is but 
natural because it is inseparable — or is in evidence with reference to 
all official places in our Government — in fact, it has been noticed that 
a man, who is ordinarily indolent, when placed in power will become 
very energetic in this respect. 

The Exposition Company has assumed a full measure of the respon- 
sibilities — and possibly some of our responsibilities as well — for which 
we have not been duly grateful. Nevertheless, we are not inclined to 
blame these people, because they have contributed very largely and 
generously of local means to aid this enterprise, which leads them to 
the desire to supervise each and every detail in connection with this 
work. This desire to assume full responsibility is possibly respon- 
sible for the failure to assign to the ladies any particular work, and 
is also responsible for the curtailing of the jurisdiction of the National 
Commission. As the work progresses, however, I think that the com- 
pany realizes the necessity of drawing upon all the forces available 
to make the exposition a success. 

This Commission had a long and pleasant interview with the 
president of the exposition, at which time he brought out a desire for 
cooperation and assistance that had not yet been manifested. I be- 
lieve now, as your body is organized, from the harmonious work 
accomplished at these meetings, and its cordial relations with the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 391 

Exposition Company, and certainly with the Commission, the future 
promises more than has been accorded to similar organizations in 
the past. * * * We thank you, ladies, for the privilege of being 
before you, and cheerfully extend our salutations on the election of 
your president and upon the good will and spirit of harmony which 
prevails among you. 

Mr. Lindsay then spoke as follows : 

The board of lady managers exists by operation of law, the same 
that called the National Commission into existence. It was the duty 
of the National Commission to create it. It was the duty of the 
National Commission and of the local board to prescribe the powers 
and duties of the board of lady managers. Of course, these duties 
could not be accurately and technically laid out ; we could only confer 
the power, and that would suggest what duties — what power within 
that general grant they should exercise. It is not the duty of the 
board of lady managers to be supervised by or to be subject to the local 
board. I was struck when I read the report made by Mrs. Mont- 
gomery of her interview with the local board, not by the gracious 
manner in which she was received and the graceful questions that 
were asked, but by the absolute failure in any particular to give 
definite reply or. take any action upon any of the recommendations 
made by that committee. 

What I think this board ought to do is to outline or prescribe the 
actual things it intends to do, report that to the National Commission 
and the local board, and then go ahead, not waiting to know whether 
this or that is within its powers or whether or not this is expedient 
and whether it can be carried out. Let some one take the responsi- 
bility of saying you can not do this or can not do that. As long as 
you deal in generalities with the National Commission, or agree to 
everything that is brought up by the local company, this board of 
lady managers will never become an active part or parcel of this 
great exposition. 

I do not agree with my friend, Senator Carter, on another thing, and 
that is that these people are entitled to any consideration on account 
of the money they have expended. They came to Congress and asked 
Congress for authority to do this very thing; they did not come to 
Congress for any benefit that they expected to result to the country, 
but on account of their own local interests and to glorify the Louisi- 
ana Purchase and the people of the Louisiana Purchase, and, upon 
agreeing that they- would do these things, privilege was granted by 
Congress, and the appropriation made. That appropriation is not 
part of their fund — that is the fund of the United States which is 
being distributed in the city of St. Louis, preeminently for the city 
and generally for the United States. And was not this board of lady 
managers created by the very act of Congress, and have you not 
some rights in this matter, to the end that you may accomplish the 
work that has been assigned to you ? 

I say the time has come when we have got to talk plainly and make 
some one responsible for your action or nonaction. If either board 
considers that you are going beyond your powers they will have the 
right to make restrictions, but as long as you keep within these powers 



392 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and what you think you ought to do, I doubt if your work will be 
restricted in any way. 

It is now only four months before the exposition opens, and if there 
is ever going to be anything accomplished by this board it is none too 
early to begin. For instance, the act of Congress provides that this 
board name a judge on all the juries that are to pass upon the results 
of female labor; we agreed to it and the local board agreed to it. 
Now, then, have you any notice of on which juries you are to be 
allowed to name a juror ? Have any steps been taken to indicate on 
which of these committees you are to make appointments ? The time 
has come for this work and if you are to have any authority, or if 
you are to do any of this work, it will not be of credit to this board 
unless you are able to make the proper preparations for these appoint- 
ments. But if you have three months to look around, you will be 
able to find the proper persons and make these appointments intelli- 
gently. I hope before the next meeting of the National Commission 
you will have agreed specifically upon what you can do, what you 
desire to do ; and what you are ready to do, so that the scope of action 
and authority of this board can be conferred upon it and insisting 
that the local board here either approve or disapprove of your action. 

I appreciate all the troubles and difficulties these people have had, 
and it is my earnest hope that they will be able to give the members of 
this board a decided answer within the next month. * * * 

In reply to a statement made by a member of the board that in an 
interview with the executive committee of the Exposition Company, 
Mr. Skiff, the director of exhibits, had said he could not give a list of 
exhibitors (or exhibits) until near the time of the opening of the 
exposition, because he did not know what would be entered, and the 
lists would not be completed until about that time. Mr. Lindsay 
further said : 

It was my opinion that when the lists of classification were com- 
pleted, there was nothing else to be inquired into ; in that list, every- 
thing which includes the result of female labor, constitutes the class 
on which you are to appoint a juror. The general classification forms 
a list that would be used for this purpose. 

But referring to another matter, I think that there should have 
been provided by act of Congress a fund set apart for the ladies, to be 
used by them. Because, as long as you are compelled to go to the 
Commission, or to go to the local board to ascertain what you can 
spend or what you can not spend, just so long you will not be able 
to do anything effectually. I know that the local board is going to 
object to all this, but when the local board finds that by consenting to 
your reasonable wishes it is enhancing the interests of the exposition, 
it will agree to a proper appropriation and other proper demands 
made by your board which relieve that board of any further duties 
on the subject. I believe that I have said all I care to say. But, re- 
ferring to the rules: That board and the Commission can advise you 
not to enforce certain rules, when the enforcement of them would 
lend you into difficulties, but just as long as the rules you make for 
yourselves are within the scope of authority and duties granted us 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 393 

and prescribed to you, you can take directions from the board or from 
the Commission if you choose to, but you do not need to do this unless 
you choose to. 

In response to the request of Mrs. Manning that Senator Thurston 
say a few words, he responded : 

Perhaps everybody has been a little delinquent in getting this 
board organized and in position where it can take up some proper 
work that will be of benefit and be agreeable to the ladies. I think, 
perhaps, without going into past history, that the board of lady 
managers perhaps has failed to do what it might have done in the 
way of formulating a plan for its own participation in the exposition 
and that was growing out of circumstances which no longer exist. I 
believe now this board is organized with a president who is heart and 
soul for the success of the exposition. Without being tied up to any- 
thing in the way of local interests, it will be better able to compete 
with the coming situation. There is, and has been a great deal of 
hesitancy on the part of the National Commission about attempting 
to outline a plan of action for this board of lady managers. We pro- 
vided for your appointment according to law, and we fell into the 
belief, I hope it was not an error, that the ladies on this board would 
know a great deal better what they wanted to do, what they ought to 
do, and what would be best for them to do than this board of men, 
who had never had anything to do with these ladies' departments 
except to participate in the enjoyment of them when so fortunate as 
to be present. 

Now, you have prepared and outlined and accepted your rules and 
regulations which were approved by our Commission along in June, 
I think. They were prepared in April — those rules and regulations 
were more than regulations for the procedure of your board, as I 
recollect them, they very largely outlined the field of work for the 
board of lady managers. They were adopted and modified a little by 
the National Commission and sent to the local company. They were 
prepared in April, promptly sent to the local company because we 
thought without their action they could not go into effect and there 
they have been ever since. To a limited extent it was never necessary 
to send them there, so far as the organization and management of the 
board of lady managers is concerned — but, when you step over that or 
attempt to outline the scope of your work, and your participation in 
the affairs of the exposition, that part must go to the National Com- 
mission and be approved. 

Suppose, for instance, these ladies decided they would like to par- 
ticipate in one of the National Congresses, that they would take 
charge of a certain Congress out at the exposition, I do not think 
any of them could do that without the sanction of the local company. 

I am very positive in my views that when it comes to providing for 
the legislation of this board for its participation in the fair, it can 
not be done without the National Commission, and especially with- 
out the permission of the company. I do not think that they can 
decide to take up certain lines of work and go out there to do it 
without having some agreement on the subject. 



394 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

At the meeting of the board on the day following, December 17, 
1903, Mrs. Hanger tendered her resignation from the office of the secre- 
tary of the board of lady managers, and Miss Lavinia H. Eagan was 
unanimously elected to fill the vacancy. Upon this occasion Mrs. 
Coleman presented the following motion: 

That the resignation of Mrs. Hanger from the office of secretary of 
this board be accepted with regret, and that Mrs. Hanger be extended 
a hearty vote of thanks for her faithful, painstaking, and efficient 
work for the board as such official. 

One of the most brilliant courtesies tendered the board of lady 
managers was the reception given in its honor by the Woman's Club, 
at the club house, on December 17. 

Up to this time the plans outlined by the members of the Commis- 
sion, such as sending representatives abroad to interest the women 
of foreign countries in the exposition, and other " suggestions " made 
by the board, designated by the president of the Commission as 
legitimate exposition work, had been rejected by the company. The 
members of the board of lady managers, therefore, were now of the 
unanimous opinion that they would be most seriously embarrassed 
and their services rendered ineffective and inoperative unless an 
appropriation could be secured from Congress to defray the cost 
of meetings and other necessary expenses. If they failed to secure 
funds of their own, their power and influence in connection with the 
exposition would continue to be limited and indefinite. 

Pursuant to the recommendations of the National Commission, 
therefore, as expressed at their meeting December 16, 1903, a new 
legislative committee was appointed on December 18, to take the 
place of the one created under the resolution of May 2, 1903, with 
instructions to the members to proceed immediately to Washing- 
ton, which they did on January 5, 1904. The history and success- 
ful result of their work is given by the chairman of that committee 
in her final report. 

At the meeting of the board of lady managers, held at its rooms in 
the Administration Building, March 1, 1904, before the regular order 
of business was taken up, Mrs. Andrews asked for and obtained 
unanimous consent to speak to the members of the board, and said : 

In view of what has transpired at Washington since our last meet- 
ing, the extent of which only members of our legislative committee 
realize — for almost to a man the lower House was opposed to the 
appropriation, and it was only by arduous, strenuous, and noble work 
of our president and the members of that committee that the results 
were attained — I offer the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the board are due, and are hereby ten- 
dered, to the members of the legislative committee for securing an 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 395 

appropriation to defray our necessary expenses and thereby achiev- 
ing the honorable emancipation of the board. 

Resolved, That the board extend a vote of thanks to itself for the 
wisdom manifested in the selection of Mrs. Daniel Manning as its 
president, who has so fully enlisted the best efforts of all the members 
of the board and who has begun her work by showing that deeds 
rather than words are of special value. 

The resolution was adopted by unanimous rising vote. 
On the following day President Francis addressed the board as 
follows : 

I am very glad to have this opportunity to talk to you. I desire 
to congratulate you upon your getting the appropriation from Con- 
gress for $100,000. I was very willing, indeed, as all the members of 
the executive committee were, to do what we could toward securing 
the money. After your worthy president waited upon the executive 
committee and was informed of our plan to ask a loan of $4,500,000 
from the Treasury, she in turn informed us that the board of lady 
managers had decided to ask for $100,000 for their own use, we very 
readily came to an agreement to the effect that we would join forces 
and see what we could accomplish with Congress. As you are aware, 
it is a very difficult matter to get money out of Congress at best, and 
when the Government had already spent about $1,250,000 for its 
own exhibit, and when we had promised that we would not apply 
to Congress or appeal for any additional aid, the circumstances under 
which we made that deal or presented that bill were especially try- 
ing, and I think we all deserve to be congratulated upon the outcome. 

When I went to Washington I found your president at the Capitol 
with Mrs. Montgomery. They had all worked assiduously and had 
made considerable headway in the Senate — in which body it was our 
plan to introduce the bill in the shape of an amendment to the urgent 
deficiency bill. 

While the matter was pending in the Senate the question of this 
$100,000 was brought up. We very promptly assured the ladies that 
this amount would be added to our bill asking for a loan of $4,500,000. 
We preferred, of course, that we should not be expected to repay it. 
However, the bill was presented and passed and this $100,000 is to be 
paid over to the board of lady managers upon their order, and for 
such purposes as they may elect. The bill does not provide definitely 
out of which of our payments this $100,000 should come. The bill 
provided that we should get the money in four installments of 
$1,000,000 each, and a final installment of "$600,000 not being payable 
until May. The bill does not provide out of which payment your 
$100,000 shall be paid, but I wish to say, on behalf of the Exposition 
Company, we are willing and ready to pay that whenever you ladies 
request that it shall be paid. We do not know what plans, if any, 
you have made or in what manner you are planning for the dis- 
bursement of that money. * * * 

Now, with regard to your money, I am not going to give you any 
gratuitous advice, but only wish to assure you that it is the intention 
of the company — that the company is ready to give that money to you 
in any form you may desire it. It will be given to you in any install- 



396 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

inents you may designate or it will be set aside in its entirety to be 
used for no other purpose than to honor requisitions of the board of 
lady managers. 

In other words, it is possible for us to do this, and we will do it 
to your satisfaction, and we will draw up a letter of instruction and 
set aside as a special credit in the Treasury the sum of $100,000 in 
accordance with our bill of Congress, approved blank date. The 
auditor will draw his warrants without the approval of the treasurer 
of this company, but merely upon the requisition of the board of 
lady managers. The $100,000 would be set aside in the treasury of 
the company and you would have a written instrument and the treas- 
urer would have orders to honor checks made upon that $100,000 in 
satisfaction of requisitions approved by the board of lady managers. 

Of course, as I said before, if you wish to take that money out 
and put it in some depository in St. Louis or elsewhere it is at your 
disposal. You could get a check for a portion of the money or all 
of it if you wish. Our only obligation in connection with that 
$100,000 now is to repay it, as we have no intention or desire to avoid 
that part of it. 

Now, if you should take the money out and put it in some deposi- 
tory in St. Louis or elsewhere to your credit you would be put to the 
expense of organizing an auditing system, the same as we have been. 

I am willing, speaking on behalf of the company, to give you the 
benefit of the auditing system without your incurring any additional 
expense, and, if you wish, in order to make you doubly secure, I will 
get a letter from the treasurer stating that he has, in accordance with 
the instructions of the president, set aside $100,000 for the use of the 
board of lady managers, and that the $100,000 can only be drawn by 
checks signed by your treasurer and countersigned by your president. 

I only say this as a suggestion, because we all have become inter- 
ested, but if you choose to ask us for $25,000 of the money, or for all 
of it, we will give it you. 

Now, with regard to other expenses you may incur or have in- 
curred — I find in my report made to me to-day, which was made at 
your request — we have paid you up to this time for mileage and per 
diem in attending board meetings $16,856. That includes the $3,000 
for which no vouchers have been turned in as yet. You can keep that, 
with or without vouchers as you please. If you want your business in 
the proper shape, however, it is more businesslike for you to turn 
in the vouchers. However, that lies with you. 

Now, previous to the appropriation of the $100,000 the executive 
committee had appropriated $15,000 for the furnishing of the Wo- 
man's Building, which building, as you know, cost us $100,000. Of 
course, you could have gotten a building erected that would have an- 
swered your purpose as well and cost less than $100,000. but under 
the terms of our contract with the Washington University that amount 
was paid out of the rental fund of $750,000 which we paid for these 
buildings as they stand. 

Besides that $100,000, we promised to give you $15,000 for the fur- 
nishing of that building. When we made that promise we did not 
know you were going to get $100,000 from Congress which we would 
have to pay back. * * * 

Now, in view of what I have said, we feel that we will give you the 
$15,000 for your building if you insist upon it; that is, we have 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 397 

made the appropriation of $35,000 for the creche. The $15,000 toward 
the equipment of the Woman's Building, under the circumstances — it 
seems to me, we should be relieved of that $15,000. I thought when I 
returned from Washington that the financial worry had been met, 
but I have realized within the past forty-eight hours that we can not 
open the exposition within the nineteen and one-half millions. We 
will not go back to Washington, however. We are economizing in 
every possible way. * * * 

An official communication was received by the president of the 
board of lady managers stating that in the draft of the contract be- 
tween the Exposition Company and the Treasury Department — 

It is provided that from the first payment of $1,000,000 there shall 
be set aside by the Exposition Company $100,000 to be paid to the 
board of lady managers according to the provisions of the act and for 
no other purpose whatsoever. 

The attention of the Exposition Company was called to this pro- 
vision, and on March 5, 1904, the two following letters were received : 

Administration Building, 
Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1901+. 
Madam President: I am directed by President Francis to inform 
you that the executive committee has approved the requisition of the 
board of lady managers for $100,000, made available to said board 
from the Government loan by special act of Congress, as set forth in 
the resolution adopted by the board March 3, 1904. 

Acting in accordance with the instructions of the executive com- 
mittee, the president has this day deposited, out of the Government 
loan, the sum of $100,000 with the treasurer, Mr. William H. 
Thompson, said sum to be drawn out by the board of lady managers 
in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the board ; that is to 
say, to be " subject to draft of the treasurer of said board, counter- 
signed by the president of the board. 
Very respectfully, 

Walter B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 
The President of the Board or Lady Managers, 

Administration Building. 

Administration Building, 
Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1901^. 
Madam President: I have this day received by deposit from the 
Government loan the sum of $100,000, made available to the board of 
lady managers by special act of Congress. This sum will be held by 
me subject to draft of the treasurer of the board of lady managers, 
countersigned by the president of the board of lady managers. 
Very respectfully, 

W. H. Thompson, 

Treasurer. 
To Mrs. Daniel Manning, 

President Board of Lady Managers. 



398 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The following is the provision made in the urgent deficiency bill, 
which was passed on February 18, 1904, which secured to the board of 
lady managers a sum sufficient to enable them to meet any obligations 
which they might assume in the conduct of their participation in 
the affairs of the exposition : 

Provided, That of said sums $100,000 shall be paid by said Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition Company to, or on the order of, the board 
of lady managers of said exposition for such purposes as said board 
of lady managers shall approve, and at such times as said board of 
lady managers shall request the same. 

Final Report of the Legislative Committee. 

Immediately after the election of Mrs. Daniel Manning to the 
presidency of the board of lady managers, on December 16, 1903, a 
new legislative committee was appointed to succeed the one that had 
been created by Mrs. James L. Blair, the former president. The 
committee was composed of Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman, and 
Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman, and instructed to endeavor to procure 
from Congress an appropriation of $100,000 for the use of the board, 
in order that it might be enabled to perform in a proper manner the 
purposes for which it had been brought into existence. 

It had become evident that the Exposition Company would require 
a much larger amount of money than was then at its command in 
order to inaugurate and successfully continue the World's Fair. The 
men who had engineered the magnificent undertaking to this point in 
its development reasoned that, as they had already expended a sum 
far beyond that ever given any other similar project, they might not 
find a ready response to a request for further gifts. They were so con- 
fident of ultimate success, however, that they did not hesitate to ask 
Congress for a loan of $4,500,000 in order to conduct the affairs of 
the exposition. 

The legislative committee of the board of lady managers appealed 
to the Exposition Company and asked that the company add to the 
amount of the loan for Avhich it desired to negotiate the further sum 
of $100,000, to be set apart for the exclusive use of the board of lady 
managers. Receiving the promise that this fund should be included, 
the members of the legislative committeee went to Washington to 
aid in every way in their power the passage of the bill providing for 
said loan. 

Upon the arrival of the committee in Washington, on January 5, 
the members found they had undertaken what eventually proved to 
be a most arduous task against great odds. They found the most 
deep-seated, persistent opposition to granting another dollar to the 
fair, and were told President Francis had been advised to defer his 
trip to Washington until the latter part of January, as it would be 
hazardous to attempt the passage of the bill until the strong feeling 
against it then existing had abated. Many members of Congress 
strongly advised the legislative committee to ask for a special appro- 
priation, but it had been agreed that one appropriation should cover 
the requirements of both boards. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 399 

Mr. James S. Tawney, of Minnesota, a member of the House of 
Representatives, and chairman of the committee for this and similar 
appropriations, when in St. Louis had listened with interest to the 
representation of the subject setting forth the needs of the board of 
lady managers, and kindly had promised his good offices in helping 
to advance their cause. He promptly granted an interview when 
informed that the committee had arrived in Washington, and, while 
most courteous, did not disguise the fact that there were grave dan- 
gers ahead for the loan to the Exposition Company, which had been 
made a part of the urgent deficiency bill. He examined the budget 
which had been prepared, giving careful scrutiny to each item, and, 
after some suggestions and minor changes, a budget was submitted to 
him which was afterwards used. 

On January 29 President Francis went before the Senate commit- 
tee, and on February 1 appeared before the House committee, on 
behalf of a loan for the Exposition Company. 

During the long interim preceding the arrival of President Francis 
and those aiding him, those of the committee who had remained in 
the capital were untiring in their efforts to make friends for the bill, 
and as their cause was heartily indorsed by their respective Senators 
and many members of their State delegations, they became most hope- 
ful of ultimate success. 

The unceasing energy of the members of the legislative committee 
was admirably aided by the president of this board, who had been 
untiring in her efforts to make friends for the bill, and had used 
these efforts in a masterly manner. Her large acquaintance among, 
and knowledge of, men of affairs in Washington, and her clear state- 
ments as to the way in which this board had been created, and her 
convincing argument that the work of the board must of necessity be 
most inadequate and inefficient by reason of lack of funds, gained 
many advocates for the bill, and to her is due the credit for the success 
of the work which the committee was appointed to do. She was 
always at work, unresting, unhasting, and, although weary and worn 
with the interminable delay, neither she nor any member of the com- 
mittee left any honorable means untried in order to secure what was 
so vitally necessary to the very existence of this board during the 
exposition. 

As the result of the combined efforts some who had affected indif- 
ference became interested, and some who had previously stoutly 
declared unalterable opposition finally yielded, not only working 
and voting themselves in favor of the bill, but persuading others to 
do so. It was naturally a source of great satisfaction to the members 
of the legislative committee that the strongest and most influential 
men of both Houses gave recognition to the urgent claims which the 
board of lady managers had upon Congress. It was these men who 
insisted upon the incorporation of the specific clause providing for 
their $100,000 as an amendment in the loan bill. This was eventually 
done, and the amendment remained there until the passage of the bill, 
thus becoming a part of the law governing the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition. 

A brief description of the manner in which the loan bill was 
brought before Congress may be of interest. 

There is, in every session, what is called an urgency deficiency bill, 
the object of which is to take care of the different interests which are 



400 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

likely to fail through inadequate appropriation. The opposition to 
including the item of the loan for the Exposition Company was found 
to be so powerful that it could not be inserted in the bill when it was 
sent to the House. This urgent deficiency bill passed the House and 
went to the Senate. There the loan amendment was inserted, and 
finally our amendment was added also. It passed the Senate and was 
then returned to the House in order that that body might pass upon the 
amendments which the Senate had added. In the meetings before 
tie two appropriation committees, as well as in the discussion in the 
two Houses, the arguments for and against were very forcibly ex- 
pressed. One reason advanced as to why the loan should be made 
was because other governments had been invited to participate, and 
the company should be enabled to open its gates in a manner befitting 
a national host. Among the main objections set forth at length were : 
First, the alleged unconstitutionality of the whole proceeding; 
second, the inadequacy of the security. All those speaking against 
the measure affected a total disbelief that the receipts would be suf- 
ficient to enable the company to return the money advanced, and, of 
course, a spasm of economy nearly rent these statesmen in twain. 

The exposition management was not spared. More than one 
speaker waxed eloquent over what he declared was wanton waste of 
the greatest amount of money ever intrusted to an exposition man- 
agement, which wanton waste had made the Exposition Company 
bankrupt and again at the doors of the Treasury begging for funds. 
Those working against the bill triumphantly quoted the following 
clause, which is section 24 of the original bill, and which authorized 
the creation of the exposition. It reads : 

" That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any 
liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obli- 
gation incurred, nor for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance 
from Congress or the United States in support or liquidation of the 
debts or obligations created by said Commission." 

After postponement and delays, the bill of the 11th of February 
passed the House 172 to 115 — 57 majority. On the 15th it went back 
to the Senate and was promptly passed. 

The whole amount appropriated for the use of the board of lady 
managers was placed in their custody by the Secretary of the 
Treasury, and its expenditure has been most carefully guarded. 
With this money at its command, it has always stood ready to assist 
the Exposition Company in every way possible, and the report of the 
treasurer will show that the disbursements have been made in a man- 
ner befitting the greatest of all world's fairs. 

Respectfully submitted. 

C. B. BUCHWALTER. 

Mary Phelps Montgomery. 
Sallie D. Coleman. 

All of the members of the board of lady managers were inspired 
at an early period of their official existence with a desire to accom- 
plish something that would be of lasting benefit to the interests of 
women, and one of the first committees to be appointed by the presi- 
dent was on woman's work, which seemed to offer great scope for the 
development of earnest efforts and good judgment. They realized 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 401 

that upon their activity would greatly depend the extent to which 
women in this country and of the world at large would participate, 
directly or indirectly, in making this exposition the most beneficent 
for women that had been, or could be, attained in any age or ages. 

Specific action was restricted, however, by the Exposition Com- 
pany, and the committee on woman's work was not enabled to give 
an international character to its work. While the life of its organ- 
ization was in no way affected, the board was not allowed to expend 
any money except under the authority of the Exposition Company, 
and although the members believed that whatever action they might 
take in regard to sending a representative of the board abroad was 
legitimate exposition work and would be promptly ratified by the 
National Commission and local company, their request was denied by 
the executive committee of the company, and they were not per- 
mitted to extend their work on the broad lines for which they had 
hoped. 

An effort was made by two members of the committee on woman's 
work, in conference with the heads of the departments in Washing- 
ton, to secure information as to the details of the work performed 
by women in the various Government departments, and their salaries. 
This matter was brought before the board at its session held Feb- 
ruary 18, 1903, and it was believed by the members that if such a 
statement could be obtained it would be helpful in the development 
and organization of woman's work in connection with the board. 
As all arrangements had previously been planned in Washington to 
have the work done if desired by the board, the secretary was in- 
structed to write to Hon. John E. Procter, president United States 
Civil Service Commission, and ask for statistics. In order to pro- 
cure the data from all the departments, it was necessary to have an 
Executive order from the President. Mr. Procter made this request, 
and the President graciously issued the following 

Executive Order. 

The Heads or Departments : 

The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
desires a statement prepared, showing the work performed by women 
in the departments, together with their official designations, salaries, 
etc. It is requested that so far as it will not inconvenience public 
work, such information may be supplied. 

Theodore Roosevelt. 

White House, March 21, 1903. 

It may be said that the occupations in which women are now 
engaged in the Departments, where their duties range from those 
involving mere manual labor to skilled professional service, represent 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 26 



402 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

many of the lines in which women are now so active everywhere. The 
salaries vary from $240 to $1,800 per annum. 

It is believed that the citation of a few examples of the high posi- 
tions of importance and responsibility now held by women, compiled 
for the information of the board of lady managers, may be a source 
of encouragement to others by showing what natural ability, backed 
with determination and industry, may accomplish. The following 
memoranda has been taken at random from but four of the Depart- 
ments : 

Department of State. — Miss went into the service in 1893, 

and was detailed to assist the Secretary of State, who was engaged in 
negotiating reciprocity treaties. She served in the capacity of con- 
fidential clerk to four Secretaries and one Assistant Secretary of 
State. Served as stenographer and typewriter in the Consular 
Bureau of the Department of State, and was later confidential stenog- 
rapher to the Third Assistant Secretary of State, and assisted in the 
preparation of the correspondence with the Alaska boundary question. 

Another was appointed as a temporary clerk for the purpose of 
introducing the book typewriter for recording the correspondence of 
the Department which formerly had been done by hand. After 
installing the book typewriter and bringing the Diplomatic Notes and 
Instructions up to date, she was detailed as stenographer and type- 
writer to the Chief Clerk of the Department. Her duties in the office 
of the Chief Clerk required her to be familiar with the work of the 
bureaus of the Department and the many intricate questions con- 
stantly presented to the Chief Clerk's office. She was required to have 
expert knowledge of the cipher used in the Department, and a con- 
siderable part of her time was employed in enciphering and decipher- 
ing telegrams sent from and received by the Department. 

One young woman was detailed for three months to serve as 
stenographer and typewriter to the American Commission at The 
Hague in the arbitration between the United States and Mexico, 
where she assisted in taking stenographic report of the sessions before 
the arbitral court. 

Miss — , appointed under the civil service rules, was in the 

Bureau of Foreign Commerce, where her duties required her to pre- 
pare the consular reports for publication, translate extracts from 
foreign commercial newspapers, etc. 

A clerk was appointed in the recorder of deeds' office, but resigned 
to accept an appointment in the Department of State. Her work at 
first was in the Diplomatic Bureau, where she was engaged in prepar- 
ing papers for signature, translating French, Italian, and Spanish; 
engrossing treaties, proclamations, drafting maps, pen and ink 
sketches, etc. Later she was detailed to the Bureau of Indexes and 
Archives, where she was employed in recording the Diplomatic Notes 
and Instructions of the Department on the book typewriter. 

Department of the Interior. — Mrs. held a law desk in the 

General Land Office and decided many of the difficult problems con- 
nected with the deeds and patents of land on the frontier. Was first 
appointed in the Government Printing Office at $48 per month, and 
later appointed in the Pension Office at an increased salary, where 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 403 

her duties were copying pension certificates and notifying pensioners 
of the allowance of their pensions. Upon her second promotion, the 
work and pay being unsatisfactory to her, she was, at her own request, 
transferred to the railroad division of the General Land Office. Her 
duties were to copy railroad decisions, and the work being merely 
routine clerical work, she took up typewriting, hoping to advance 
herself thereby. This caused her to be transferred to the contest 
division, and later she was assigned to a desk requiring original work, 
and her duties were to promulgate decisions of the Department. 
From this time on the grade of her work was raised until she was 
promoted to $1,400, by which time she had become familiar with the 
entire work of the division. She soon found that a knowledge of the 
law of Congress disposing of the public domain and familiarity with 
the rules of practice and decisions of the General Land Office and of 
the Department alone were not sufficient to enable her to perform 
her work in a manner satisfactory to herself, however satisfactory to 
the Department, and she therefore took up a regular four years' law 
course and graduated with credit to herself and her college. 

How satisfactorily she does her work is shown by the fact that out 
of sixty appeals from her decisions rendered during a period of six 
months, decisions involving thousands of dollars, only one was re- 
versed and one modified, and this because of new matter being filed 
after the decisions were rendered by her. 

Mrs. also enjoys the distinction of holding a law desk in the 

General Land Office, having been transferred to it from the Census 
Office, where she had been dealing with mathematical problems. It 
was found that a $1,600 clerk was back in his work with 300 cases 
which it was necessary to have adjudicated. The bringing this 
work up to date was assigned to her. Prior to this she had written 
a few decisions. She was at first appalled at the decree, but went 
bravely to work with a determination to succeed. How well she suc- 
ceeded can be ascertained by the records of the office. Later she was 
transferred at her own request from the public land division to the 
contest or law division. Her experience gained in the Land Office 
taught her how to adjudicate contest cases, and she was often required 
to bring up work of the principal law examiners when in arrears. 

Miss was assigned to duty on Board of Pension Appeals 

to typewrite decisions for signature of the Assistant Secretary and 
act as his stenographer. Afterwards transferred to patents and mis- 
cellaneous division of the Secretary's Office. Duties: Stenographer 
and typewriting ; indexing ; in charge of issuing authorities for open 
market purchases to the Geological Survey and to Howard University, 
and issuance of permits for admission to the Government Hospital 
for the Insane, and to Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum; assistant 
in abstracting various reports to be embodied in the Secretary's 
annual report to the President. A knowledge of law was of con- 
siderable assistance in the work of the division, and after entering 
the Government service she took a three years' course in the Wash- 
ington College of Law and was admitted to the bar of the supreme 
court of the District of Columbia. 

Library of Congress. — The Library of Congress employs 135 women 
in a force of 302 persons. The salaries range $1,500 to $360 a year, 
and they are employed in almost all the divisions. None of them, 
however, rate as laborers. 



404 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

At $1,500 there is one woman at work in the catalogue division as 
an expert reviser of printed catalogue cards and proof reader. At 
$1,400 three women serve as assistant readers of catalogue cards and 
proof readers in the catalogue division, and another is the chief 
reviser in the record division of the Copyright Office. 

At $1,200 there are 11 women employees. Of these, 5 are in the 
Copyright Office as translators, indexers, and cataloguers; 5 are in 
the catalogue division as cataloguers of the first class, and one is in 
charge of the reading room for the blind. 

Post-Office Department. — One clerk of class 3, salary $1,600, pre- 
pares correspondence for the signature of the Postmaster- General 
and the Chief Clerk reads and refers the Congressional and Depart- 
mental mail addressed to the Postmaster-General ; assists in the com- 
pilation of the estimates of appropriations for the Department and 
postal service; also assists in the compilation of the Postal Guides; 
in charge of the distribution of the Postal Laws and Regulations and 
of the Postal Guide throughout the postal service ; stenographer and 
typewriter. 

One clerk of class 2, salary $1,400, to whom is assigned the duty of 
preparing the three lists of post-offices published each year in the 
Official Postal Guide, and lists of changes in post-offices published 
each month in the supplemental postal guide. 

One clerk, assigned to the claims division. Duties : Preparation of 
correspondence connected with claims of postmasters for reimburse- 
ment for losses occasioned by burglary, fire, or other unavoidable 
casualty, and for losses of money-order and postal funds in transit 
to depositaries. 

Office of the topographer: One woman skilled as draftsman, at 
$1,400, prepares the guides for the colors printed on the post-route 
maps, and has supervision of the map sheets transmitted from and to 
the photolithographer. Three other women draftsmen note the 
reported changes in the postal service of a group of States, revise 
and post-route map sheets of those States, and correct monthly the 
corresponding diagram maps for the use of officers and clerks of the 
Post-Office Department. 

Office Second Assistant Postmaster-General: One clerk, salary 
$1,600, on work relating to ocean mail contract service; occasional 
translating, indexing, and briefing. One clerk, salary $1,400, on 
work relating to domestic statistics in connection with the interna- 
tional service; stating accounts of steamship companies for the sea 
conveyance of mails ; occasional translating, and assisting in general 
correspondence. One clerk, salary $1,400, " corresponding clerk," 
whose duties consist in the examination of applications for establish- 
ment of star and steamboat service ; changes therein ; preparation of 
cases to be submitted for decision ; preparation of orders and corre- 
spondence for official signature. 

In most of the examinations which women pass in order to be 
appointed in the departments technical skill is required, as shown 
by the following list of subjects : 

Artist, assistant microscopist, clerk stenographer and typewriter, 
computer in Coast and Geodetic Survey, counter, Government paper 
mill, industrial teacher, trained nurse, register and receiver's clerk, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



405 



compositor, public document cataloguer, assistant ethnological libra- 
rian, scientific assistant, book typewriter, kindergarten teacher, sci- 
entific aid, zoological clerk, Internal-Revenue Service, Philippine 
Service, topographic draftsman, assistant to bookbinder, music 
teacher. 

The following is a compilation and table of comparison showing 
the number of men and women employed in the various departments 
at Washington, D. C. The figures are based upon the Official Reg- 
ister of the United States, July 1, 1901, volume 1. Since that date 
there has been a great many hundreds of new appointees of both 
sexes in all the respective departments and bureaus below enumer- 
ated, and the accurate figures down to the present time will show an 
increase accordingly : 



Executive Office (the Presi- 
dent's) - 

Department of State 

Treasury Department 

War Department 

Navy Department 

Post-Office Department 

Department of Interior 

Department of Justice. 

Department of Agriculture. 
Government Printing Office 



Men. 


Women. 


28 




92 


17 


3,234 


2,313 1 


2,411 


300 s 


2,292 


85 j 


812 


237 i 


4,810 


2,862 I 


191 


21 ! 


650. 


382 


2,623 


1,068 i 



Department of Labor 

United States Commission 
of Pish and Fisheries 

Interstate Commerce Com- 
mission 

Civil Service Commission. 

Industrial Commission 

Smithsonian Institution .. 

Bureau of American Re- 
publics 



Men. 



74 
55 

133 
55 
10 

320 

13 



Women. 



The first woman employed in the Government service was ap- 
pointed by General Spinner, of the Treasury Department, about 1864- 

On July 1, 1901, the clerical force in the Executive Departments in 
Washington was approximately a force of 27,605 employees of both 
sexes. Out of this number there were 7,496 females. The time, at 
this ratio of increase of the respective sexes, when the gentler sex 
is to overcome and pass the men, is merely a matter of arithmetic to 
those who wish to ascertain this interesting data. The above table 
shows that the women have between one- fourth and one-third of the 
appointments in Washington, D. C. 

Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, the chairman of the committee on 
woman's work, read her first report of the work of that committee at 
the meeting of the board held Tuesday, April 28, 1903, and a copy was 
transmitted to the National Commission. At the session held on 
December 17, 18, and 19, 1903, the following letter was received and 
read by the secretary : 

St. Louis, U. S. A., December 16, 1903. 
Dear Mrs. Hanger: Replying to your esteemed favor of the 14th 
instant, transmitting a copy of report of committee on woman's work, 
which was adopted by your board at a meeting held in April, 1903, 
you are advised that on motion the same was approved to the extent 
that the report prescribes the scope of your proposed field of activity. 



406 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The Commission, at its session on the 15th instant, adopted the fol- 
lowing resolution : 

" Moved and seconded that in so far as the report of committee on 
woman's work prescribes the line of work for the board of lady man- 
agers, the same stands approved by the Commission. 
" Motion prevailed." 

Agreeable to your request, the report has been forwarded to the 
Exposition Company for its action, with a copy of the resolution 
passed by the Commission. 

Very respectfully, Thomas H. Carter, 

President, 
Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger, 

Secretary of the Board of Lady Managers, 

Administration Building, City, 

Extracts from this report are embodied in the final report of the 
committee on woman's work, which is as follows : 

September 30, 1902, the women appointed by the National Com- 
mission as lady managers for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were 
called by the National Commission to meet in St. Louis and effect an 
organization of the board of lady managers. At this meeting the 
board of lady managers was organized and Mrs. James L. Blair 
elected president. 

The first permanent committee appointed by the new president was 
a committee on woman's work. The ladies appointed on this com- 
mittee were: Miss Anna L. Dawes, Miss Helen Gould, Mrs. Marcus 
Daly, Mrs. M. K. de Young, and Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, 
chairman. Two members of this committee were not present at the 
meeting. The president of the board impressed upon the chairman 
of the committee that a large share of the board's work must of neces- 
sity be performed by the committee on woman's work. The chair- 
man of the committee asked the president of the National Commission 
for special instructions in regard to the plan and scope of the work 
of the board of lady managers. The president of the National Com- 
mission replied that the board of lady managers must outline their 
own policy and perform their own work to their best judgment. 
There was no work performed by the committee on woman's work at 
this meeting. 

The second meeting of the board of lady managers was held in New 
York City, November IT, 1902. The chairman of the committee on 
woman's work asked to have added to this committee Mrs. John M. 
Holcombe, Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, Mrs. Daniel Manning, 
and Mrs. Richard Knott. The chairman of the committee called a 
meeting at that time, to which call only Miss Anna L. Dawes and Mrs. 
Daniel Manning responded. At this second meeting of the board of 
lady managers in New York the president of the board instructed 
the committee on woman's work to proceed to St. Louis not later than 
March, and there receive instructions from the National Commission 
in regard to the line of work they should take up at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. It became apparent at this meeting that it 
would be necessary to specialize the work of the board of lady mana- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 407 

gers, thus relieving the committee on woman's work of much responsi- 
bility and labor. 

The chairman and Mrs. Daniel Manning, as members of the com- 
mittee on woman's work, spent January, 1903, in the city of Washing- 
ton, and during their stay endeavored to acquaint themselves with 
the work performed by women in each and every vocation in life. 

In accordance with the instructions of the president, Mrs. Blair, at 
the meeting held on November 17, the committee on woman's work 
met at the Southern Hotel, in St. Louis, March 10, at 11 o'clock, Mrs. 
Montgomery, chairman. There were present besides the chairman 
Mrs. Manning, Mrs. Holcombe, and Mrs. Buchwalter, three members 
being unavoidably prevented from coming, viz: Miss Gould, Miss 
Dawes, and Mrs. Knott. 

The interest that this committee felt in developing on broad lines 
their part in the exposition is shown in the following extracts taken 
from my report, which was not read, however, until the meeting of 
the board held April 28, 1903 : 

According to appointment, the committee on woman's work met 
the executive committee of the Exposition Company at the Laclede 
Building, March 11, 1903. Mr. Corwin H. Spencer, acting and first 
vice-president and chairman of the executive committee, presided, 
and stated : " These ladies are here, gentlemen, upon my invitation, 
and have some matters they wish to discuss with you." 

Mrs. Montgomery, the chairman of the committee on woman's work, 
then said : 

" Ever since we became members of the board of lady managers 
we have been somewhat in the dark as to what we could and might do 
to contribute to the success of this great exposition, and we thought 
perhaps if we came and talked to you gentlemen upon the ground 
that you could ' throw us a little light.' We, of course, want to work 
in harmony with everything that has already been outlined, and we 
feel that we are a very weak body, but we want to add our efforts to 
those of the officers of this exposition, and we came to ask you to 
please tell us how we can help you, and to instruct us upon the line 
which we are to take up. We feel that women of this country have 
become a very great factor, but we also feel that the time has passed 
when we are to have a separate exhibit of what women can do, and 
we thought perhaps in some way we might be able to work in unison 
with the executive committee and the various other committees of the 
exposition." 

Several subjects were brought up by members of the committee 
on woman's work, such as the organizations of the country, the con- 
gresses at this exposition, the dates of meetings, and provision for 
the care of the women in attendance. It was suggested by a member 
of the committee that in the largest audience that the exposition 
would have the majority would be women. The company had already 
taken steps to provide a place of meeting, so arranged that meetings 
could be held without admission fee. 

At this meeting a motion was made, and carried by the executive 
committee, " that the director of exhibits, Mr. Skiff, be instructed to 
formulate a programme suggesting the way in which the board of 
lady managers can assist in inducing congresses to come to the 
exposition." 



408 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The chairman of the committee on woman's work then called atten- 
tion to the fact that almost the first thing done after the organization 
of that committee was to ask that immoral dances be excluded from 
the exposition, to which no reply had been received. During the dis- 
cussion which followed Mr. Stevens read copy from his records, show- 
ing that a letter had been sent by him to the president of the board 
of lady managers, reading as follows : 

" Madam President : I am directed by the executive committee to 
reply to your letter conveying the resolution adopted by the board of 
lady managers on the subject of concessions. The resolution was duly 
referred by the executive committee to the director of concessions and 
the committee on concessions, with request for careful consideration. 
The report of the director and the committee on concessions has been 
received. The director and the committee express the belief that 
under the conditions imposed in all the contracts the concessions will 
be so regulated as to render it impossible to present any amusement 
that can be classed as indecent or improper. 
" Very respectfully, 

" Walter B. Stevens, Secretary" 

The committee on woman's work then stated to the executive com- 
mittee that this letter had never been read before the board at their 
meeting. 

The matter was then considered of sending several members of the 
board of lady managers abroad to exploit woman's work and to excite 
an interest in woman's congresses throughout the world. The chair- 
man stated that she had a letter from Mr. Francis saying he would 
send one with certain conditions, and the committee wanted to know 
if that decision was final and what the action of the executive com- 
mittee would be on that point. It was suggested that three women 
from the board should be sent abroad — one from the East, one from 
the West, and one from the Middle States — and the chairman of the 
executive committee said that, if agreeable to the ladies, that commit- 
tee would have the matter taken up as soon as President Francis 
returned. The executive committee was assured that if it would out- 
line a programme by which the board of lady managers could render 
assistance to this great exposition they would be very glad; they 
wanted to help do what the heads of the exposition had laid out to be 
done, and if there was anything that women could do, let them do it. 

The meeting then adjourned, and the committee on woman's work 
met with Mr. Skiff, the director of exhibits. In response to an 
inquiry in regard to the question whether his committee had taken 
the initiative in regard to educational and international congresses, 
Mr. Skiff replied: 

" The exposition simply patronizes and assists without the expendi- 
ture of money these stated congresses and conventions. Those bodies 
already organized are in a hospitable way invited here, and their 
executive management is aided more or less in a hall in which they 
can meet a committee to receive them; but they conduct their own 
conventions. 

" Now the international congresses are an entirely different thing. 
They arc pal ionized by the exposition. An appropriation of $150,- 
000 has been made for that purpose. Dr. Simon Newcomb is presi- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 409 

dent of the congress. There is no race or sex in a universal exposition ; 
it is the productive use of a man as a unit. We have had great dif- 
ficulty in convincing the scientific people that so great a thing should 
come from so western a point. We are going to do a very fine thing 
in a very large way. The delegates will be selected and all expenses 
paid from their homes and return, and whatever product of their 
thought they present here at these congresses will be bound and fixed 
in type. I can not say we are working on any plan; it is devel- 
oped. The congress is my idea. I am the director of exhibits, and it 
did not seem proper for the director of exhibits officially to approve 
the proceedings and the signatures of an office of an international 
congress. So I suggested that Director Rogers report to President 
Francis, so that I use President Francis's name. In the meantime I 
have been appointed a member of the advisory board on account of 
my position as a director of the institute in Chicago. There is no 
opportunity for organizations to participate in that international con- 
gress. There you come in as individuals ; but man or woman if they 
are great will be invited. It is all one congress ; it will only last one 
week. We have not selected the exact date. It occupies a week ; it is 
divided into sections. Some days in the Congressional Hall there may 
be 25 or 30 sections all working at the same time on different subjects. 
It is a magnificent programme. Meetings of these stated organiza- 
tions are entirely different. The only point about meetings of these 
clubs and organizations is that, whether they are officered by men or 
women, or both, some one in behalf of the exposition must make their 
way as easy as possible for them and see that days do not collide." 

A member of the committee made the request that some provision 
should be made for the care of trained nurses at the exposition, and 
Mr. Skiff stated that the War Department was contemplating a field 
hospital. " They want two things. I do not know what the outcome 
will be. If you ladies could proceed sufficiently to get these ladies 
interested in the trained nurse idea — to offer the services of a certain 
number of ' changed ' nurses (you understand, double the number, 
so that they can change) — I have no doubt that Doctor Laidley will 
be glad to avail of their services." 

In answer to the questions as to the time the jurors would be ap- 
pointed, and whether he had a list of the things on which women 
are to be appointed, and how long before they would be known, Mr. 
Skiff replied: 

" The jurors will be appointed the first week of the exposition, and 
the list of things on which women are to be appointed will depend 
on whether the work is done in whole or in part by female labor. 
We will know as soon as we get a catalogue. We can not tell what 
the exhibits will be until they are exhibits. The pamphlet of classi- 
fication will be of invaluable assistance to you, ladies, in your work. 
The jurors are to be paid $7 a day and traveling expenses." 

In response to the inquiry whether the board should not begin to 
look out for the women that would be capable for that sort of work, 
Mr. Skiff said: 

" They will develop. There are 108 classes ; a committtee on each 
class would be 1,200 jurors. We are not working women's exhibits 
up any more than men's. It takes care of itself. We do not specially 
promote, except in this way : An officer of a department, if he under- 
stands his work, is given a classification. That is his bible. He 



410 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

makes up his mind what is possible to do in the way of an exhibit. 
They build up an exhibit. In that way they find it necessary to touch 
what we call ' individual promotion ' on their broad lines. For 
instance, in education, deaf, dumb, and blind ; charity, philanthropy, 
and education of mind; conveyance of thought; social economy, 
the model city; machinery, that class of machinery that is most in- 
genious; electricity, electric therapeutics, electric magnetism; trans- 
portation, aeronautics, Santos Dumont, etc.; forestry, fish culture, 
etc. They can add, and on broad lines develop, the highest type of 
the condition of the times." 

Replying to the question whether an exhibit of laces by a woman 
could be insured, Mr. Skiff stated : " We have no money for insur- 
ance; we have no people to go on bond; she is an individual ex- 
hibitor, and must get in her own exhibit in a general way." 

On the following day, March 12, I received from Mr. Stevens the 
following letter, accompanied by a record of 1903 conventions of 
organizations composed of women: 

St. Louis, U. S. A., March IS, 1903. 

Madam: In pursuance of the conference held by your committee 
with the executive committee of the exposition the 11th instant, the 
acting president, Mr. Spencer, directs me to send to you the accom- 
panying list of conventions and delegate meetings of women to be 
held in the near future. It is desired to obtain action by these bodies 
the coming year to meet in St. Louis during 1904. The acting presi- 
dent instructs me to say that if your committee or the board of lady 
managers will assist in obtaining such action it will be highly appre- 
ciated. 

The exposition management, with a view to encourage the holding 
of conventions and congresses, has arranged to have several halls, 
the use of which can be given to conventions without cost to them. 
Two or three convention halls will be so located with approaches as 
to enable delegates to the conventions to reach them without passing 
through the gates of the exposition. It is also the purpose to afford hall 
room free to such bodies as may desire to hold meetings downtown. 

The acting president directs me to say, further, that from a very 
thorough canvass made of the city, and from information in the 
possession of the exposition management, it is believed that good 
accommodations can be assured at reasonable rates during the expo- 
sition. It is the purpose of the exposition to maintain an informa- 
tion service, which will enable delegates to secure accommodations by 
mail previous to their arrival here. 

In other ways the exposition management will endeavor to make 
the holding of conventions a prominent and satisfactory feature of 
the World's Fair. If the board of lady managers will join in the 
invitation to these bodies of women to hold their 1904 conventions at 
St. Louis the board can help very materially. If the members of 
the board of lady managers can attend some of these gatherings of 
1903, and by personal effort and representation assist in bringing 
the conventions here the following year, the management will be 
pleased to have them do so. 

Very respectfully, W. B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 

Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 411 

Record of 1903 Conventions of Organizations Composed of Women. 

International Congress of Nurses, New York City; International 
Board of Women and Y. M. C. A. Conference, Cleveland, Ohio; 
Daughters of Liberty, National Council, Philadelphia, Pa.; Daugh- 
ters of St. George, Columbus, Ohio ; Daughters of Veterans' National 
Convention, Cleveland, Ohio; Ladies' Aid Society of the United 
States, Providence, R. I. ; P. R. O. Sisterhood Supreme, St. Louis, 
Mo. ; Ladies' United Veteran Legion National Convention, Brooklyn, 
N. Y. ; National Council of Women, New York City; Woman's 
Foreign Missionary Society, Chicago, 111.; National League of 
Women Workers, Syracuse, N. Y. ; Women's and Young Women's 
Christian Association, St. Louis, Mo. ; National Congress of Mothers, 
Detroit, Mich., May 5-8; Daughters of the Revolution, General 
Society, New York City, May 10; King's Daughters and Sons, St. 
Louis, Mo.; Knights and Ladies of Honor, St. Louis, Mo.; Knights 
and Ladies of Security, St. Louis, Mo. ; International Ladies' Gar- 
ment Workers' Union, St. Louis, Mo.; P. E. C. Sisterhood, St. 
Louis, Mo. ; Spanish-American War Nurses, St. Louis, Mo. ; United 
Daughters of the Confederacy, St. Louis, Mo.; Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union, St. Louis, Mo. ; Woman's Relief Corps, St. Louis, 
Mo. ; Council of Jewish Women, St. Louis, Mo. ; National American 
Woman Suffrage Association, New Orleans, La. ; Ancient Sons and 
Daughters of Jerusalem, Kansas City, Mo.; Ladies of the Macca- 
bees, Port Huron, Mich. 

In a letter from Mr. Howard J. Rogers, in charge of congresses, 
which will be appended to this report, he says : 

" I beg to state that, in my opinion, the only feasible way is for 
the secretary of the board of lady managers, acting in behali of the 
board, to communicate with the secretaries of the various women's 
organizations, such as Federation of Clubs, etc." 

Our committee suggests that a separate committee be formed to 
take these congresses and other women's organizations in hand and 
make it their duty to arrange for dates. We would also suggest that 
a local committee of leading club women of the city of St. Louis be 
appointed to act in harmony and in unison with this committee of 
congresses from the board of lady managers. 

I herewith submit copies of letters from Mr. Skiff and Mr. Rogers : 

St. Louis, U. S. A., March 27, 1903. 
Dear Madam: I have the honor to acknowledge your favor of 
March 21, which has been noted. I beg to inform you, in accordance 
with the instructions of the executive committee, that the director 
of exhibits formulate a programme suggesting how the board of lady 
managers can assist the Exposition Company in obtaining con- 
gresses of women to meet in St. Louis. I referred the matter to the 
chief of congresses, who has made a report, in which I concur, and I 
respectfully submit it for your information and assistance. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfullv, vours, 

F. J. V. Skiff, 
Director of Exhibits. 
Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, 

36Jf2 Delmar avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 



412 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

March 24, 1903. 

Dear Sir: Replying to your communication of March 23, in ref- 
erence to the director of exhibits ' formulating a programme suggest- 
ing how the board of lady managers can assist in obtaining congresses 
of women to meet in St. Louis,' I beg to state that in my opinion the 
only feasible way is for the secretary of the board of lady managers, 
acting in behalf of the board, to communicate with the secretaries 
of the various women's organizations, such as the Federation of 
Women's Clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Colonial 
Dames of America, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Young 
Women's Christian Association, Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Asso- 
ciation, United States Daughters of 1812, and to second the invita- 
tion given by the exposition to meet in this city in 1904, assuring them 
their active cooperation in the matter of obtaining halls, accommo- 
dations, and other matters. 

The Daughters of the American Revolution and the Federation of 
Women's Clubs have already decided to meet in this city, the former 
in June, the latter in May. 

I return the letter, as requested. 

Very respectfully, yours, Howard J. Rogers. 

Hon. F. J. V. Skiff, 

Director of Exhibits'' Building. 

In the resolution adopted by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
Commission, in session assembled at the city of New York the 7th 
day of February, 1902, certain rules were made governing the board 
of lady managers. The first one recites the power given by Congress 
to this board of lady managers to appoint " one member of all com- 
mittees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have 
been produced in whole or in part by female labor." 

The committee on woman's work would suggest : 

First. That our board make due preparation for the intelligent 
selection of one member of all committees authorized to award prizes 
for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by 
female labor, and that we request from the local executive committee 
a list of all work presented for competition before the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition produced in whole or in part by female labor. 

Under the resolutions of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 
February 7, 1902, second, we are to " exercise general supervisory 
control over such features of the exposition as may be specially 
devoted to woman's work." 

This resolution is so vague in its phraseology that we are unable 
to outline just what we may be permitted to do, and the chairman 
wishes to call the attention of this board to the fact that one of the 
subjects which we were instructed to take up before the local execu- 
tive committee was in regard to a resolution passed by this board at 
its first meeting on September 30, 1902, regarding indecent and 
immoral dancing. We were instructed by the board of lady man- 
agers to inquire what action had been taken in regard to this resolu- 
tion, and were informed that it was acted upon immediately, and the 
company's attorney was instructed to make the contracts in the Mid- 
way Plaisance so as to exclude immoral and indecent dancing. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 413 

The third resolution, that we were " to take part in the ceremonies 
connected with the dedication of the buildings of the exposition, and 
in official functions in which women may be invited to participate, 
and in any other functions, upon the request of the company and 
Commission." 

From the very gracious manner in which this board of lady man- 
agers has been provided for and permitted to participate in the open- 
ing ceremonies of the exposition, it would appear that the Govern- 
ment, Commission, and local company will see that we are properly 
cared for on all future occasions. 

Fourth. That we confer and advise with the officers and chiefs of 
the exposition on the progress being made from time to time in 
exciting the interest and enlisting the cooperation of women in the 
several departments, and to appoint all committees necessary to carry 
out the purpose, and to procure information on the extent of woman's 
participation in the exposition. 

Fifth. That we encourage the presentation of exhibits by women 
by correspondence, advertising, or such other means as the company 
may approve. 

Sixth. That we collect statistics of woman's work in connection 
with the exposition for publication. 

Seventh. That we encourage, by correspondence, or otherwise, 
attendance at the exposition, of societies and associations of women, 
and the holding of conventions, congresses, and other meetings of 
women. 

Eighth. That we maintain within the grounds during the period 
of the exposition an organization for the relief of women and chil- 
dren who may be found in need of aid, comfort, or special protection. 

Ninth. That we receive and officially entertain women when re- 
quested so to do by the exposition company and the Commission. 

Tenth. That we commission members of the board, or others, with 
the approval of the Commission and the company, to travel in the 
interest of the exposition, either at home or abroad. 

Eleventh. That we provide for the constant attendance by rotation 
of at least three members of the board at the exposition grounds from 
April 30 to December 1, 1904. 

Twelfth. That we issue such bulletins from time to time as the 
company and the Commission may approve, for the special informa- 
tion of women and the exploitation of their contributions to the 
success of the exposition. 

After our board had adjourned and gone to their homes, the chair- 
man called upon President Carter, of the National Commission, and 
had with him a most interesting talk in regard to woman's work, and 
he promised to furnish the chairman extracts from their minutes, 
containing such suggestions on the plan and scope of woman's work 
in connection with the exposition ; and from these extracts our com- 
mittee has outlined for this board the work which may be done by 
the board of lady managers, following in many instances the Commis- 
sion's suggestions verbatim. 

This committee desires to return their thanks for the courteous 
manner in which they were received by the local executive committee, 
and for the assurance of aid in any work which they might undertake. 
They also desire to thank the National Commission for its kind 
reception, advice, and suggestions on the plan of woman's work. 



414 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

The board of lady managers, pursuant to a call, met in the city 
of St. Louis, April 28, 1903, and, as has already been stated, the 
chairman read before the board the report from which the above 
extracts are taken, on the work of the committee on woman's work 
performed in St. Louis. The president of the board of lady mana- 
gers at this April meeting created several new committees, viz, an 
executive committee, an entertainment committee, a legislative com- 
mittee, and a committee for a day nursery or creche. The creating 
of these committees practically took from the hands of the committee 
on woman's work all special work. 

A meeting of the board of lady managers was called in St. Louis 
on December 15, 1903 ; at this meeting it became necessary to elect a 
new president of the board, and conditions had so changed that it 
became necessary to add several new committees to those already 
formed, one being the committee on awards, to further develop the 
work of the board of lady managers. 

The only money the board of lady managers had ever received to 
conduct their work was an appropriation of $3,000 from the treas- 
urer of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, part of which had been 
expended, so that all work of the board of lady managers was abso- 
lutely suspended for the want of funds. It became necessary for the 
legislative committee to proceed to Washington to secure money to 
carry out their plans. The result of the labors of the legislative 
committee has been ably told in the report of the chairman of that 
committee, Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter. 

During the December meeting, and after the adjournment of the 
board, the work which seemed of the most vital interest, and the one 
which lay nearest to the hearts of every member of the board of lady 
managers, was the construction, equipment, and management of a 
creche or day nursery. The chairman of the committee on woman's 
work remained with the president of the board in St. Louis for ten 
days after the adjournment of the board, meeting the executive com- 
mittee of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, endeavoring to arrange 
for the construction and equipment of a day nursery. The Exposi- 
tion Company assured this committee that they would construct for 
the lady managers a building that would cost $30,000, and give 
$5,000 toward equipment, and that the day nursery would be self- 
sustaining with the possibility of an income above the expense pay- 
able to the Exposition Company. 

It now became evident that if the board of lady managers was to 
have a day nursery, they must give up the idea of a purely philan- 
thropic institution and enter the field as money makers. 

After two weeks of patient labor, it was made apparent that if a 
day nursery was built, all expenses for furnishing and maintaining 
it must be paid for out of the funds appropriated by Congress for 
the use of the board of lady managers in their various works. The 
president of the board of lady managers offered to contribute $15,000 
lor the furnishing and maintenance of this day nursery out of the 
$100,000 set aside for the use of the lady managers, if the Exposi- 
tion Company would free them from any further financial liability. 
This the Exposition Company refused to do. 

The Exposition Company further informed us they had already 
let a concession for a model playground which would practically 
cover the work to be performed by the day nursery, and that this 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 415 

concession had agreed to care for each child at the rate of 25 cents 
per day, and that the board of lady managers could not conduct a 
day nursery without charging a fee for the care of each child. Thus 
the day nursery was taken out of the hands of the committee on 
woman's work. 

As chairman of this committee, I can not bring this report to a 
close without expressing the very deep and heartfelt disappointment 
of the committee on woman's work, and I may add the president and 
every member of the board of lady managers, that circumstances over 
which we had no control forced us to abandon this cherished project 
of a model day nursery. 

As the duties of the board of lady managers became more apparent 
and diversified, and the work evolved and developed, it became neces- 
sary to specialize. The work of the committee on woman's work 
ceased to be performed by a large committee under this name, but 
was carried on to the close of the exposition by committees composed 
of the various members of the board. 

In closing this report it would appear at first that the committee on 
woman's work stood for very little and had done very little toward 
the success of the board of lady managers. However, this committee, 
under other names, did successfully perform a large amount of 
philanthropic and social work. 

There were on the exposition grounds State buildings constructed 
by 44 States. These buildings were designed as clubhouses for the 
citizens of the various States and were provided with rest rooms, 
social halls, and other rooms to contribute to the comfort of and pro- 
mote sociability among the people of the various States visiting the 
exposition. At the beginning of the exposition it seemed one of the 
duties of the board of lady managers would be to provide a hall for 
the meeting of women visiting the exposition and also a rest room, but 
this want was provided for by each individual State. 

Mary Phelps Montgomery, Chairman. 

Mrs. Marcus Daly. 

Anna L. Dawes. 

M. K. de Young. 

Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter. 

Mrs. Richard W. Knott. 

Mrs. John M. Holcombe. 

Miss Anna M. Dawes, chairman of the committee on foreign rela- 
tions, read the first report of that committee at the meeting of the 
board held in the Administration Building on March 2, 1904. The 
final report of that committee is as follows : 

The committee on foreign affairs was appointed by Mrs. James L. 
Blair, the first president of the board, during the meeting at the time 
of the formal opening of the exposition on May 2, 1903. This com- 
mittee consisted of Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Miss Dawes, 
Mrs. Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. 
Moores, and Mrs. von Mayhoff. 

On December 17, 1903, Mrs. Manning having been elected president 
of the board after the resignation of Mrs. Blair, Miss Dawes became 
chairman of the committee, and has so continued. 



416 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

In pursuance of a policy inaugurated by Mrs. Manning, it was 
determined to send a circular to the women of the different countries 
of Europe, calling their attention to the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion, inviting their cooperation and presence, and offering to do what 
we could toward that end. At the request of the present chairman, 
Mrs. Manning conferred with the officers of the exposition as to what 
had already been done, and with the State Department in Washington 
as to what could be done, and prepared the circular appended, the State 
Department sending it out to its officials in the following countries : 

Berne, Switzerland ; Bucharest, Roumania ; Belgrade, Servia ; Brus- 
sels, Belgium; Constantinople, Turkey; Copenhagen, Denmark; 
Athens, Greece ; Berlin, Germany ; Habana, Cuba ; Lisbon, Portugal ; 
Rome, Italy; Paris, France; Madrid, Spain; Stockholm, Sweden; 
St. Petersburg, Russia; Sofia, Bulgaria; Vienna, Austria; London, 
England ; The Hague, Netherlands ; Egypt ; Mexico ; China ; Japan ; 
Dominion of Canada. 

The cordial cooperation of the Government, through the State De- 
partment, was a source of great satisfaction to the committee, giving, 
as it did, not only currency to the circular, but putting the weight 
and dignity of the Government behind our action. For this, and for 
the extremely valuable circular so finely adapted to the need, and so 
eloquently setting forth the objects of the exposition and the aims and 
desires of this board, we are, as in so many other things, indebted to 
the experience and ability of Mrs. Manning. 

His Excellency the Minister or Foreign Affairs or . 



Excellency: By an act of Congress of the United States, the 
board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is 
directed to join with the other constituted authorities in commem- 
orating the great event in the history of the United States when, a 
century ago, there was added to its territory a new field which to-day 
is the home of many people, and where earnest and sincere women, as 
well as men, are laboriously working out the problem of the progress 
of humanity and the advancement of the race. 

No single individual, no one people, no separate country can supply 
that full knowledge from which may be fixed the conditions of man- 
kind, its development in the industries, the arts, the sciences at the 
commencement of the twentieth century. The entire world must 
contribute to this knowledge, and therefore the entire world has been 
invited to take part in this universal exposition and to bring hither 
the fruit of the lands, the products of other soils, the articles manu- 
factured by foreign hands, and evidences of the achievements of the 
intellect and intelligence in the higher fields of thought. 

While in gathering these things there is no distinction made be- 
tween the product of man's hand and of woman's hand, nevertheless, 
it is the peculiar function of this board to act as the channel through 
which women, as individuals, and as organizations, may be brought 
into immediate communication with the exposition at St. Louis. 

It is, therefore, with cordiality and eagerness that we invite the 
women of your country to join with us in presenting to the world the 
information of the condition, opportunities, development, and prom- 
ises of their sex in their own country and to exhibit at the exposition 
specimens of their productions and examples of their activities, man- 
ual and mental, scientific and artistic. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 417 

And coupled with this invitation, we would express the hope that 
we may be permitted to be of personal service to such women as may 
visit the exposition in person, or to give special attention to the ex- 
hibits of such as may not be able to come. 

Requesting your excellency's good offices to the end that the pub- 
licity may be given to the invitation in order that it may come to the 
knowledge of the women of the country, we beg to assure you of the 
high consideration with which we are, 
Your obedient servant, 

Mary Margaretta Manning, 

President. 

The honorable the Secretary of State. 

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith invitations which the 
board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition have 
addressed to the women of foreign countries, through the respective 
diplomatic envoys, with a view to promoting women's interests at the 
exposition. 

In view of the indorsement which the Congress of the United 
States has given to the exposition, and the recognition it has accorded 
to the board of lady managers, I should be pleased were it found con- 
sistent with practice for the invitations to be delivered by the diplo- 
matic envoy of the United States, and if they were instructed to give 
them their support. 

I have the honor to be, sir, 
Your obedient servant, 

M. Margaretta Manning. 

Mrs. M. M. Manning, 

President Board of Lady Managers of the 

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 

The Arlington, Washington, D. C. 
Madam: I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 14th 
instant transmitting invitations which the board of lady managers of 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition have addressed to the women of 
foreign countries, through the ministers for foreign affairs, with a 
view to promoting women's interests at the exposition. 

In reply I have to inform you that these invitations, with suitable 
instructions, have been sent to-day to the diplomatic representatives 
of the United States in the countries mentioned by you. 
I am, madam, 

Your obedient servant, Francis B. Loomis, 

Acting Secretary. 

Letters were received from most of these countries expressing their 
gratification and cordial cooperation in the matter, a fact which was 
evidenced by many letters from associations and individuals with 
reference to exhibits, etc. For instance, a committee of women at 
Berne, through its secretary, sent a very remarkable consignment of 
pamphlets relating to the condition and work — philanthropic and 
otherwise — of the women of that nation. These were intrusted to the 
Department of Social Economy. Also in Italy a national committee 
of women of great consequence was formed. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 27 



418 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Circumstances prevented any further initiative on the part of this 
committee outside the limits of the exposition itself. Within those 
limits it has, in common with the whole board, done much for the 
exposition, and for the country by social courtesies extended to the 
representatives of foreign lands and received from them — a service 
which has been performed by the board with success and dignity, 
and with great value to the interests of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition. 

Anna L. Dawes. 

Emily S. G. Holcombe. 

Mary Phelps Montgomery. 

Annie McLean Moores. 
December, 1904. 

Reaffirming the motion already made on February 16, 1903, pro- 
viding that the furnishing of the building of the board of lady 
managers be under the supervision of the president of the board, on 
March 4, 1904, it was moved that Mrs. Daniel Manning be made active 
chairman of the house- furnishing committee and select her own com- 
mittee. This motion being carried, it was also decided that the 
committee on house furnishing be limited to the expenditure of 
the sum of $20,000 for furnishing the building. The report of this 
committee is as follows : 

The president of the board of lady managers having been elected 
active chairman of the house- furnishing committee, with power to 
select her own committee, named Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery and 
Mrs. John M. Holcombe as the other members. 

At the same meeting of the board at which the chairman was 
named, the sum of $20,000 was fixed as the maximum amount that 
might be expended for house- furnishing purposes by the committee. 
This sum was to cover all expenditures for electric wiring and 
fixtures, electric bells, push buttons, and annunciators; tinting of 
Avails and staining of floors ; water connections, filters, water heaters, 
bath tubs, sinks, etc.; all wooden partitions in dormitories; window 
shades, screens, and awnings; arrangements for butler's pantry; 
rugs, carpets, matting, and all floor covering; furniture, glass, china, 
and kitchen utensils; table and bed linen, blankets — indeed, every 
expenditure attending the fitting out and appointing of the building. 

The committee was fortunate in arranging for part of the work, 
in preparing the building for occupancy, by securing the workmen 
that were employed by the Government on its building, and had been 
brought from Washington for that purpose; these men could con- 
tract for a longer stay at better rates than were obtainable in St. 
Louis. The tremendous advance in the price of labor about this time 
led the committee to be most cautious in its expenditures, not knowing 
the extent of the demands that might be made upon their fund 
before the arranging of the building was completed. President 
Francis, in his address to the board on December 15, 1903, has 
already given some of the difficulties experienced by the Exposition 
Company on the quest ion of the cost of labor up to that date. By the 
time of the opening of the exposition the members of this committee 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 419 

had to meet even greater prices, as, instead of time and one-half for 
overtime, the demands of the workmen had risen to double time for 
overtime. This involved paying $1.50 per hour instead of 75 cents 
for certain kinds of work necessary to be completed by opening day. 

Most of the furniture, rugs, carpets, curtains, glass, and china were 
purchased in New York City, but some interesting pieces of antique 
furniture were obtained by one of the committee in Connecticut, while 
others were secured in Albany, N. Y. 

Material and substantial aid was rendered the members of the com- 
mittee by the generous gifts and loans which added greatly to the 
attractiveness and comfort of the building. 

Mrs. Roosevelt, wife of the President, by request, very graciously 
presented a picture of herself, which Avas the only picture hung in 
the salon of the building of the board of lady managers. 

The committee is but echoing the sentiments of the entire board in 
expressing their thanks and appreciation to the following firms for 
their handsome and useful gifts, all of which were most acceptably 
used by the members of the board and their guests : 

Cheney Brothers, of New York and Connecticut, most generously 
contributed one of their handsome pieces of silk damask for the cov- 
ering of the walls of the salon, also the material for the curtains for 
that room, yellow silk curtains for the tea room, and pink silk cur- 
tains and furniture covering for the president's room. The thanks of 
the board can not be too warmly expressed to this firm for their gen- 
erosity in aiding the board in such a substantial manner and beautify- 
ing their house by their gifts. 

Steinway & Co., New York City: Manufactured for our use and 
loaned to us one of the handsomest pianos they could make, with 
beautiful Louis XV decorations in ormolu, which was used on state 
occasions or when some well-known singer or pianist was available. 
It was the admiration of all visitors. 

Chickering & Co., New York City : Loaned one of their beautiful 
pianos, which was placed in the large hall in which was held informal 
meetings and dances. 

Tiffany & Co., New York City: Silver-plated tea set, consisting of 
tray, hot-water kettle, with lamp, teapot, coffeepot, hot-milk pitcher, 
sugar bowl, cream pitcher, and slop bowl. This set was used every 
afternoon on the tea table, and was greatly admired by all who were 
the guests of the board at their informal afternoon teas. 

Black, Starr & Frost, New York City: Gift of four silver-plated 
candlesticks of attractive antique colonial design; also a set of four 
silver-plated trays. 

Gorham Manufacturing Company, New York City: Gift of two 
silver-plated candelabra of beautiful design, which were in constant 
use at the afternoon teas and on the private table of the board, and 
also at the more formal dinners and entertainments where lights were 
used on the tables. 

Lay cock & Co., of Indianapolis, Ind., generously loaned the brass 
beds and mattresses used in the dormitories in the building at a nomi- 
nal price. 

Macy & Co., New York City: Gift of 10 dozen plates, cups, and 
saucers, of Limoges china, specially decorated and of unique design, 
that were very handsome and in constant use by the board. 



420 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Higgins & Seiter, New York City: Gift of set of creaming dishes 
of most delicate pattern, in handsome white case. 

International Nickle Company, New York City: Gift of chafing 
dishes, tea-kettles, and trays, of especially neat design, and most 
useful. 

Mrs. Eva B. Leete, Guilford, Conn. : Loaned a rare antique side- 
board of semicircular shaps, and a " pie-crust " table. 

Mr. Armand Hawkins, New Orleans, La. : Generously loaned many 
interesting, historic, and useful pieces of furniture, which were used 
in the building of the board of lady managers during the exposition 
period. 

Standard Scales and Fixtures Company, of St. Louis, Mo. : Loaned 
the useful and necessary adjunct to housekeeping — an unusually fine 
and large McCray glass-lined refrigerator, which was in use from 
the first days of the exposition period until a few days "after the 
close, and an aid to the comfort of all who resided in the building 
and their guests. 

The gifts and loans to the board were most gratifying to the com- 
mittee, as they were an evidence of a strong interest in the board 
of lady managers and their building. 

It was, undoubtedly, not the intention of the board, when limiting 
the expenditure of this committee to $20,000, to mean that this sum 
should cover an outlay beyond the time the building was pronounced 
finished and furnished, and ready for the occupancy of the board 
at the opening of the exposition. The total expenditure given below, 
however, includes all additions to furniture, repairs, both to build- 
ing and furniture, and the replacing of broken articles during the 
entire exposition period. Such was the careful management of the 
committee that they not only succeeded in accomplishing the pay- 
ment of all bills contracted by it prior to the opening, but at the 
close of the exposition were still within the limit originally imposed 
of $20,000. 

The Exposition Company agreed to pay $5,000 for the furnishing 
of the building of the board of lady managers, $5,000 for its main- 
tenance, and $5,000 for entertainment. The demands upon the Expo- 
sition Company at this time, however, were so great that the board 
decided, at the meeting held on July 14, 1904, to take up any out- 
standing bills, and passed the following resolution : 

Resolved, That the board of lady managers assume the payment 
of the now unpaid bills for entertaining and furniture for the board 
that have been turned over to the Exposition Company, for which 
the Exposition Company had pledged a certain sum. 

The following is an itemized account of amount expended for 
the finishing and furnishing of the building of the board of lady 



Furniture, china, linon, expressage 

Tinting walls, plumbing, staining floors, heating apparatus 
electric wiring, awnings, screens, partitions, etc 

Total 



Bills paid 
by the Ex- 
position 
Company. 



$752.32 
1,460.99 



2,213.31 



Bills paid 
from the 
$3,(NX1 ap- 
propria- 
tion. 



$652. 25 
64.30 



16.55 



Bills paid 
from the 
$100,000 
appropria- 
tion. 



§11,692.65 
2,263.83 



18,955.97 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 421 

Total paid by Exposition Company $2,213.31 

Total paid from $3,000 appropriation 71G. 55 

Total paid from $100,000 appropriation 13,955.97 

Total amount expended for house furnishing 16,885.93 

Mary Margaretta Manning, Chairman. 
Mary Phelps Montgomery. 
Emily S. G. Holcombe. 

It was the earnest wish of some of the members of the board, at a 
very early period of its existence, to establish and maintain, if possi- 
ble, a day nursery or creche on the exposition grounds, in order that 
suitable provision might be made for children whose parents might 
wish to have them cared for during the day, and thus afford to those 
whose time and means were extremely limited an opportunity to see 
as much of the exposition in as brief a space as possible. Ways and 
means were frequently discussed, but the absence of funds and the 
uncertainty of the action of the company in regard to substantial 
aid were sources of much anxiety and delay. Estimates were 
obtained of cost of building, however, plans were drawn ready for 
work to be begun the first practicable moment, and all information 
as to best methods and equipment was secured, in order that no time 
might be lost should it later be found possible to proceed with the 
enterprise. The idea was viewed with much favor by both the presi- 
dent of the Exposition Company and the director of exhibits, and it 
was hoped the Exposition Company would regard this as one of the 
" suggestions " from the board which President Francis had said 
the executive committee would " take under serious consideration," 
but on the 15th of August, 1903, President Francis wrote to the 
president, Mrs. Blair : 

My idea is that we should not permit any one State to have charge 
of these day nurseries. I think the board of lady managers should 
have entire charge, and hope they will be able to raise the money 
without making inroads on the treasury of the Exposition Com- 
pany. 

Subsequently, however, the Exposition Company agreed to appro- 
priate $35,000 for the purpose of erecting the building, but later 
granted a concession for a similar enterprise on the grounds. When 
the board eventually obtained its appropriation of $100,000 it was 
thought that the work might be begun immediately, but as some 
misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of the members as to the 
terms of the original proposition of the one who was to conduct the 
creche for the board, upon close investigation it was found that, 
whereas in the first place it had been represented that the creche would 
be self-sustaining, it now became evident that the plan had grown 



422 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

beyond all anticipated or intended proportion, and that instead of 
being self-supporting the board would be called upon for unlimited 
and unreasonable outlay. 

As all the members had become greatly interested in the project, 
they felt keenly disappointed when it became evident that it would 
be necessary to abandon the undertaking. Desiring, however, to take 
some part in this useful work, and being informed that the concession 
that had been granted for a similar purpose was in need of funds 
to enable it to employ additional nurses and make it possible to care 
for more children, on July 14, 1904, at their midsummer meeting, the 
board passed the following resolution : 

Be it resolved, That the board of lady managers set apart, and turn 
over, to the persons in charge of the Model Play Ground, Nursery, 
and Lost Children work the sum of $5,000 to assist in carrying on 
these projects on the exposition grounds. 

Mrs. John M. Holcombe was made chairman of the committee hav- 
ing this appropriation in charge, and her final report is as follows : 

The members of the board of lady managers were from the begin- 
ning of their organization deeply interested in the need of caring for 
little children at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and various 
plans were under consideration at an early date. 

To have a model creche was the desire of the president and members 
of the board, and it was with great satisfaction that arrangements 
were made for a very perfect equipment. 

A practical philanthropy in full working order would prove also 
an exhibit of the most approved and up-to-date methods — at once a 
charity, an example, an inspiration. 

The Exposition Company made a generous appropriation, the sum 
of $35,000 being allowed for the building and furnishing, and very 
beautiful designs were made and accepted. Here infants were to be 
cared for by trained nurses, receiving attention and consideration 
possible only to babies of the twentieth century, and altogether in 
advance of the simple and natural conditions of baby life prior to the 
closing years of the nineteenth century. Special foods specially 
treated, specially constructed bottles — in fact everything special and 
disinfected, from the nurse and crib down to the smallest minutiae. 

The charge was to be 50 cents a day, and estimates formed on 
experience went to show that on this basis the creche would be self- 
sustaining when once established and started in running order. 

Shortly before the opening of the fair, however, and at a moment 
when the Exposition Company was passing through most trying 
experiences and needed all possible funds, it was found that unfavor- 
able aspects had arisen. At the March meeting of the board, 1904, 
and only a few weeks prior to the opening of the exposition, it was 
learned that two concessions of a nature similar to the creche had 
been made, where the charge for children would be but 25 cents a day. 
Already the board had heard some buzz of criticism that 50 cents was 
too high a price for benefit to poor people. Thus there seemed to be 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 423 

established a rate of income which, for the requirements of the creche 
conducted under great expense, would be entirely inadequate. There 
were apparently no sponsors for the undertaking but the board of 
lady managers, and a steady loss of 25 cents on each child for a period 
of seven months would pile up the losses to unknown and quite incal- 
culable proportions. 

It is true the board had received a sum of $100,000. This was to 
cover all expenses of the board, whose members were the official 
hostesses of the fair. Everything was to be conducted at this great 
exposition in the most munificent manner possible. Ceremonies and 
entertainments which had been given at the dedicatory exercises in 
1903 indicated a scale of elegance and boundless hospitality ; in fact, 
hospitality was to be a distinguishing feature of this great exposition 
at St. Louis. The board of lady managers formed a part of the 
hospitable equipment, welcoming the world to the official home of the 
exposition, and were to fulfill one of woman's missions and entertain 
in a manner and on a scale harmonious with the greatest and most 
beautiful exposition the world had ever looked upon. For these 
purposes the money must be made to last throughout the seven 
months of the coming fair. No more fatal thing could occur for the 
fair name of the board than to spend early and inconsiderately, and 
to be met later with pecuniary embarrassments and complications. 

The estimate for the opening expenses of the creche exceeded by 
some $16,000 the sum appropriated by the Exposition Company. 
The members of the board might have felt justified in furnishing 
this sum, but there loomed before them the vast bulk of losses which 
must follow as the result of cutting the price from 50 cents to 25 cents 
on each of the many children to be accommodated at the creche. It 
was an enormous responsibility. 

Consultation with President Francis and some of the directors 
seemed to indicate that the saving to them of the promised $35,000 
would be very desirable. The building was about to be commenced, 
and only a few hours were granted the board for their decision. It 
was obviously impossible to enter upon a work involving great and 
unknown expense pregnant with such possibilities of loss and failure, 
and so, with the deepest regret, the members of the board saw their 
cherished castle in the air — the beautiful, useful creche — fade and 
disappear. Words can hardly express the discouragements and 
heart sinking of the members over this failure of their fond aspira- 
tions. 

Mrs. Ruth Ashley Hirschfield opened her Model Play Ground on 
May 23, 1904. From the beginning it seemed to meet the require- 
ments in a simple but direct and effective manner. So successful was 
it that soon the demands outgrew the accommodations, and the possi- 
bilities of extending the work were such that Mrs. Hirschfield wel- 
comed the aid of the board of lady managers. Very soon after the 
opening of the Model Play Ground the president and members of 
the board became interested, realizing its needs and possibilities, 
many of which had been carefully — even affectionately — considered 
for a long period. 

At the July meeting a committee was appointed to confer with 
Mrs. Hirschfield, and the sum of $5,000 was appropriated for use in 
the development and care of the Model Play Ground and Day Nur- 
sery, and a special stipulation made regarding the care of lost chil- 



424 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

dren. Arrangements were entered into as to times of payment. Mrs. 
Hirschfield was to have the entire responsibility ; the board gave her 
their confidence and hearty support and five monthly payments of 
$1,000 each. 

Results proved the soundness of the theories, as well as the admin- 
istration of Mrs. Hirschfield, and no appropriation could have been 
more advantageously applied. 

i It gives me the greatest satisfaction to report that the money 
appropriated filled a distinct need and enabled Mrs. Hirschfield to 
enlarge the scope and power of her work up to the very day that the 
fair closed its doors on December 2, 1904. It seemed, indeed, to meet 
every want, and no child was ever turned from its hospitable doors. 
To this bright and happy spot parents could bring their children, 
even wee babies, and be themselves free to go unencumbered and 
enjoy the beauties and wonders spread so lavishly before them and 
happy in the consciousness that their little ones were receiving the 
tenderest care and were undoubtedly enjoying the many comforts 
and attractions provided for their welfare and entertainment. Here 
the wage-earner at the fair could bring her little child, leaving it with 
the same cheerful confidence. This also was the haven for lost chil- 
dren who were brought there by the police or by members of the 
Jefferson Guard, and here were they found by their distracted par- 
ents, or from here they were sent to their own abodes under safe escort. 

The care of lost children began on June 6, when the first lost child 
was brought to the playground. The system of caring for lost chil- 
dren was as follows : Lost children found by members of the Jefferson 
Guard or the police were brought to the Model Play Ground, accord- 
ing to orders received from headquarters. Every child brought in 
was recorded, and an aluminum tag bearing a certain number was 
attached to each. They were cared for and entertained, and had all 
the privileges accorded to children who were registered by their 
parents. After being recorded they were handed over to the matron 
to be washed and fed and given all necessary attention. They were 
then induced to join groups of other children of their age. As a rule 
they quickly forgot their sorrows in play. They were not permitted 
to leave the playground until called for or sent home. If not called 
for they were escorted to their homes, or, in case of children of suffi- 
cient age and intelligence, to the car by the attendants of the play- 
ground. Parents inquiring for lost children were directed to this 
place by guards and police. If the child had not yet been brought in, 
the inquirer was informed the child would be taken care of. The tele- 
phone and electric service proved of great assistance. The ages of 
lost children ranged from 2 to 13 years. The system kept track not 
only of those who were brought in, but also of those who were re- 
ported lost, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition should have credit 
for a " lost children system " so complete that children separated from 
parents or escorts were restored to them in every case. " The method 
used for the care of lost children is the most complete and far- 
reaching system that has yet been devised for the use of any world's 
fair." (World's Fair Bulletin, September, 1904.) 

Mrs. Hirschfield gave the following gratifying statement in her 
September report: 

u The $5,000 appropriated by the board of lady managers has 
assisted very materially in the ability to handle the increasing num- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 425 

ber of lost children, the fund enabling the playground to employ a 
larger number of trained assistants, and to add many and attractive 
features. 

" The expense incurred in the care of infants and lost children was 
not contemplated in the original playground plan." 

The accommodations for the children included bathing and laun- 
dry facilities ; clothing was furnished in some instances ; two lunch- 
eons were served daily; kindergarten classes were held morning and 
afternoon; athletic exercises and baths were furnished, and many 
were the children, boys particularly, who thus enjoyed luxuries not 
otherwise obtainable. 

Among the children attending the classes were a number who came 
regularly, including children admitted free, whose parents were em- 
ployed in the exposition grounds. The fee charged to parents who 
left their children to be cared for was, except in the case of small 
infants, 25 cents a day. For babies requiring the services of trained 
nurses, 50 cents. In the case of parents too poor to pay no charge 
was made. 

The ages of the children ranged from 2 weeks to 14 years. The 
number cared for, by months, was as follows : 

May and June, 483; Julv, 864; August, 1,160; September, 1,732; 
October, 1,922 ; November, 1,189 ; making a total of 7,350. 

The number of lost children brought to the plavground was: In 
June, 94; July, 132; August, 328; September, 248; October, 209; 
November, 156; total, 1,166. 

Children admitted free were newsboys, office boys, messenger boys, 
all children earning their living, or whose parents were employed 
within the exposition grounds. Many of these came regularly. The 
hospitality of the playground was also open to the children of the 
orphan asylums and other charitable institutions and to the children 
of the city playgrounds and kindergartens. 

The number of children admitted free was, in May and June, 336; 
Julv, 554; August, 8,616; September, 3,916; October, 1,789; Novem- 
ber,^ 5,700. 

On November 2 the children of all nations were received by Miss 
Helen M. Gould, who gave a souvenir gift to each child. 

On November 24 the children of all nations attended Thanksgiving 
dinner and ceremonies at the playground; 326 children were seated 
at the tables. After dinner they played and enjoyed the many 
features provided for their amusement. Every child took home a 
box of dainties and a souvenir of Thanksgiving Day, that traditional 
New England festivity. A member of the National Commission 
planned the affair, and it proved a notable success. Children of 
twenty-eight nationalities or tribes were gathered on the playground 
at one time. No such representation ever took place before, or was 
possible, except at the Model Play Ground and Day Nursery of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

It continued to be of service even to the closing hour. On Decem- 
ber 1, the final day of the fair, 48 children, of whom 19 were less than 
1 year old, were checked ; 2,000 children were admitted free of charge, 
and 31 lost children were cared for and returned in safety to their 
homes or guardians. 

In reviewing the experiences of the fair, it is gratifying to realize 
that although the members of the board of lady managers were not 



426 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

able to carry out one of their most cherished desires, and suffered 
keen disappointment in the abandonment of the creche, still they had 
the pleasure of rendering material aid to a beautiful work, for such 
certainly was the Model Play Ground and Day Nursery. 

Mrs. Hirschfield states that the assistance given by the board of 
lady managers can not be measured, for far beyond the money value 
of their appropriation was the power of their influence, and the 
interest aroused was not alone for the occasion of the fair, but would 
reach far into the future, affecting other undertakings of a similar 
nature. 

On the day following the close of the exposition, one of the most 
able of the directors of the exposition expressed his approval of the 
course of the board of lady managers. As hostesses of the fair, he 
complimented them gracefully, and for the attitude they had been 
obliged to take regarding the creche, of which he had been critical, 
he was happy to say he had been converted, and he was convinced 
that the board had acted prudently and wisely ; that undoubtedly the 
attempt to carry on the elaborate and expensive creche would have 
ended in financial failure and embarrassments; that the aid given 
Mrs. Hirschfield had made the Play Ground and Day Nursery so 
effective that it met all needs in a most acceptable manner and had 
proven one of the most interesting and satisfactory features of the 
great exposition. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Emily S. G. Holcombe, Chairman. 
Helen M. Gould. 
Frances M. Hanger. 

The committee on woman's congresses was created by the first presi- 
dent of the board of lady managers in April, 1903, and its aim was to 
be instrumental in bringing together representative women of this 
and foreign countries, either as organized bodies or as individuals, 
in order that by discussion and comparison of all social, educational, 
charitable, and industrial aspirations, and an interchange of thought 
on important questions relating to the welfare of women, the higher 
intellectual, moral, and physical plane that has already been estab- 
lished might not only continue to be maintained, but mutual interests 
be renewed and encouraged. They hoped to thus foster a better 
understanding of the aims of women of the different countries, and, 
by strengthening their common cause and making possible uniformity 
of action, promote the advancement of women everywhere. 

It was further desired by thus bringing together distinguished 
women from all parts of the world interested in mental development 
and philanthropic and reformatory work, to review not only the old, 
but add the new record of the historical progress of women to date, 
to learn not only the various achievements now being accomplished 
by the women of the world in all phases of life at the present time, 
but ascertain the objective height now sought or thought to be attain- 
able for them in each country. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 427 

The committee felt that this exposition would afford an oppor- 
tunity to carefully consider humantarian interests, and record the 
close connection of women to the most important issues, their strug- 
gles, and their possibilities. The encouraging stimulus that would be 
given to them by the mutual expression of their hopes of the ultimate 
success of each earnest endeavor for their advancement, must inevit- 
ably result in aiding the elevation of women and the improvement of 
the conditions under which they live, and upon which not only their 
own welfare, but that of the nation, largely depends. 

It was, therefore, a source of great regret to the members of the 
committee that their desire to carry out these commendable plans 
were doomed, in great measure not to be realized because, while the 
" suggestion " was again approved by the Exposition Company, no 
means were provided for the carrying out of the work, and their 
own appropriation was not received by the board in time to be made 
available. 

The following is the final report of the committee on women's 
congresses : 

The committee on women's congresses was appointed by Mrs. Blair, 
April 19, 1903, and was composed of Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Hanger, and 
Mrs. Buchwalter, who was, by unanimous vote, made chairman 
December 18 of that year. 

When the committee was first created it asked for a letter of 
instruction from the exposition board. This letter was received 
together with a list of women's organizations which had been com- 
piled in the office of the Exposition Company. Communications 
were at once sent to each of these associations, also to others selected 
by the committee, in all more than fifty. In addition to extending 
an invitation to hold its meeting at St. Louis during the World's 
Fair, each organization was told that a place of meeting would be 
provided, and that all possible aid would be given in making pre- 
liminary arrangements by a board of information which would be 
ready to supply any assistance necessary in preparing for the meeting. 

Up to this time it had been hoped that it would be possible to 
inaugurate a series of meetings of women's associations which would 
be congresses in more than name. The committee, however, w T as con- 
fronted with the serious limitation of no treasury from which to draw. 
At the last meeting of the board during the incumbency of the first 
president, a committee had been appointed with Mrs. Manning as 
chairman, which was to ask Congress for $100,000 for the use of the 
board of lady managers. It was hoped that this matter might be 
brought to the attention of Congress at the special session in the fall 
of 1903, but the delay caused by the necessity of electing a new presi- 
dent retarded all the work of the board. Upon the election of Mrs. 
Manning to the presidency a new legislative committee was appointed 
which, unfortunately, was not able to report the success of its mission 
of securing the appropriation until March 1, 1904, by which time all 
the organizations had perfected their plans for that year, in conse- 
puence of which all idea of congresses was reluctantly abandoned. 



428 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In the meantime responses were received from many of the larger 
organizations, some of which said that experience had shown that the 
interest of their stated meetings suffered when they were held where 
there were so many counter attractions as were offered by a great expo- 
sition; others did not respond at all. Of those who accepted and 
held meetings in St. Louis in the season of 1904, were the various fra- 
ternal organizations of women, the General Federation of Women's 
Clubs, the National Mothers' Congress, the International Council, 
Council of Jewish Women, the Daughters of the American Revolu- 
tion, National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, the United 
Daughters of the Confederacy, the P. E. O.'s, the Women's Christian 
Temperance Union, the Women's Relief Corps of the Grand Army of 
the Republic, and the Association of Collegiate Alumna?. 

All the meetings which were held at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition were largely attended and noted for the enthusiasm of the 
members and the great interest taken in the objects represented by 
the respective organizations. 

Respectfully submitted. 

C B. BUCHWALTEK. 

M. M. Andrews. 
F. M. Hanger. 



Pursuant to adjournment, on March 5, 1904, a meeting of the 
board of lady managers was called by the president for April 28 T 
1904, to enable the members to be present at the opening exercises 
of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which were to take place on 
April 30 of that year. 

The board was in session until May 9, during which time many 
matters of importance were considered. Letters were read from 
organizations, reports received from chairmen of committees, and 
jurors appointed. On May 6 a resolution, presented by Mrs. Hol- 
combe and amended by Miss Egan, was adopted, by which the 
president of the board was made active chairman of the executive, 
entertainment, and ceremonies committees, and full plans were made 
for the conduct of the affairs of the board during the coming months 
of the exposition period. 

Twenty-one of the twenty-two members were present, and on the 
morning of April 30 the board met and proceeded in a body to the 
Administration Building, where they joined the president and direc- 
tors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the members of 
the National Commission, and representatives from foreign coun- 
tries, and, entering carriages, were driven to the Peace Monument, 
where seats were reserved for them. After the close of the inter- 
esting exercises officially opening the exposition, 5,000 invited guests 
adjourned to the Varied Industries Building, where luncheon was 
served. After a brilliant display of fireAvorks in the evening at the 
Stadium, the board of lady managers entertained a distinguished 
company at dinner, which closed the festivities of opening day. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 429 

The following is the final report of the committee on entertainment 
and ceremonies: 

The board of lady managers took possession of their new building 
which had been completed and furnished and was ready for occu- 
pancy at the time they arrived in St. Louis for the meeting, April 
28, which was the first to be held in their own house, and afforded 
them the earliest opportunity to see the structure and the result of 
the work that had been done in preparing and furnishing it for their 
use. 

The first entertainment given by them was in honor of the presi- 
dent and members of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commis- 
sion, on the evening of April 30, the official opening day of the expo- 
sition. Invited to meet them was the representative of "the President 
of the United States, Secretary Taft, the president of the Exposition 
Company and Mrs. Francis, the directors of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company and their wives, the governors of the States 
represented at the opening exercises and their wives, the Senators, 
and Members of the House, representing the two bodies of Congress, 
and other distinguished visitors and citizens. It was a most brilliant 
and interesting gathering, and not only rounded out the opening day 
with satisfaction to all, but inaugurated the series of entertainments 
that were to be afterwards given in the building of the board of lady 
managers. 

In the argument of President Francis before the appropriation 
committee, in January, 1903, when asking Congress to make the 
additional loan, he said : 

" We are the nation's hosts, as we understand it. We propose to 
entertain distinguished people from every section of the globe. 
* * * Bear in mind we are entertaining the guests of the Gov- 
ernment, we think we are benefiting the commerce of the country; 
we think we are doing a patriotic service in commemorating a great 
event and bringing all classes into closer relations, cementing the ties 
that bind the different sections of the nation, affording our people 
opportunity to see something of the people and customs and the 
resources of our possessions, and, on the other hand, affording oppor- 
tunity to those people to become acquainted with this great country." 

At the meeting of the board on March 2, 1904, after the board of 
lady managers had obtained the appropriation from Congress that 
placed it within its power to meet the requirements of its position, 
President Francis was asked what he thought would be the pleasure 
of the executive committee that the board do with the funds so 
obtained, as no expression had been received from the company as 
to what special duty it was anxious, or would like, to have the board 
perform, to which President Francis replied, that he " had not given 
the matter thought, but that the board would want to do some enter- 
taining ; that the ladies were well adapted to that ; they were experi- 
enced in that sort of thing and knew how to go about it. That he did 
not see much they could do with the money aside from entertaining." 

And thus the board of lady managers authoritatively took its place 
in the great exposition, in the complex mechanism of which it was 
but a single factor, and assumed the responsibility of doing its share 
of the entertaining on behalf of women at the exposition. 



430 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

What form of government is there at the present time that is not 
dependent upon the household of the executive and the homes of the 
officials for the social success of an administration? An exposition 
on the enormous scale of that which existed in St. Louis partook in 
its management for the time being of the nature of a government ; an 
executive and official household was an essential and important factor 
because the representatives of all nations were to be entertained. As 
in this World's Fair, the highest recognition was given to women, it 
was but reasonable that women should be appointed to take the place 
set apart for them, and to perform such duties as would be assigned 
to them in any well-regulated government, and upon the broadest 
scale, their province being that of national hostesses, their privilege 
to extend a generous and far-reaching hospitality to all official digni- 
taries from home and abroad who visited the exposition. 

Among the social events occurring at the building of the board of 
lady managers, the following is a list of the more prominent ones 
held during the exposition period : 

Dinner to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, 
April 30; reception tendered to Mrs. Francis, wife of the president 
of the Exposition Company, May 9; reception to officers of Army 
and Navy, present in and around St. Louis at that time, May 18; 
luncheon to General Federation of Women's Clubs, May 19; lunch- 
eon to Miss Roosevelt, May 31; tea to Musical Federation, June 2; 
dinner to Prince Pu Lun, the official representative to the exposition 
of the Empress An of China, June 10; reception to foreign repre- 
sentatives at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, June IT; reception 
to P. E. O.'s, June 18; reception to governors, and State and Terri- 
torial commissioners at the exposition, June 24; dinner to Governor 
Odell, of New York, and Mrs. Odell, June 28; visit of Cardinal 
Satolli, July 1; reception to Mrs. Charles Mercer Hall, July 12; 
reception to Civic Federation, July 12; reception to members of 
Interparliamentary Union, at which time the building was draped 
with the flags of all nations, and the national airs of the different 
countries represented were played by the orchestra, September 12; 
reception to Mrs. Sarah S. Piatt Decker, president of the General 
Federation of Women's Clubs, September 19; reception to members 
of the Congress of Arts and Sciences, September 20; reception to 
members of the American Bar Association and Congress of Lawyers 
and Jurists, September 30; reception to the president, Mrs. Augus- 
tine Smythe, and officers and members of the United Daughters of 
the Confederacy, October 7 ; reception to the president, Mrs. Charles 
W. Fairbanks, and officers and members of the National Society 
Daughters of the American Revolution, October 11; reception to the 
governor of Connecticut and his staff, October 13; tea to hostesses 
of State and Territorial buildings, October 14; reception to the 
president, Mrs. Herbert Claiborne, and members National Society 
Colonial Dames of America, October 20 ; an informal dance, October 
25 ; reception to meet the president and members of the Wednesday 
Club, of St. Louis, October 29 ; reception to meet the members of the 
Association of Collegiate Alumnae, November 3; reception to meet 
the president and members of the Woman's Club of St. Louis, No- 
vember 7 ; informal dance, November 9 ; dinner to President Francis, 
November 12; reception to Forest Park University students, Novem- 
ber 14; informal dance, November 18; reception to Prince Fushimi, 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 431 

the official representative to the exposition of the Mikado of Japan, 
November 22; dinner to Jefferson Guards, Thanksgiving Day, No- 
vember 24; final reception of the board of lady managers on what 
was known as " Francis Day," in honor of the president of the ex- 
position, when the board of lady managers kept informal " open 
house " and entertained all who called on this, the last day of the 
exposition, December 1. 

The members of the board met their obligations with acceptable 
dignity, offering cordial hospitality to all the important bodies meet- 
ing within the exposition grounds. Their building was the social 
center around which gathered the national and international repre- 
sentatives of governments and organizations, until more than 25,000 
persons received specific invitation to their official entertainments. 
And whether the hospitality was extended to His Eminence, the 
emissary of the Pope, or whether it was a reception to His Imperial 
Highness, the representative of the Mikado of Japan, or a dinner to 
the envoy of Empress An, of China, or to the governor of a State and 
his staff, or to the members of the National Commission, or the offi- 
cials of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, all were wel- 
comed with genuine cordiality, the board of lady managers never 
failing to remember their responsibility and that they were repre- 
senting the nation and serving their country by thus doing their share 
in affording an opportunity for all nationalities to become acquainted 
with each other and with our social customs as demonstrated at the 
exposition. 

Respectfully submitted. 

M. Margaretta Manning, Chairman, 

Fannie Lowery Porter, 

Belle L. Everest, 

Josephine Sullivan, 

Salena V. Ernest, 

M. K. de Young, 

Katharine Pratt Horton, 

Helen Boice-Hunsicker, 

Amelia von Mayhoff, 

Members of Committee. 

The ninth meeting of the board was called September 20, 1904. 
This was a special meeting called for the purpose of reconfirming the 
departmental jurors as is set forth m the final report of the chairman 
of the committee on awards. 

An exposition must of necessity prove educational. The director 
of exhibits of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition said " The oppor- 
tunity afforded for study and comparison of the various productions 
of human genius and activity classified and shown in detail, the 
finished product beside the methods and processes by which articles 
are produced, the vast systems of machinery in operation, and the 
skilled artisans occupied in difficult and intricate employments or 
native industries, representing accurately and in detail the latest de- 
velopment of the various arts and manufactures, makes it possible 
for not only the student to acquire knowledge, but each exhibitor may 



432 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

learn something from every other exhibitor in his class which may be 
to his advantage, and which may lead to the improvement of that 
which he produces, whether it be in the domain of art or manufacture, 
at home or abroad. The measure of the value of an international 
exposition is determined by the number of important countries repre- 
sented by exhibits, the characteristics and comprehensive nature of 
these exhibits, or the excellence in quality according to the standards 
of the countries from which they come. That an exposition affords the 
greatest opportunity that manufacturers and producers of a nation 
have to increase their export trade by displaying their samples and 
products before the eyes of foreign people whose markets they seek. 
Exhibitors are commercial and noncommercial." The commercial 
exhibitor has as his chief object the advertisement of his business and 
consequent increase in the sale of his goods by means of his display 
and the possible receipt of an award which may prove valuable in 
future exploitation of his products. The noncommercial exhibitor 
has but the moral satisfaction of receiving the tangible assurance of 
the excellence of his work as represented by the award. 

Though woman's work enters into almost all manufactured articles, 
its proportion in some is very small, and at the Columbian Expo- 
sition, where it was estimated that women had a share in nearly 350 
industries, it was finally agreed between the board of control and the 
board of lady managers that the best method upon which to base the 
proportion of women on the juries would be to give them representa- 
tion according to the amount of work done by women on articles to 
be judged in each department of the classification. This was a very 
satisfactory arrangement to that board, inasmuch as the manufac- 
turers exhibiting were asked on the application blanks furnished 
them when they applied" for space : " Was the work upon this exhibit 
done wholly or in part by women ? " An affirmative answer entitled 
the board of lady managers to membership on the jury of awards, 
giving them a majority in any department where women were es- 
pecially active, and a minority, or total exclusion, where she had 
contributed little or nothing to the department, which would seem 
a most equitable method. 

The impossibility of ascertaining these facts greatly affected the 
right of representation of the board of lady managers of the Louis- 
iana Purchase Exposition on the juries of awards. 

President Francis, in his address to the board on March 2, 1904, 
spoke on this subject as follows: 

I wish to say again — I think I have made this statement to you 
before — that when we started the organization of the exposition the 
question of separate fields of exhibit of competition was suggested 
and advanced, but the stronger view was presented as we believed 
by the stronger women, that there should be no contest between 
individual members of the different sexes, but that the work of each 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 433 

should be shown — that if women had not arrived at that stage and 
made that advancement which permitted them to compete with 
men's work, they had advanced but little. Therefore we did not 
think of making any separate classification for the exhibitions of 
women's work — they came in under the same classification as men. 
On most of the lines of work upon which women have entered, they 
are holding their own, if not in every instance. 

While there was formerly something to be said on each side of the 
question of separate exhibits, the extent to which women now enter 
into all departments of industrial and professional activities, ren- 
ders it not only difficult, but in some instances almost impossible, 
to make a separate exhibit of the part they perform. It is true, if 
women were to-day eliminated from the employments in which they 
are now engaged and relegated to those of forty years ago, the exhib- 
its of the nature of man's work would be in no wise affected, and 
women have not sufficiently taken the initiative (from lack of capital 
and adverse competition), in establishing large manufacturing plants 
to be enabled by these means to make exhibits on similar lines; but 
where women now work by the side of, and the quality of their men- 
tal and manual labor competes satisfactorily with that of men, it 
is now her right to receive unqualified recognition and consideration 
as an economic factor, and her work should not only be accorded the 
consideration and respect it deserves, but insure to her the receipt of 
equal compensation for equal services performed. 

It is to be regretted that the example of other expositions was not 
followed in requiring manufacturers to indicate by means of some 
device placed upon their exhibit what proportion or percentage was 
" in whole or part the work of women," and it is urged that this be 
done in all future expositions, large and small, that all who are inter- 
ested in this matter may ascertain the facts, and that the record of 
the kind of industries in which women share, and which portion of 
them they perform, may be available at all times as statistical infor- 
mation. 

In selecting the jurors it is desirable and necessary that the most 
careful discrimination be used, in order to secure the best and most 
skillful women to represent each special department, and those well 
versed in the requisite technical knowledge. 

At the meeting of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition, held April 29, 1903, the following resolution 
was offered by Mrs. Daniel Manning, and accepted by the board : 

Resolved, First, it shall be the duty of the committee on awards of 
the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 
through its chairman or otherwise, to ascertain definitely in regard 
to every exhibit in the exposition, whether or not the labor of women 
was employed in its production. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 28 



434 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Second, it shall be the duty of this committee to take any and all 
action to secure and appoint competent jurors of awards in every 
class and group of the classification where woman's labor has been 
engaged in the production of any articles exhibited therein. 

A copy of this resolution, under date of May 2, was sent to the sec- 
retary of the local company, and the following reply received : 

St. Louis, May 26, 1903. 
Madam President: I am directed by President Francis to inform 
you that the resolutions adopted by the board at a called meeting on 
May 2, 1903, with reference to participation in the award system, has 
been reported upon by the director of exhibits, Mr. Skiff, who states 
that his division has taken notice of the resolution, and will, in due 
time, prepare a list of those exhibits which are in whole or in part 
the labor of women. 

Respectfully, W. B. Stevens, 

Secretary. 

At a meeting of the board, held in the Administration Building 
March 1, 1904, in response to a call by the president for a report from 
the committee on awards, Mrs. Hanger, chairman of the committee, 
said: 

This committee was named by Mrs. Manning after our last meet- 
ing, as follows: Mrs. Hanger, Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, Mrs. Porter, 
and Mrs. Hunsicker. I happened to be here in January, and asked 
Miss Egan to go with me to see Mr. Skiff. We waited two or three 
hours and saw Mr. Skiff about fifteen minutes. It had been said 
there were 200 jurors to be appointed, and we would only have the 
appointing of 35 or 40 of them. He assured us that the lists could 
not be made out as the exhibits were not installed. He gave us some 
instructions in regard to the selection of jurors, saying that they 
must stand for intellectual ability ; it did not matter how many peo- 
ple applied for appointment, we must be governed by that. 

I had a letter from Mrs. Manning suggesting that I try again. 
I wrote to Mr. Stevens and he communicated with Mr. Skiff, and later 
repeated to me the same thing. We have had quite a number of 
names suggested, and I have written to the other members of the 
committee asking them to come here as soon as the exhibits are in 
place. I hope we can hold that meeting very early, but until after 
that meeting I do not feel that we have anything to report. 

In response to questions from members of the board as to whether 
Mr. Skiff was to be understood to mean that there were but 35 or 40 
things to be exhibited at the exposition which were made in whole or 
in part by women, Mrs. Hanger said that Mr. Skiff said the board 
" would only have the appointing of 35 or 40 women — that it was a 
matter of expense and that they must assist in keeping it down." 

This decision was a source of great disappointment to the board, 
as it has been shown most conclusively that scarcely anything is 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 435 

manufactured that women do not at least share in the production or 
process of its manufacture. The act of Congress stated that there 
should be appointed by this board a member of every jurj^ judging 
rt any work that may have been produced in whole or in part by 
female labor," and the members were averse to an abridgment of the 
authority vested in them by the wording of the act. 

Expositions are a natural and useful factor to women in that by 
their means new avenues of employment that are constantly being 
opened to them may be collectively demonstrated, and it can be shown 
in which of these they may share and excel or be most successful, 
and statistics may be compiled showing the proportion of wages that 
women receive for their share of labor performed equivalent to that 
of men, and other helpful information and facts procured which are 
not easily ascertained by other means. 

The Departments of Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Ex- 
hibits, Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and Game, and Physical 
Culture were not given representation by the Exposition Company 
on the group juries appointed by the board of lady managers, and 
while it is undoubtedly true that all of these fields have been invaded 
by women as assistant workers, yet evolution and progress in these 
lines are necessarily slow where their opportunities have not been 
commensurate with those of men and more congenial employment 
is undoubtedly afforded in education, art, liberal arts, manufactures, 
agriculture, horticulture, anthropology, and social economy. 

The " Special Rules and Regulations providing for an Interna- 
tional Jury and Governing the System of Making Awards," as 
applicable to the board of lady managers, read as follows : 

The total number of jurors in the international jury of awards 
shall be approximately 2 per cent of the total number of exhibitors, 
but not in excess of that number, and each nation having fifty exhib- 
itors or more shall be entitled to representation on the jury. The 
number of jurors for each art or industry, and for each nationality 
represented, shall, as far as practicable, be proportional to the num- 
ber of exhibitors and the importance of the exhibits. 

Of this selected body of international jurors, three graded juries 
will be constituted: One, the general organization of group juries; 
two, department juries; three, a superior jury. 

Each group jury shall be composed of jurors and alternates. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall certify to the 
board of lady managers the numbers of groups in which the exhibits 
have been produced in whole, or in part, by female labor; to each 
of the groups so certified the board of lady managers may appoint 
one juror and one alternate to that juror; such appointees, when con- 
firmed, shall have the privileges and be amenable to the regulations 
for other jurors and alternates. 

Nominations made by chiefs of departments, and by the board of 
lady managers, shall be submitted to the director of exhibits, and 
when approved he shall submit them to the president of the Exposi- 
tion Company. 



436 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved by 
the president of the exposition, shall be transmited to the president 
of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for the approval 
of that body. 

The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and 
shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter. 

Examinations or other work not completed in the time specified 
herein will be transferred to the department jury. 

Each group shall carefully examine all exhibits pertaining to the 
group to which it has been assigned. It shall also consider and pass 
upon the merits of the collaborators whose work may be conspicuous 
in the design, development, or construction of the exhibits. 

The jury shall prepare separate lists, presenting the names of such 
exhibitors as are out of competition ; awards recommended to exhibi- 
tors in order of merit ; awards recommended to collaborators in order 
of merit; a report giving an account of the most important objects 
exhibited, and a general account of the group as a whole. 

Each department jury shall be composed of the chairmen and vice- 
chairmen of the group juries of the respective departments, with one 
member of the directory of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany, to be named by the president of the company, and one person 
appointed by the board of lady managers. 

Each department jury shall complete its organization and begin 
its work on September 20, 1904. 

The duties of these juries shall be to consider carefully and review 
the reports of the group juries; to harmonize any differences that 
may exist between the recommendations of the several group juries 
as to awards, and to adjust all awards recommended so that they will 
be consistent with the rules and regulations. 

No more than ten days may be devoted to this work, and when the 
awards recommended by the group juries have been adjusted the 
department juries shall, through the chiefs of their respective depart- 
ments, submit their findings to the director of exhibits, who shall, 
within five days after the receipt thereof, certify the same to the 
superior jury, including such work as may have been left incomplete 
by the department jury. 

The officers and members of the superior jury shall be as follows : 
President, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Com- 
pany; first vice-president, the director of exhibits; second vice- 
president, a citizen of the United States to be named by the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Commission. The members of the jury shall 
further consist of the commissioners-general of the nine foreign coun- 
tries occupying with exhibits the largest amount of space in the 
exhibit palaces, the chairmen and first vice-chairmen of the depart- 
ment juries, the chiefs of the exhibit departments, and one person 
appointed by the board of lady managers. 

The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards to 
be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are formally 
presented for its consideration. 

For the purpose of installation and review of exhibits and the con- 
duct of the system of awards a classification was adopted which was 
divided into fifteen departments, which were divided into 144 groups, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 437 

which in turn were subdivided into 807 classes. They will show that 
while many of the groups and classes are not suited to the require- 
ments of woman's work, yet all products of female labor can be prop- 
erly classed in these departments, and that there are extremely few 
occupations in which man is engaged in which woman can not and 
does not also work. 

The list of appointments of group and department jurors appointed 
by the board of lady managers is given in the final report of the chair- 
man of the committee on awards. 

At a meeting held on May 9, 1904, the committee to present nomi- 
nations for superior jury announced the names of Mrs. Eliza Eads 
How, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, Mrs. Thomas N. Neidringhaus, and Miss 
Mary E. Perry. On ballot the result was the election of Mrs. Philip 
N. Moore, of St. Louis, with Mrs. Eliza Eads How, of the same city, 
as alternate. 

In order to arrive at some conclusion in regard to the representa- 
tion of women at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and to gain 
some knowledge of the extent of her participation in exhibits, the fol- 
lowing questions were addressed to the jurors appointed by the board 
of lady managers. They were not designed to be more than sug- 
gestive, as, of course, in some instances hardly more than one or two 
would apply to a given department. They were based on the rules 
and regulations, however, by which awards were issued. 

The Department of at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 

in which you were a juror in group No. — , contained groups 

and classes within the groups. Can you give an approximate 

estimate of the proportional number of exhibits by women contained 
in these classes ? 

Please give the nature of the exhibits by women (or articles exhib- 
ited by them) in your department, group, and classes. 

Which, in your opinion, were the most striking exhibits by women 
in your department ? 

What advancement did they show in the progress of women in any 
special industry, art, science, etc. ? 

What proportion, or, approximately, what number, of exhibits 
were installed by foreign women ? 

Was any display made that would lead you to think that women 
were now capable of executing unusual or more creditable work than 
they accomplished eleven years ago (at the time of the Chicago Ex- 
position) or at any time in the past? 

In what way did their work (or exhibits) differ from their work 
(or exhibits) of the past? 

Would their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 
where it was placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, 
prove helpful or suggestive to those interested in the advancement 
and success of women's work ? If so, how ? 

Was the work of women as well appreciated when placed by the 
side of that of men ? 



438 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Would the results have been better if their work had been separ- 
ately exhibited ? 

If you have attended previous expositions, please compare the ex- 
hibits of the work of women shown in them with those shown at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

Were any manufacturers asked (to your knowledge) to state the 
percentage of woman's work which entered into the manufacture of 
their special exhibits ? 

Were they shown in such manner as to indicate in any way, or to 
enable you to distinguish, which part had been performed by women, 
which by men ? 

In your opinion, what proportion of the work was performed by 
women, as compared with that performed by men, in the groups and 
classes that came under your supervision ? 

What proportion of women received awards in your group or 
classes ? 

Was any new or useful or distinctive invention or process shown as 
the work of woman, or special work of their art or handicraft ex- 
hibited in your department ; if so, please specify. 

What can you say of the skill and ingenuity displayed in the inven- 
tion, construction, or application ? 

Were any of the exhibits of women developments of original inven- 
tions, or an improvement on the work of some prior inventor ? 

What was the value of the product, process, machine, or device, as 
measured by its usefulness or beneficient influence on mankind, in its 
physical, mental, moral, or educational aspects? 

What of the merits of the installation as to the ingenuity and taste 
displayed, and its value as an exposition attraction ? 

Did any new avenues of employment appear to be opened for 
women, as shown by their exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition, in the arts, sciences, industries, etc.; if so, to what extent; 
what is their value ? 

In which of these will their work be of the most distinct value by 
reason of the natural adaptability, sensitive or artistic temperaments, 
and individual tastes of women ? 

In your opinion, what education will best enable women to enjoy 
the wider opportunities awaiting them and make their work of the 
greatest worth, not only to themselves but to the world, as evidenced 
by their work at the exposition. 

Remarks. — Give any information or make any statement you may 
think of interest in regard to the part taken by women as shown by 
their work or exhibits at the exposition, and the beneficial results to 
be derived by women in general by reason of their representation at 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

Department A, Education, of which Dr. Howard J. Rogers was 
chief, comprised 8 groups and 26 classes, the board of lady managers 
being represented in G of the 8 groups. 

Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, of the Bureau of Education, 
Washington, D. C., juror. 

Under the group heading of "Elementary Education," the four 
classes into which it was divided represented kindergarten, elemen- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 439 

tary grades, training and certification of teachers, continuation 
schools, including evening schools, vacation schools, and schools for 
special training. (Legislation, organization, general statistics. 
School supervision and school management. Buildings : Plans, mod- 
els; school hygiene. Methods of instruction; results obtained.) 

In a letter Miss Smith says : 

The chairmanship which I held in the group jury was that of the 
committee on the report of the jury formed to prepare a survey of 
the material presented to the attention of the group to serve as an 
introduction to the secretary's minutes. Owing to circumstances the 
committee were unable to work as a whole on the report and it be- 
came consequently the sole work of the chairman. I mention this 
fact because it illustrates the equality of service as between men and 
women in the jury of group 1. 

Miss Smith's report is as follows : , 

Women's Work in the Educational Exhibits, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

With respect to the exhibits at St. Louis upon which the Jury on' 
Elementary Education (Group 1) were appointed to pass judgment, 
it would be impossible to discriminate between the work of men and 
women as therein illustrated. 

These exhibits comprised first and chiefly the work of pupils; 
second, photographs and models illustrating school architecture, 
school appliances, and school life; third, statistical charts and re- 
ports pertaining to the administrative work of school systems. 

The great bulk of the material in these exhibits belonged to the 
first of the three divisions specified above. Since very nearly three- 
fourths of the teachers in the public elementary schools of the United 
States are women, it is obvious that the greater proportion of the 
pupils' work exhibited was the direct outcome of the efforts of women 
teachers. 

In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions of our country 
the proportion of women teachers is much smaller than in the whole 
country; in the divisions named they form only a little more than 
one-half the whole teaching force, but so far as they were represented 
no difference was made between the work of men and women as ex- 
hibited in the section here considered, nor was there any difference in 
the mode of estimating the work. 

The second class of material mentioned, i. e., photographic views 
and models, was largely the work of experts, artists, and craftsmen 
employed for the purpose. It would be impossible to determine the 
relative proportion of men and women contributing, although it is 
probable that the former were in excess. It should be observed, how- 
ever, that many very interesting devices for teaching children, many 
suggestive modifications of kindergarten material and exercises, and 
many excellent photographs showing classes at work, were executed 
by women. The great skill and admirable system attained by women 
teachers in the preparation of material for teaching the sciences to 



440 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

children were illustrated in a very graphic manner by the exhibits of 
normal schools, such as those of Massachusetts and the State Normal 
School of Rhode Island. 

The third class of material named, i. e., that pertaining to school 
administration — chiefly in the form of statistical charts and reports — 
was the work of school superintendents and their clerical force, in 
which branch of the school service comparatively few women are 
engaged. 

The mode of installation formed a striking feature in the case of 
many of the systems of public schools exhibited at St. Louis. The 
highest results were achieved where the plan of the exhibit had been 
carefully worked out with full regard to aesthetic effect and educa- 
tional significance. In the formation of these plans women had 
very largely participated, and in one instance, namely, that of the 
Minnesota educational exhibit, the entire installation was planned 
and carried to a successful completion by a woman. This exhibit 
was ranked in the first class for the unity of its plan, the complete- 
ness with which it set forth the educational provision in every 
part of the State, and its aesthetic finish. In judging of exhibits, 
the person who planned and organized the exhibit was regarded as 
a collaborator, and to Miss S. E. Sirwell, the collaborator in this 
instance, the highest award allowable was adjudged by the jury of 
group 1, a distinction which was conferred upon very few individuals. 

The exhibit of the public school system of the city of St. Louis, 
which was universally admired, owed its chief decorative effect to 
the artistic skill of Miss M. R. Garesche, who composed and executed 
a series of 16 transparent paintings representing a history of edu- 
cation. These pictures formed a succession of brilliant panels on the 
external side of the facade, and for this unique work a gold medal 
was awarded to Miss Garesche. 

Mention should also be made of a very interesting series of paint- 
ings by Miss Florence Hedleston, of Oxford, Miss., representing all 
the wild flowers of that State, an exhibit which excited much atten- 
tion both for its artistic excellence and its usefulness in teaching the 
native flora. 

The exhibit of New York City afforded many striking examples of 
the ingenuity and progressive spirit of women teachers. The public 
school system of this city has had marked development on what may 
be called the sociologic or philanthropic side, and in this develop- 
ment, which was graphically illustrated in the educational exhibit, 
women teachers have borne a very important part. It is, however, 
impossible here to particularize as to their work in this respect. 

The external side of the New York City booth in the Education 
Building was utilized for the exhibit of the Woman's School of 
Design. The exhibit consisted of a remarkable collection of original 
designs which, with one or two exceptions, were purchased by manu- 
facturing firms as they stood on the wall. Although this work did 
not come within the scope of the jury of group 1, I mention it here 
to emphasize the fact that the exhibits of art schools in the Educa- 
tion Building showed very remarkable progress on the part of women 
in the art of designing. 

This survey had been confined almost entirely to the exhibits of 
the United States. It need hardly be said that in no foreign country 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 441 

do women play so important a part in education, and on account of 
the mode of installation it would have been impossible to distinguish 
between their work and that of men in the foreign exhibits. Men- 
tion may, however, be made of the fact that the exhibits of French 
industrial schools for girls and of the French lycees for girls, which 
were of a very high order, were substantially the work of women. 
In the Swedish section there was a very admirable exhibit of sec- 
ondary schools for girls and coeducational schools, which had been 
planned and installed by Miss Mathilda Widegren. In the English 
section were shown very remarkable specimens of art work in jewelry 
and silver repousse designed and executed by women students. As 
the foreign exhibits specified did not come under the jury of group 1, 
I am unable to report the awards which they received. 

The increasing recognition of the value of women's services is 
indicated by the increase in the proportion of women called to serve 
upon the exposition juries. The jury of group 1 included three 
women, of whom two were foreigners, namely, Miss Elizabeth Fischer, 
a teacher from Halle, Germany, and Miss Mathilda Widegren, asso- 
ciate principal of a private school in Sweden. These three members 
were all women of great experience in the matters with respect 
to which they were called to judge, and their abilities were most 
cordially and heartily recognized by their colleagues. Indeed, in 
view of the place in education which is now accorded to women in our 
own country and in the leading countries of Europe, I should unhesi- 
tatingly say that it is for the advantage of women and of society in 
general that their work should not be separately exhibited, but should 
rather form an integral part of a collective exhibit. This principle, 
indeed, might not apply to certain specialties which have heretofore 
been exclusively or almost exclusively practiced by men, or which 
(like artistic needlework) have a particularly feminine character. 

Anna Tolman Smith, 
Member of the International Jury, Group 1, 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

Bureau or Education, 

Washington, D. C. 

As chairman of the committee to report on the work of the jury, 
Miss Smith writes : 

Report of a Committee of the Jury of Group i. 

The material presented for the consideration of the jury of group 
No. 1 (elementary education) comprised on the part of the United 
States the exhibit of public education as organized in 34 States 
and Territories, in 6 cities (presented as separate units), and in 15 
foreign countries. In number, extent, and complexity these exhibits 
surpassed all previous collections of the kind; the separate entries 
ran up into the thousands, representing for the most part such impor- 
tant collections as the exhibits of cities, counties, and groups of rural 
schools, all deserving careful attention. 

The examination of this material in the brief time allowed (twenty 
days) was a severe task, and would have been impossible but for the 
circumstance that, with two exceptions, the exhibits were all placed 



442 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

in one building. For the first time in the history of expositions the 
chief collective activity of civilized peoples was honored by an edi- 
fice planned and erected for itself alone. This concentration of the 
material under the general direction of an experienced and able chief, 
thoroughly familiar with the arrangements and of unfailing courtesy 
and helpfulness, alone brought the work assigned the jury of group 1 
within the bounds of possible achievement. Their efforts were fur- 
thered also by the expert qualification of each and every member of 
the group by the system and perfect harmony in which they worked, 
and by the exceptional ability of their official staff: Chairman, Dr. 
E. O. Lyte; vice-chairman, Mr. B. Buisson, representing the French 
Government; secretary, Mr. Morales de Los Rios, representing the 
Cuban Government. 

The details of the group organization are shown by the minutes of 
the secretary, which also present a full record of its daily action and 
findings. It remains here only to speak of salient features of this 
particular division of the exposition, whose effects can not be indi- 
cated nor estimated by any system of awards. 

The installations of the various exhibits had been carefully planned 
and were, as a rule, effective, and in many cases extremely beautiful. 
The United States has made notable progress in this respect since 
the Chicago Exposition of 1893, and even since the Paris Exposition 
in 1900, and in the present exposition several of our States and cities 
offer fine models of the exhibitor's art. This is the case especially 
with Missouri and St. Louis; the latter in particular has realized 
the double purpose of challenging popular attention and satisfying 
critical taste. The art of effective exposition, whether worked out 
with noble simplicity or rich decorative accessories, requires on the 
one hand intelligent selection and coordination of the material, and on 
the other skill in the treatment of space and artistic elements. No 
small part of the value of an educational exhibit lies in its esthetic 
quality, since this reveals not less clearly than the methods and 
results of school training the inherent genius of a people. This 
International Exposition has been rich in this quality, on account 
both of the number of different nations participating and the care 
taken by each to give distinctive character to its display. This is 
marked in the exhibits of elementary education, which in nearly all 
European countries forms a complete whole, distinct from other 
grades, and having the definite purpose of maintaining an established 
social order or national type through the intellectual, manual, and 
artistic training of the masses. The presentation of elementary edu- 
cation as an independent unit indeed well accords with the conditions 
in nearly all countries excepting our own. Elsewhere, as a rule, 
elementary education forms a complete system, having its separate 
administration, purposes, and ideals. In this respect the United 
States presents a notable contrast to the chief countries of the Old 
World, and one strikingly illustrated in this exposition. In our own 
country education is conceived as an integral process steadily develop- 
ing from the kindergarten to the university. To this conception cor- 
responds the sequence of elementary and high schools united under a 
common administration and by close scholastic bonds. Hence a 
measure of violence is done both to elementary and secondary educa- 
tion as here organized by the endeavor to view them separately. 
On the other hand, a portion of the elementary education of foreign 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 443 

countries, notably of France and Germany, does not enter at all into 
the sum total of the impressions recorded by the jury of either group, 
because of the social distinctions that underlie in those countries the 
classification of schools as elementary and secondary. These anoma- 
lous conditions affect particularly the classification and judgment 
of the various agencies for the training of teachers (that is, normal 
schools, teachers' training colleges, and auxiliary agencies, such as 
normal classes in academies or other secondary schools, teachers' 
institutes, etc). In the chief foreign countries professional schools 
of this kind are easily classified by virtue of their administrative 
relations, but in our own country the different orders of pedagogical 
training merge into each other almost imperceptibly because they are 
all based upon the same fundamental conception of the teaching 
profession. 

It is interesting to note in this connection that the exhibit of Great 
Britain and Ireland has avoided all confusion by the selection of the 
characteristic features of particular schools or of processes that have 
worked well in certain communities or pupil and class work of 
special significance. This mode of exhibition accords perfectly with 
the private character of a large proportion of the schools of all orders 
in England and with the local independence throughout the King- 
dom. It results that this exhibit has greater emphasis upon typical 
and essential things than any other in the collection. In this respect 
it is most nearly approached by Massachusetts among our own States. 

The confusion arising from differences in classification already 
referred to, which imply also more radical differences in opinion and 
practice, has led one of the most acute minds among our foreign 
colleagues to express the hope that one of the permanent results of 
this exposition may be an effort toward international unity, or at 
least agreement in respect to classification and nomenclature. Un- 
doubtedly such agreement would promote the great purpose of inter- 
national comparisons which is to enable each nation to benefit by the 
experience of every other. 

In addition to the broad distinctions between national systems as 
here indicated, there are also disclosed by the exhibits striking differ- 
ences in the spirit and methods of instruction. In France the teach- 
ing is logical and analytical. The stress of pedagogical training in 
that country is upon the treatment of subjects, and the abiding effects 
of that training are seen in the theses by teachers and by school in- 
spectors (the latter all men of professional training), which form a 
very interesting and instructive part of the exhibit of that country. 
The analytical principle is maintained in the manual training, which, 
as shown by the examples presented, consists of a graded series of 
exercises upon the elements that enter into simple constructions. 
Germany adheres more closely to the authoritative method of in- 
struction, a fact plainly shown by the photographs of classes in which 
every child seemed listening with breathless attention to the word of 
the teacher. From the photographic displays one would readily 
infer that in our own country the emphasis of class exercises is upon 
the activity of the pupil; in Germany, upon the personality of the 
teacher. 

The importance of photographs in an educational exhibit was never 
so manifest as in the present exposition. By this means may be 
shown at a glance the equipment of schools and even the actual con- 



444 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

duct of class instruction, and the mind distracted by the endless suc- 
cession of written work, drawings, etc., is thus reenforced by total 
impressions or images. This exposition surpasses all others in the 
extent, effectiveness, and beauty of the photographic displays and the 
value of the statistical charts presented. So full and graphic were 
these statistical summaries from all the principal countries that indi- 
vidual mention would be invidious. The jury, however, will never 
forget the display of charts and diagrams by Japan, since they 
revealed in a universal language the status, organization, and won- 
derful j)rogress of education in that country, whose effect must other- 
wise have been lost in the mysteries of an unknown tongue. 

Those who recall the Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, must 
be struck with the progress made by our States and cities and even 
by the individual colleges toward uniform statistical schemes. The 
impulse to this important result came undoubtedly from the United 
States Bureau of Education, whose statistical representation of edu- 
cation in this country, current and retrospective, is one of the most 
valuable features of the entire exposition. As this material, however, 
is placed in the Government building, its consideration does not 
come within the province of the regular juries. 

By means of the two media — photographs and statistics — a very 
complete representation of a school system is possible with great 
economy of space and special regard to essential particulars. The 
extensive exhibits of pupils' work from our own schools show re- 
markable similarity in methods and results throughout the country; 
this similarity extends even to the rural schools, which, in the case 
of some particular districts, present work well up to the average of 
neighboring cities. There are also signs that the rage for " newness " 
has subsided; the work shows closer sequence and more systematic 
treatment of subjects than that exhibited at Paris. Correlation, for 
instance, is not so promiscuously applied, but limited to subjects 
whose relations are obvious, as geography and history, etc. 

The impulses toward nature as the inspiring motive in art instruc- 
tion and toward social activities as factors in school training have 
been felt in other countries than our own. Germany has replaced 
the conventional art instruction by a system based upon the study of 
natural forms, growths, and coloring, and Belgium presents a re- 
markable object lesson in the use of local products and industries 
in a progressive scheme of practical instruction. The skill with 
which Sweden has reduced domestic art and sloyd to pedagogic form 
was already well known in this country, but it has excited new inter- 
est by its presentation here in one of the most admirably systematized 
and suggestive exhibits in the collection. 

School architecture forms an impressive feature of many of the 
exhibits. Germany has made a very full presentation under this 
head by means of photographs, plans, and complete models. Argen- 
tina has an unrivaled collection of photographs, showing palatial 
school buildings of noble design and well-planned interiors. In this 
connection may be mentioned a device of a portable schoolhouse for 
use in congested city districts pending the erection of permanent 
buildings. The models shown were from St. Louis and Milwaukee. 

The groat movements now in progress in our country, as indicated 
by the exhibits, are, in the States at large, the improvements of the 
rural schools, particularly by the consolidation of small schools and 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 445 

the grading of the resulting central school, as graphically shown by 
Indiana, and the creation of township or county schools, as in Penn- 
sylvania and Kansas. 

In cities the most important movements relate to the physical devel- 
opment of the young and the use of the school machinery for the 
benefit of persons beyond the limit of school age by means of evening 
schools, or outside the appointed school hours by means of vacation 
schools and recreation centers. The, most extensive work along these 
lines is going on in New York City, and formed one of the most in- 
structive features of the exhibit of this great metropolis. 

A beginning of continuation schools for the people is seen also in 
the county agricultural school included in the Wisconsin exhibit. 
Schools of this type form a prominent feature of the German exhibit 
and constitute for us at this time the most important lesson of that 
comprehensive exposition. Apart from the educational lessons, which 
possibly only appeal to specialists, this exposition marks distinct 
steps in the realization of the chief end of educational exhibits, 
namely, the increase of popular interest in ideal purposes through 
their effective symbolic representation. 

Anna Tolman Smith, 

Chairman of the Committee. 

Group 2, Miss Annie G. MacDougal, Chicago, 111., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Secondary Education," the two classes 
into which it was divided represented : High schools and academies ; 
manual training high schools; commercial high schools. Training 
and certification of teachers. (Legislation, organization, statistics. 
Buildings: Plans and models. Supervision, management, methods 
of instruction, results obtained.) 

Miss MacDougal's report is as follows: 

Study of the world's work, as displayed at the St. Louis Exposi- 
tion, revealed the truth that to-day there is no clear line of demarca- 
tion between the work of men and of women. The product of 
woman's brain or of her hand was there placed side by side with the 
similar work of man, to be judged upon its merits, not by a stand- 
ard suggested by limitation and apology. Such a cataloguing was 
the surest evidence of woman's industrial progress. Her part in art, 
literature, music — the decorative side of life — has long been granted ; 
what she is capable of doing in the practical business enterprises of 
modern society is just beginning to be revealed. 

My opportunity for observing this phase of woman's work was 
largely confined to the educational exhibits, where I had the pleasure 
of serving as a juror, by appointment of the board of lady managers. 
Owing to the character of the exhibits in the Department of Educa- 
tion, it was impossible to differentiate the work of the men and the 
women teachers, excepting where the exhibits showed the work of 
separate institutions for the sexes. A comparison of that kind would 
be profitable only from a pedagogical point of view and is of minor 
consideration in our American system of education. Woman's place 
in the schoolroom is defended by tradition, expediency, and merit; 
and instead of surrendering in the face of foreign criticism their 



446 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

positions as instructors, women teachers are to-day broadening their 
field of labor by serving as instructors in many higher institutions 
where a generation since they were not even admitted as students. 
To-day, in high schools, academies, and colleges, women not only 
share in the work of instruction, but fill offices of administration as 
well. 

Woman's success in a purely administrative or executive function 
was what proved most interesting at St. Louis. Many of the State 
exhibits of the public schools were in charge of women. In each 
instance I found them well informed on questions of school statistics 
and eager to be helpful to visitors. It seemed as though these young 
women felt the distinction of serving in a public capacity and had 
taken pains to prepare themselves for a creditable performance. The 
most striking instance of independent and original work was shown 
in the State exhibit from Minnesota. This exhibit was under the 
sole charge of Miss Susanne Sirwell, who planned it with the main 
purpose of exploiting the complete system of manual training adopted 
in the Minnesota schools. With this plan in view, Miss Sirwell col- 
lected the specimens from various schools of the State, supervised 
the erection of the booth, and installed the displays. As a result, 
the Minnesota exhibit had a distinct system and unity, was free from 
useless and cumbrous repetition, its main idea was readily grasped, 
and it stood as a memorable proof of one woman's artistic sense of 
proportion and adequacy. It was original in conception; it had 
beauty of color, order, and arrangement, and, as Miss Sirwell herself 
laughingly boasted, it was one of the two or three exhibits in that 
huge building which were ready and finished for public inspection on 
the opening day of the fair. 

Group 3, Miss Mary B. Temple, Knoxville, Tenn., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Higher education " the five classes into 
which it was divided represented: Colleges and universities, scien- 
tific, technical, and engineering schools and institutions ; professional 
schools; libraries; museums. (Legislation, organization, statistics, 
buildings, plans and models, curriculums, regulations, methods, ad- 
ministration, investigation, etc.) 

Miss Temple reports as follows: 

The Educational Department at the World's Fair in St. Louis pre- 
sented greater progress in woman's work since the Columbian Expo- 
sition of 1893 than was shown by any other great division at the 
exposition. 

In regard to an approximate estimate of the proportional number 
of exhibits by women in the five classes of group 3 (higher education) 
of the Educational Department, I would say that only in the cases of 
the several large female colleges which installed exhibits at the 
fair were there special women's exhibits distinct from those of men. 
In the United States section valuable and important displays were 
made by Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Woman's College of Baltimore, Smith, 
WeUesley, Mount Holyoke, Pratt Institute (New York), Milwaukee- 
Downer College (Milwaukee), and several lesser women's colleges, 
while in the English section a wonderfully interesting showing of 



'LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 447 

women's activity in ' c higher education " was made by the Oxford 
Association for the education of women, including Lady Margaret 
Hall, Summerville College, St. Hugh Hall, St. Hilda's Hall; by Gir- 
ton College and Newham College, Cambridge University; by West- 
field College and the London School of Medicine for Women of the 
London University ; by Owen's College of the Victoria University of 
Manchester; by University Hall of the University of St. Andrew, 
and by Dublin Alexandra College. 

In the German section no special exhibit of a woman's department 
was made by any university or college. According to the German 
system women's education is carried on side by side with men's. 
Women acquiring a leaving certificate from a classical gymnasium 
can matriculate on an equal footing with male students in the uni- 
versities of Heidelberg, Frieburg, Erlangen, Wiirzburg, and Munich. 
In the other universities, except Minister, by permission of the rector, 
or under the statutes, women are permitted to hear lectures. In all 
the German universities there are in attendance many women, either 
as matriculants or as hearers, ranging from 10 to 200 women at each 
university. 

In the universities of France, Belgium, and Japan a similar plan 
of educating men and women together exists. But outside the Uni- 
versity of Paris, of Louvain and of Tokio, the number of women 
attending the courses does not compare with the number in attend- 
ance at the German, English, and American universities. Among the 
lesser nations at the fair, as Italy, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, 
Canada, Sweden, Ceylon, and Cuba, the exhibits so often appearing 
under the name of college work scarcely represented work in higher 
education, except in the line of art. 

The very fact that at St. Louis women's work was nowhere sepa- 
rated from men's, but was shown side by side with it, was in itself a 
radical advance in the last eleven years. While this applied to every 
department of the exposition, it applied with greatest impressiveness 
to the Department of Higher Education, for this in the past had 
been set apart as man's special province, though, of course, down 
through the ages there have been brilliant exceptional cases of women 
becoming profound students and learned teachers, as Hypatia, Maria 
Agnesi, and others. 

In the five classes of group 3 (higher education) in the Depart- 
ment of Education there was really less scope and a more restricted 
field for women than in any other group of the Educational Depart- 
ment. Of the five classes, to glance hastily over them — i. e., class 7, 
colleges and universities ; class 8, scientific, technical, and engineering 
schools; class 9, professional schools; class 10, libraries; class 11, 
museums — only in class 7 and class 10 has woman gained for herself 
any distinctly marked footing. In the other three classes, the hold 
she has acquired, from the very nature of the case, has been limited, 
but in every class of group 1 (elementary education), of group 2 
(secondary education), of group 4 (special education in fine arts), of 
group 6 (special education in commerce and industry), of group 7 
(education of defectives), of group 8 (special forms of education, 
text-books, etc.), she is the controlling force, and is very strong. 

Inasmuch, however, as higher education has been considered less 
naturally her field, the steady advance she is making in it is the more 



448 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

noticeable and more striking, as shown at the World's Fair of 1904. 
In replying to the question of an approximate estimate of the propor- 
tionate number of exhibits by women in the five classes of group 3, I 
may venture to say it was near 37 per cent of the domestic and 
foreign exhibits, estimating the percentage of work exhibited by 
men and women as probably proportional to the respective number of 
each sex registered. (See monographs on Education in United 
States. See monographs on History and Origin of Public Educa- 
tion in Germany. List of British Exhibits, Departments H and O.) 

In giving the nature of the exhibits by women in the department of 
higher education we gladly state that they differed little from the 
exhibits by men, as the requirements called for in the circular . of 
the department were identically the same for both. It happened, 
however, possibly from being younger institutions and having less 
to show in the way of literature, libraries, histories, etc. ; partly, also, 
from having a less liberal supply of money ; also partly from a smaller 
sense of ambition and rivalry with other institutions, that the exhibits 
of Yassar, Bryn Mawr, and the other women's colleges were smaller, 
less costly, and less elaborate both in materials and in installation 
than those of the men's colleges. The exhibits consisted largely of 
photographs, diagrams of statistics, prospectuses, and reports. In 
the case of the English women's colleges the showing was quite on a 
par with those of the men's universities, as they were in every case a 
part of the same. The American women's colleges in addition showed 
charts, department work, special work, histories, publications, and 
models of buildings and grounds. 

In the lesser foreign countries exhibits of art and needlework, 
though sometimes questionably under the head of higher education, 
were thus entered by the so-called colleges. And while these could 
not be measured by the same standard as the English and American 
women's college work it was, however, valuable and instructive as 
showing the emancipation and progress of women in lands where 
until within a few years her opportunities have been most restricted 
and as presenting the liberal spirit toward her which now animates 
the civilized world. Especially in Japan and Mexico the women's 
displays were novel and interesting. 

I am glad to pay tribute to the department work of the Woman's 
College, Baltimore, and to the advanced special work of Bryn Mawr. 

As to what advancement was shown in the progress of women, I 
would emphatically answer that advancement was unmistakably 
apparent in every line of women's educational work — advancement 
not alone along old lines, but along new as well. One of the greatest 
steps forward made by woman in the last eleven years, since the Co- 
lumbian Exposition, has been the throwing open to her of the doors of 
nearly all of the old established men's colleges, giving her in every 
country, in every State, and in nearly every large town almost the 
same free and easy access to learning enjo}^ed by her brothers. Co- 
education and coeducational institutions have rendered it possible for 
every woman desirous of self -improvement to find the highest ad- 
vantages immediately at hand, only waiting for her to help herself. 

Domestic science and household economics are new sciences devel- 
oped under the active interest of college women in the last twenty- 
three years. Their real hold upon the public, however, and their 
enlarged avenue for bettering the home, the food, the health of the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 449 

nation, and consequent^ its usefulness, happiness, and prosperity has 
come within the last eleven years. 

In all lines of art, from the fine arts of painting and sculpture to 
the practical and useful work of design in its multifold forms, 
women's advance is almost phenomenal. In the sciences of astron- 
omy, medicine, physics, and psychology she has been far from in- 
active during the last half decade. In teaching, in all its branches 
from kindergarten and primary work through all the grades of 
intrauniversity training to specialization in various lines, she has 
achieved her most striking success. In the future her usefulness will 
be more and more increased in this her beloved profession. The 
number of women teachers is rapidly increasing, while the number of 
men is decreasing, and more and more women's college graduates are 
employed in the various chairs of colleges and universities. 

While the educational exhibits at St. Louis gave, in a general way, 
a complete presentation of women's part in the progress of the world, 
there was far less shown of the work of foreign women than was de- 
sired in order to make a really satisfactory and just comparative 
estimate of the relative advance of the women of our own country and 
those abroad. In fact, the exhibits of foreign women were too lim- 
ited to allow of any comparison between the two. 

Women's work in art, in school organization and management — 
exemplified in the control of the great women's colleges — her achieve- 
ments in teaching, in research (historical and scientific) , in medicine 
unmistakably show that she is able to do and is doing unusual and 
far more capable work than she has ever done previously. Her pro- 
nounced success in serious literature, as well as in lighter literature, 
would alone demonstrate this. 

The work of women at this exposition differed from that of the 
past in having extended into many new lines, whereas in quality it 
is greatly superior to anything they have ever before accomplished. 
A few years ago the scientific and professional woman was the excep- 
tion, to-day she is the rule. Either working alone or assisting some 
great man, woman is found everywhere. To cite instances, I refer 
to the able assistance Mrs. Hedrick, a Vassar alumna, gives to Pro- 
fessor Newcomb in his calculations on the moon ; to the brilliant aid 
rendered by the wealthy and gifted young American girl of Leland 
Stanford and Johns Hopkins, Dr. Annie G. Lyle, to the famous 
Dr. Theodore Escherich, of Vienna University, in his important 
expert medical researches, which have resulted in the famous scarlet- 
fever serum, the discovery of Doctor Moser with the help of Doctor 
Lyle. As we have said, women's work has not only grown in extent, 
but in variety, in complexity, in greater thoroughness and ambition, 
and especially in the greater appreciation it receives from the world. 

Woman's splendidly accomplished successes as seen at the World's 
Fair give impulse to her efforts in every line. Assured of sjmipathy, 
encouragement is imparted to other women to take up science, teach- 
ing, the professions. Formerly almost insurmountable obstacles were 
encountered by women. To-day the open door to triumph, according 
to her ability, along almost every line is hers. In primary education, 
in pi 1 university training, in economic arts, in all sanitary studies, 
in philanthropic w(,rk, snd in much of the practical part of medi- 
cine the Louisiana Purchase Exposition showed women's efforts in 
a varied light of helpfulness and suggestion for the future. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 29 



450 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The juxtaposition of man's and woman's work was suggestive to 
men, and at the same time will incite women to more and better 
endeavors along new lines. It will enable her to acquire more sci- 
entific ways and a better preparation for the business world. It 
will teach her a saving of energy and greater self-reliance. 

The incalculable advantage of women's work for the first time 
having a place side by side with men's can not be overestimated. It 
enabled women to see at a glance their own weaknesses, and at the 
same time presented to the view of others their strong points in the 
most telling manner. The jury of higher education did not ask on 
examining an exhibit whether it was men's or women's work. Each 
exhibit was judged entirely on its individual merit as presented. 
And if the universities and great men's colleges (and in many cases 
these included women's work) received a higher grade of award 
than did the great women's colleges, it was because, in the opinion 
of the jury, the equipment of the former and the larger showing in 
the way of actual work and appliances entitled them to the award, 
rather than that it was the respective work of either men or women. 
But I may say, to show the absolutely unbiased mind of the jury, 
that women's work in many lines came in for even greater apprecia- 
tion than did that of the men. 

By no means would the results have been better if their work had 
been separately exhibited. A far greater importance was assumed 
by women's work in the placing of it side by side with men's work. 
Thus displayed, it received precisely equal attention and a more 
liberal study undoubtedly than it would have done if placed alone. 

At Chicago and various other expositions it was relegated to a 
far less desirable position by itself. The very fact of its isolation 
in a building designated the Women's Building set it apart as a 
different and inferior effort and created a prejudice against it. 

Women's work was far more varied at St. Louis and more repre- 
sentative of different nations. The so-called strictly feminine, viz, 
art and needlework, pottery, decoration, libraries of books by women 
authors, attractive parlors, displaying women's taste, which largely 
filled the charming women's buildings at Chicago, at Atlanta, at 
the Tennessee Centennial, at Omaha, and at Buffalo, were unques- 
tionably showy and striking displays. In St. Louis, on the con- 
trary, women's exhibits mingled with men's work in the serious and 
practical enterprises of the day and appealed to the same audiences. 
Woman appeared as she really is, the fellow-student, the fellow- 
citizen, and partner of man in the affairs of life. 

Manufacturers were not asked to state the percentage of woman's 
work which entered into the manufacture of their special exhibit, 
nor did I have any way of forming any estimate on this point; 
neither were they shown in any manner that would indicate in any 
way or enable the investigator to distinguish what part had been 
performed by women. 

Considering all kinds of work involved in the exhibits of the 
Department of Education, whether installed by women alone or in 
conjunction with men, the taste, completeness, ingenuity of the 
same, the clerical work during the duration of the fair — in other 
words, the whole connection of woman with carrying out the admin- 
istration of the Department of Education — it may be considered that 
50 per cent of the work was performed by women. The German 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 451 

section was entirely under the supervision of men, as were most, if 
not all, of the foreign exhibits. But women were everywhere else 
omnipresent in charge of the Educational Department. 

In the awards to higher education I would say that upward of 
20 per cent went to women exhibitors. (For percentages and other 
suggestions I am indebted to Dr. J. J. Conway, St. Louis University, 
also a member of jury of higher education.) 

We point with pride to the discovery of radium by Madame Currie, 
of Paris, as both a new, useful, and distinctive work of woman. 
Columns might be written on this invention alone. The work of 
Madame Currie was certainly original. Miss Annie E. Sullivan's 
new methods of teaching the deaf-blind, as in the case of Helen 
Keller, gives her the honor not only of prominence as an educator of 
defectives, but also of inventing a very new and valuable method of 
instruction. The methods of teaching defectives are the wonder of 
educators, and will probably be effective of marvelous results in the 
near future. The highest praise must also be bestowed upon the work 
of Mrs. Shaw and Miss Fisher, of Boston, and of Mrs. Putnam and 
Mary McCullough, as the promoters of kindergarten work. Kinder- 
garten work is self-eloquent. 

Credit is due woman for her conception of the idea of traveling 
libraries, which have so effectively brought cheer and recreation, 
and even reform, to many restricted lives. The libraries of the 
Colonial Dames and everything along the line of reading circles, lit- 
erary clubs, etc., have had their inception in the brains of women. 
Traveling libraries have been a boon to many a small town. Though 
it is impossible to digress in woman's work in the industries, the 
Newcomb Pottery, made at the Sophia Newcomb College, Louisiana, 
should be mentioned, all of which is done by women educated at that 
school of design. 

I commend the ample and reliable literature on all these subjects, 
as a better source of information on the merits of these inventions 
that can be shown in this brief report. But most of women's work 
in the educational section, the school work, art work, etc., was an im- 
provement along already existing lines. But along household and 
economic lines women, during the last ten years, have done original 
thinking and much investigation.- And the studies in sanitary chem- 
istry, the attainments as a scholar and scientist of Mrs. Ellen C. 
Richards, Vassar, 1870, stand out conspicuously, having won for her 
the respect of the world. 

The question of the value of the product or process, as measured 
by its usefulness or beneficent influence on mankind, is so vast that a 
flood of answers sweep over one, embracing the whole field of women's 
usefulness and the whole realm of education. The usefulness of the 
discovery of radium has scarcely been estimated as yet, nor has the 
beneficent influence of teaching defectives, and of many of the house- 
hold inventions been fully enjoyed up to this time. The question 
involves much of the scientific success of the future along both physi- 
cal, mental, moral, and educational lines, and, judging by the past, we 
feel assured that many brilliant achievements will owe their origin 
and accomplishment to women. 

There was naturally nothing lacking in the merits of the installa- 
tion of any exhibit presented by women, nor in the taste manifested 
in the placing of the same. The women's college booths were always 



452 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

effectively arranged and sometimes made up for the lack of range of 
exhibit by unusual artistic grouping and tasteful placing of the 
displays. 

Several times I have referred to the progress in art displayed by 
woman at St. Louis. This was evidenced not only in the magnificent 
specimens of her brush and chisel in the Fine Arts Museum in both 
the home and foreign art schools, but in the prolific efforts of her 
skill in outside exposition sculpture, where woman's work, side by 
side with man's, was pointed to with exultation as one of the greatest 
triumphs of the twentieth century exposition. We all recall how 
many of the most notable pieces of statuary crowning the various 
great palaces were the work of divinely endowed women. Such was 
the superb " Victory," surmounting Festival Hall, the conception of 
Mrs. Evylyn B. Longman, while the spirt of " Missouri," which 
winged its flight from the summit of the great Missouri Building, 
was executed by Miss Carrie Wood, of St. Louis. To Miss Grace 
Lincoln Temple, the beautiful decorations of the interior of the 
United States Government Building were due. The two " Victory " 
statues on the Grand Basin and the Daniel Boone statue were exe- 
cuted by Miss Enid Yandell, by birth a Kentuckian, but now of New 
York. The statues of James Monroe, James Madison, George Rogers 
Clark, on Art Hill, were, respectively, done by Julia M. Bracken, 
Chicago; Janet Scudder, Terre Haute, and Elsie Ward, Denver. 
The reclining figures over the central door of the Liberal Arts Build- 
ing were by Edith B. Stephens, of New York, and the east and north 
spandrels of the Machinery Building were done by Melva Beatrice 
Wilson, New York. 

Glancing at the portrait painting of Cecelia Beaux, the work of 
Mary MacMonnies, of Margaret Fuller, of Mrs. Kenyon Cox, and of 
Kate Carr, of Tennessee ; of Virginia Demont-Breton, of France ; of 
Lady Tadema and Henrietta Rae, of Great Britain, we feel, as well as 
see, the exalted place woman's genius has given her in the art world of 
to-day. While in science we point with gratification not only to 
Madame Currie, but to the astronomical work of Miss Whitney, of 
Vassar ; of Miss Agnes Clerke, of Cambridge, England, and of Doro- 
thea Klumpke, born in San Francisco, but connected with the Paris 
Observatory and one of the foremost astronomers of France. In 
archaeological works Miss Elizabeth Stokes, of Alexandra College, 
Dublin ; in research work, Miss Skeel, of Westfield College, London ; 
and in mathematics, Sophia Kowalevski, of Stockholm, and Charlotte 
Angus Scott, born in England and professor at Bryn Mawr, stand 
out preeminent — adding even greater luster to the woman's page of 
science, on which in the past the names of Caroline Herschel, Mary 
Summerville, and Maria Mitchell were written in illumined letters. 

In medical works, especially in the United States, and more par- 
ticularly in the profession of surgery, women have scored for them- 
selves many glorious successes, though it is not possible here to enter 
into an amplification of the subject. 

In conclusion, I would say that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
markedly showed the setting aside by women of former traditions and 
her expansion into a new life, where, though by no means giving up 
the ornamental and social, she has yet demonstrated her rights to be 
recognized in the broader and more useful fields of discovery, inves- 
tigation, and invention in art, science, and industry. She is every- 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 453 

where the rival of man, everywhere entering with enthusiasm his 
chosen paths, excepting perhaps in naval and military operations, and 
as nurse and ministering doctor she is even there. 

As the World's Fair at St. Louis was a stupendous triumph of 
modern times in manufactures, in economic and liberal arts, in elec- 
tricity, in history, in science, in architecture, in agriculture and for- 
estry, in landscape gardening, in machinery, in archaeology, in educa- 
tion, in fine arts — in fact, along every line of practical work as well as 
in the sciences and arts — so woman's progress in every department was 
such as to gleam forth from even the superb and marvelous splendor 
everywhere reflected as worthy of her highest ambition and as sug- 
gestive of untold and signal possibilities for the future. 

Group 4, Mrs. E. H. Thayer, of Denver, Colo., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Special Education in Fine Arts," the 
two classes into which it was divided represented: (Institutions for 
teaching drawing, painting, and music. Art schools and institutes. 
Schools and departments of music; conservatories of music. Meth- 
ods of instruction, results obtained. Legislation, organization, gen- 
eral statistics.) 

Mrs. Thayer writes as follows : 

As a juror of this group I was associated with five jurors, all men, 
holding positions as professors of schools of art, and they agreed with 
me that the fine art work of the woman was equal to the men students 
and in some schools of art it was far superior ; this was especially so 
in the study of the nude from the academies of art in New York and 
Philadelphia. 

The only school of art in which we found the work of woman infe- 
rior to men was in Austria, excepting in the making of lace and 
embroidery; but the studies in figure painting was inferior to the 
sam work done by woman in American schools. Yet the art students' 
work from Austria, as a whole, was so fine we gave that country the 
grand prize. 

I was particularly pleased with the wall-paper designs made by 
women students in a school of design in New York City. They were 
most original and artistic. This school made a display of several 
hundred designs, and we were told they were all sold for large prices 
during the exposition to manufacturers of wall jDaper. 

The New York Night School of Art showed some remarkabty good 
work by girls who were employed during the day. The professor in 
charge told us that the girls were so eager for instruction in art that 
they would be waiting for the doors to open and would work longer 
hours and make greater progress than the men. 

Group 7, Miss Hope Fairfax Loughborough, of Little Rock, Ark., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Education of defectives," the three 
classes into which it was divided represented: Institutions for the 
blind, publications for the blind ; institutions for the deaf and dumb ; 
institutions for the feeble-minded. (Management, methods, courses 
cf study; results. Special appliances for instruction. Legislation, 
organization, statistics. Buildings; plans and models.) 



454 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Miss Loughborough presents the following report : 

The jury of group 7 in the Department of Education had under its 
inspection the work of the blind, the deaf, and the feeble-minded. 
In view of the fact that the exhibits were sent by institutes and special 
schools, and were the result of the cooperation of men and women 
teachers who selected the work of both boys and girls to represent the 
school as a whole, it was difficult to estimate with accuracy the pro- 
portional amount of women's work. As nearly as it can be estimated, 
however, two-fifths of the exhibits shown in the three classes of which 
this group was composed were the work of women. With the excep- 
tion of a few special prizes the awards were given to institutions and 
not to individuals, but about 21 per cent of these were given for 
women's work. The work of the boys and girls in the shops was gen- 
erally shown distinctly, but were not awarded separately, the whole 
idea being to show, not what the boys or girls, the teachers or prin- 
cipals were doing individually, but what results were being obtained 
in the institutions from the best-known methods for special education, 
both in class and industrial work, and particularly to show by means 
of the model school — or living exhibit — some of the class methods in 
operation. 

The living exhibits were the most striking in classes 19 and 20. 
They consisted of entire classes which were brought, one at a time, 
from different State institutions. Each class remained at the fair 
some weeks, were provided with accommodations on the grounds, and 
had its recitations every day in a temporary schoolroom in the Educa- 
tional Building. This class room was always surrounded by a crowd 
of eager lookers on, who watched with the utmost attention the meth- 
ods of instruction — so little known to the public in general — by which 
the deaf and blind make such wonderful progress. The work of 
instruction in the living exhibits, although almost entirely planned 
by men, was executed by women. 

The awards for the living exhibits were given the institutions from 
which the classes came, with one exception. This exception was Lot- 
tie Sullivan, a deaf and blind girl from the Colorado institution, 
who was awarded a gold medal for her aptitude and the progress 
she had made. The jury thought at first that her teacher, too, 
deserved special recognition for the results obtained, but as it was 
found that the teacher in charge of Lottie Sullivan at the fair had 
had her but a short time, and that there was no one person responsible 
for her progress, it was decided to make no award. 

Of the special schools, not State institutions, which exhibited, those 
conducted by women snowed work on a par with that done in the 
schools conducted by men, and received as liberal rewards. 

Particularly creditable was the work done in the schools for the 
feeble-minded. 

In group 7 the exhibits were divided into three classes, 19, 20, and 
21, the work respectively of the blind, the deaf, and the feeble- 
minded. In class 19 women showed basket work, raffia work, model- 
ing in clay, hammock weaving, crocheting, embroidery, printing by 
means of Braille writing machines, and class work; in class 20, sew- 
ing, embroidery, crohceting, painting, drawing, modeling, and class 
work, and in class 21, basket making, sewing, embroidery, crocheting, 
and class work. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 455 

There was but one foreign woman who made an exhibit. This was 
Mademoiselle Mulot, a French woman, who had invented a writing- 
machine for blind children. She had brought a little blind French 
boy with her, who was not installed as an exhibit, but whom she 
brought before the jury to show the working of her machine. This 
machine consisted of a small frame blocked off into squares, in which 
the child was taught to write the letters of the English alphabet. 
Mademoiselle Mulot's claim for award was that with the machine 
generally in use it was necessary to teach the child a language of dots 
and dashes which was not legible by people in general. Although 
ingenious, Mademoiselle Mulot's machine was not considered striking 
or new enough to warrant an award. 

There was no display within the jurisdiction of group 7 which 
would seem to indicate any great advancement in the work of women 
since the Chicago Exposition, though the methods of instruction — 
many of them through the painstaking application of women — have 
undergone marked improvement. The work of women as shown by 
the exhibits in the education of defectives at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, 
was very creditable. There was nothing particularly helpful or sug- 
gestive in the school work being shown on equal terms of comparison 
with that of men, for in this field women have always kept well 
abreast of men, and their work has been appreciated equally with that 
of men. 

Department B, art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, chief, comprised six 
groups and eighteen classes, the board of lady managers being repre- 
sented in four of the groups. 

Group 9, Miss Mary Solari, Memphis, Term., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Paintings and Drawings," the two 
classes into which it was divided represented. Paintings on canvas, 
wood, metal, enamel, porcelain, faience, and on various preparations, 
by all direct methods, in oil, wax, tempera, and other media ; mural 
paintings; fresco painting on walls; drawings and cartoons in 
water color, pastel, chalk, charcoal, pencil, and other media, on any 
material ; miniatures on ivory. 

Miss Solari reports as follows : 

WOMEN IN THE WORLD OF ART AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The first feeling of a woman who looks back to the history of art 
during the last ten years is one of pride, for she recognizes that the 
exhibit made by women in the Fine Art Department of the Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition is the best, most complete, and important 
that has ever been made by women at any previous exposition ; that 
it is superior to that made at the Chicago World's Fair in point of 
quality and character, and by competent judges said to be better than 
that made in Paris in 1900. 

As regards the St. Louis Exposition, that influence is conspicuous 
which has brought about a development rather than new foundations 



456 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

or new schools. In seeking subjects for the " new thought " the 
" old masters " have not been lost sight of. " There is nothing new 
under the sun," and as the musician draws from the old masters 
his soul-inspiring theme, so the aspiring painter studies the can- 
vases of the past ages for his correct guidance. And to the dispas- 
sionate observer these things prove much with regard to the actual 
work being done by women artists, and the new influences, if such 
they be, that have made themselves felt during the last decade. 
Should we regard a work of art as an independent entity, the result 
of what is called " a separate creative act " on the part of the artist, 
with no relation to its environment, we must perforce conclude pre- 
natal conditions in the painter which we are loath to admit. Hence 
we have no reason to be ashamed of the old masters. Critics there are 
who know how to judge of a picture, and critics who constitutionally 
can not draw from a canvas a simple salient good feature ; they have 
not the knowledge of the difference between bad and beautiful design 
and color, or the meaning of harmony. 

If we may apply to art what Goethe said of poetry we find that 
among its votaries there are two kinds of self -half-informed people, 
" dilettanti," he calls them, " he who neglects the indispensable 
mechanical part, and he thinks he has done enough if he shows spirit- 
uality and feeling, and he who seeks to arrive at poetry merely by 
mechanism in which he can acquire an artisan's readiness, and is 
without soul and matter." 

This exposition has no doubt been the means of discouraging a 
number of men and women from continuing in a profession for which 
they are not qualified by the possession of any rare gift. It is to be 
hoped, however, that the work accepted and shown at the St. Louis 
Exposition will prove that a class of women artists has been pro- 
duced in the decade just past who have at least learned the grammar 
of their chosen art work — the value of simple lines and pure tones. 

The work of the women was placed side by side with that of the 
men artists and where the pictures would show to the best advantage 
and harmonize with the surrounding ones. 

In examining for awards the merit of the work was discussed and 
considered regardless of the name the canvas bore ; but that this was 
the better plan for exhibiting women's work leaves room for doubt, 
because as a whole women's work could not be viewed, thereby leav- 
ing the exhibition incomprehensive to the average visitor who could 
not grasp the importance of woman's contribution to the world of 
art by the scattered pictures as arranged in the various galleries of 
the Art Building. I do not hesitate to say that women in general 
by their representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition de- 
rived little or no benefit by having their work placed side by side 
with that of men, chiefly because it was reduced to insignificance by 
the small proportion of works exhibited. Secondly, the visiting 
public was not attracted by the fact that women had a picture here 
and there hanging on some one of the walls in the Palace of Art. 

Had their work been collected in one gallery the display would 
have been more comprehensive and better appreciated. But, never- 
theless, this exposition has emphasized the fact that woman fills an 
important place in the field of art, She wields her brush deftly, 
conscientiously, and her canvases fit well side by side with those of 
her brother artists. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 457 

Women at the exposition excelled most in figure paintings in oils, 
and in this line of work have made greater progress since the Chicago 
Exposition than in any other branch of the fine arts. The execution 
is bold, free, and shows a greater familiarity with the subject por- 
trayed, though they have reached a very high standard in water- 
color landscapes and are notably strong in miniature painting. The 
innate refinement and delicate sense of detail and color which char- 
acterizes women are prominent for the features for the production 
of the high finish required in a miniature. Mural painting is begin- 
ning to attract women, and with their love for beautiful homes they 
must soon excel in this branch and bring decorative art to a fuller 
perfection. 

One of the crowning glories of this exposition is that it has brought 
to the few American artists living at home the opportunity to study 
the salient characteristics of the schools of the various countries ex- 
hibiting at the St. Louis Exposition. 

Twenty- four countries exhibited in the Fine Arts Department 
and contributed to Groups IX and X 5,468 pictures from nearly 
1,500 professional artists, of which number not more than 300 
were women (289) and fully half this number were represented by 
their work in the United States section. The number of aw T arcls be- 
stowed in the United States section was 41 to women exhibitors 
against 239 to men. The total number given in the foreign sections, 
collectively, was 17 to women against 398 to men. No work executed 
prior to the Chicago Exposition was in competition for award. 

Exhibits by Women in the Vabious Sections of Groups IX and X. 

United States : Oil paintings, 64 ; water colors, 41 ; mural paintings, 
6; miniatures, 42. Argentina: Oil painting (by Julia Wernicke), 1. 
Belgium : Oil paintings, 21 ; water colors, 6. Ceylon : Oil paintings, 
2. Italy : Oil paintings, 9 ; water colors, 2. Nicaragua : Oil paint- 
ing (Miss Andrea Garcia), 1. Portugal : Oil paintings, 4. Sweden: 
Oil paintings, 6. England: Oil paintings, 16; water colors, 13; 
drawings, 10. Austria: Oil paintings, 3. Canada: Oil paintings, 
10 ; water colors, 2. Holland : Oil paintings, 21. Japan : Oil paint- 
ings, 5. Peru : Oil painting (Miss Amalia Franco) , 1. Russia : Oil 
paintings, 15; water colors, i5. France: Oil paintings, 19; water 
colors, 17. The two last-named countries (France and England) did 
not exhibit in any department for awards. 

List of honors conferred by the international jury of awards upon 
women artists exhibiting in the Department of Fine Arts of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition : 

United States section. — Group IX, gold medal: Cecelia Beaux, 
Lucia Fairchild Fuller, Laura C. Hills, Theodora W. Thayer. Silver 
medal: Adelaide Cole Chase, Louise Cox, Helen Emmet, Lidia F. 
Emmet, Rosina E. Sherwood, Janet Wheeler, Mary S. Green, Eliza- 
beth Nourse, Violet Oakley, Sara C. Sears, Susan Watkins. Bronze 
medal: Ellen Witherald Ahrens, Martha S. Baker, Alice Becking- 
ton, Emma Lampert Cooper, Mary C. Dickson, Elinor Earle, Adele 
Herter, Emma Kipling Hess, Margaret Kendall, Anna E. Klumpke, 
Clara T. MacChesney, Rhoda Holmes Nicholls, Mabel Packard, 
Pauline Palmer, Lilla Cabot Perry, Alice T. Searle, Amanda Brewster 
Sewell, Mariana Sloan, Letta C. Smith, Mary Van der Veer, A. B. 



458 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Wing, Louise Wood. Group X, silver medal: Charlotte Harding, 
Jessie Willcox Smith. Bronze medal : Maud Alice Cowles, Elizabeth 
Shippen Green. 

Belgium. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: 
Louise De Hem, Henriette Calias, Marie De Bievre, Juliette Witsman. 

Canada. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: 
Florence Carlyle. Bronze medal : Laura Muntz. 

Germany. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal: 
Anna Maria Wirth. 

Holland. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, gold medal: 
Therese Schwartze. 

Japan. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal : Madam 
Shoyen Uyemura. Bronze medal : Madam Giokushi Antomi. 

Portugal. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: 
H. R. M. the Queen of Portugal. 

Russia. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Miss 
Eliza Backlund, Miss Emile Loudon. 

Sweden. — Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; 
Esther Almquist, Fanny Brate, Anna Nordgren, Charlotte Waht- 
strom. 

Group ii, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York City, Juror. 

Under the group heading " Sculpture," the four classes into which 
it was divided represented : Sculpture and bas-reliefs of figures and 
groups in marble, bronze, or other metal ; terra cotta, plaster, wood, 
ivory, or other material; models in plaster and terra cotta; medals, 
engravings on gems, cameos, and intaglios; carvings in stone, wood, 
ivory, or other materials. 

Mrs. Matthews reports as follows : 

The recent Louisiana Purchase Exposition furnished further evi- 
dence of the importance of such gatherings of the world's artisans, 
and has left with us an illuminating impression of the effectiveness 
of the greater civilization which is the result of unification of na- 
tional interest in the development of the useful and beautiful. This 
is probably the greatest good from such expositions, and they serve 
to cement the workers of the world in one grand mosaic of endeavor. 

The field of application is large, and the progressive people are few. 
We are babes as yet in the ability to receive ideas, and with compara- 
tively little capacity for the expression of them in tangible work, so 
that whatever tends to a common interest that speaks for progress, 
let it be exultant cause for practical thinkers to give their support to 
every such movement. 

The wide identification women have accomplished in the fields of 
industrials and art during the past decade has made it necessary 
that the sex be taken into serious consideration in expositions, and 
that requisite encouragement and support be given women it is neces- 
sary that they should have adequate representation on committees 
and boards that are formed for administration. Service on such 
boards by women is invariably conscientious and efficient, and for 
this reason their services are valuable in all departments in which the 
work of women is involved, and it is certainly obvious that socially 
they are indispensable. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 459 

As a member of the committee on awards in sculpture at the recent 
exposition at St. Louis, I wish to say that in the sculptural exhibit 
60 out of 350 pieces, or 17^ per cent, were by women. Four of these 
pieces were by women of foreign birth and residing in foreign coun- 
tries. Of this number there were a few portrait busts, and the re- 
mainder were ideal and symbollic works. 

The first impression one received in viewing the work in this 
department was that there was a number of women sculptors in this 
country of more than ordinary ability, and this impression grew the 
more you examined their work with that of men. It is true that by 
far the greater number of pieces sent by women were small, but even 
they showed a capacity for conception, construction, technique, and 
individuality that will ere long make them fully the equals of men 
in this important branch of the arts. And there were large pieces 
there, too, that spoke of a daring that will soon develop into a con- 
fidence that promises well for future work, and this element was 
what the women sculptors of the country lacked more than any other. 

The placing of their work alongside that of men will do much to 
increase confidence in their own powers; and while it would not be 
exact to say that the work of the two sexes was equal in merit, the 
difference was not great. For this reason I think the managers did 
an extremely wise thing in not segregating the work of the two sexes, 
and to have placed them side by side, so that the weak points could be 
discovered and remedied and the points of excellence improved. All 
were delighted to see the advancement women have made in sculptural 
art in the past few years, and this advancement is attested by the fact 
that they received 1 gold, 3 silver, and 16 bronze medals in this 
department alone. 

The progress they have made in the past ten years has been most 
gratifying, and they are certainly progressing more rapidly along 
certain lines than men. The deficiencies and points of weakness 
brought out by this exhibition will soon be overcome, and as women 
have become convinced that natural endowment does not fit men for 
greater work than women, they will evolve grander themes than here- 
tofore. And by firmness with which woman in art is already tread- 
ing this upward path, she is convincing others that another road 
exists than that which their feet knew. 

It is positive that the encouragement given to man on account of 
his physical prowess, by both men and women, has had a psychological 
effect in helping him to evolve ideas and to carry them out in tangible 
form. Women will be helped to a large extent only by women ; they 
must not wait for that help that has been given man. They must do 
the work that comes to their consciousness, or that which is given them 
to do, without question or hesitation. There should not be any doubt 
or leaning on any seeming staff. Women are the originators, the 
creators of spiritual and material progress, and must not be fearful 
in expressing themselves. The female mind is more refined, more 
delicate, thus receiving truer perceptions than man's. The sensitive- 
ness of the woman nature is of much advantage in any artistic 
endeavor. 

The fine arts, music, poetry, painting, and sculpture, have been the 
educators of nations. Now that woman's thought is finding greater 
expression, their mental and moral influence on both sexes will be 
great; and as such expositions are world-wide educators, the benefi- 



460 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

cent influence of women as coworkers and practical idealists is above 
and beyond computation as a proper exposition attraction. It was a 
great surprise to the millions of people who saw the excellence of 
talent that was shown by the women artists, and the fact that women 
did it elevated the sentiment and appreciation of art. Indeed, without 
the work of women officially organized, and as individuals, it could 
not have reached, as it did, the height of success. 

Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va., Juror. 

Under the group heading "Architecture " the four classes into 
which it was divided represented : Drawings, models, and photo- 
graphs of completed buildings. Designs and projects of buildings. 
(Designs other than of architectural or constructive engineering.) 
Drawings, models, and photographs of artistic architectural details. 
Mosaics ; leaded and Mosaic glass. 

It is unfortunate that in this department the extent in which 
women share in the kind of work represented in this group was not 
demonstrated. While there are not many women architects of build- 
ings as yet, it is believed that the number is rapidly increasing, and 
within the past ten years it has been discovered that their aptitude 
for designing and working in leaded glass is of the highest, their 
artistic tendencies rendering them peculiarly adapted to this kind of 
work. 

Miss Weld reports as follows : 

In this department there were only two women exhibitors, both 
Americans. The English and French exhibits were not open for 
competition, but, so far as I could find out, there were no exhibits by 
women from either of these countries. 

One of the American women exhibited as an architect some attract- 
ive plans and interior views for a farmhouse. The other, as a land- 
scape architect, some photos of garden scenes. 

This last exhibit was the more striking of the two, as it showed that 
in the last few years women had made inroad into another profession 
hitherto left to the men. 

Miss Brown only finished her studies in landscape architecture at 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1903, where she was one 
of the first three women to take the course, a course only established 
within the last few years, so that there has not been much time in 
which to show what women can do in the profession. It is only a 
step from private gardens to public parks and grounds. 

Until lately the laying out of the grounds has been left to the land- 
scape gardener, after the house and other buildings have been com- 
pleted by the architect. It is the idea of the landscape architect, as 
I understand it, to consider both elements in the original design, 
instead of leaving them to the different tastes of the architect and 
landscape gardener in the hope of having a more harmonious result. 

Though both the exhibits mentioned above were appreciated in 
their classes, I can not help thinking that not enough attention was 
paid to the way they were presented, especially in the case of the 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 461 

garden scenes. Six little photos mounted in one frame did not show 
to the advantage or make the impression that the working drawings 
and one large photo of the result would have made. 

As the work of men and women must stand side by side in the 
world, the proper way is to exhibit it on terms of equal comparison, 
as was done at St. Louis. If the work is better than the men's, so 
much the more glory ; if not so good, it ought to arouse ambition. 

It was a great disappointment to see such a small exhibit by women 
in this department, a department where such creditable work has 
been done by women in this country, and if there had been at all a 
just representation I am sure it would have been a great surprise to 
some of the foreign visitors. I hope the other departments were 
better represented. 

Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, 111., Juror. 

Under the group heading, " Original objects of art workmanship," 
the eight classes into which it was divided represented : Art work in 
glass (other than that which is included in group 12) ; art work in 
earthenware, pottery, or porcelain; art work in metal (other than 
that included in group 11) ; art work in leather; art work in wood 
(other than that included in group 11) ; art work in textiles; artistic 
bookbinding ; art work not covered by any other group. 

It is to be regretted that Mrs. Field felt unable to make any report 
on this group, which so self -evidently must have contained much 
work done at least in part by women. It is well known that they 
have, within the past few years, entered the field of artistic book- 
binding with the most gratifying success ; that they excel in art work 
in textiles, and are proficient in art work in leather. 

Department C, liberal arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, chief, com- 
prised 13 groups and 116 classes, the board of lady managers being 
represented in but three of the groups. 

Group 16, Miss Frances B.Johnston, Washington, D. C, Juror. 

Under the group heading " Photography," the two classes into 
which it was divided represented: (Equipment, processes, and prod- 
ucts) ; materials, instruments, and apparatus of photography; equip- 
ment of photographic studios ; negative and positive photography on 
glass, paper, wood, cloth, films, enamel, etc. ; photogravure in intaglio 
and in relief; photocollography ; stereoscopic prints; enlarged and 
micrographic photographs; color photography; direct, indirect, and 
photocolor printing ; scientific and other applications of photography ; 
artistic photography as applied to portraiture, landscapes, etc. 

Miss Johnson says: 

There were comparatively few women exhibitors whose work was 
passed upon by our group jury, but notwithstanding this fact, the 
work of the women ranked very high, and was fully recognized in 
the awards. In this regard I do not venture to base any report to 
you on my memory alone, and I have, so far, been unsuccessful in 
getting any official list of the awards made. 



462 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, 111., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Books and publications — Bookbind- 
ing," the seven classes into which it was divided represented equip- 
ment and products: Newspapers, reviews, and other periodicals; 
collections of books, forming special libraries; new books and new 
editions of old books; drawings, atlases, albums; musical publica- 
tions; equipment, processes, and products of making stitched books 
and of bookbinding; specimens of bindings, stamping, embossing, 
gilding, etc. 

No report. 

That the work of women entered into the nature of the exhibit is 
shown by the fact that the Exposition Company granted the board 
representation upon it, and one has but to step into any large bindery 
to see scores of women busily engaged in the various departments, 
from folding the printed sheets to laying on the gold leaf. On news- 
papers the range of their work is from typesetting to editor in chief, 
and no library seems to exist at the present time without one or more 
women on its working staff. 

Under the group heading " Maps and apparatus for geography, 
cosmography, topography," the four classes into which it was di- 
vided represented: Maps, charts, and atlases; geographical, geolog- 
ical, hydrographical, astronomical, etc. ; physical maps of all kinds, 
topographical maps, flat or in relief ; terrestrial and celestial globes, 
statistical works and tables ; tables and nautical almanacs for the use 
of astronomers, surveyors, and seamen. 

Mrs. Woolwine writes: 

Having served as juror in group 18 of the Department of Liberal 
Arts at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it gives me great pleasure 
to make for you the best report I can on woman's work, my knowledge 
of most of which has been obtained from outside sources, as by neither 
registration nor cataloguing was there any differentiation between 
the work of man and woman. 

There were two very large relief maps of New Orleans and the 
levee system of the Mississippi River, which were the work of Miss 
Jennie Wilde, of New Orleans, and, while they rank low in the final 
prize award, attracted a great deal of attention and admiration. 
Comparatively speaking, I think this work much more ambitious 
than that heretofore undertaken by a woman along this line, and 
should prove a stimulus to woman in a new field. I could not see 
that results would have been better if their work had been separately 
exhibited. 

So far as I know, manufacturers were not then asked to state the 
percentage of woman's work which entered into their special exhibits; 
nor Avere they, as a rule, shown in such manner as to indicate in any 
way which part was performed by woman and which by man. The 
grand prize work, I am informed by the Rand, McNally Company, 
was nearly half performed by women; certainly 45 per cent of it. 






LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 463 

In this the skill and ingenuity displayed and the originality was not 
separable from that of her colaborers. 

Group 18, which consisted of geographical work in general, was 
hardly a fair test of woman's skill, surveying and engineering hav- 
ing been considered out of her line. Therefore I consider the one 
exhibit by woman a step forward along a new line, a willingness to 
compass great things, an evidence of woman's ambition and desire 
to succeed, but with her past education and opportunities inadequate 
for equal competition. 

If I may suggest, it will be greatly to our interest that women 
should have their work so catalogued that they may have credit for 
what labor they perform. No doubt much work is done in map 
making by women, but no mention of it is catalogued or credit for 
its excellence asked by them. 

It seems to me that a committee to investigate these questions at 
the beginning of each great exposition, or at the time of the placing 
of the exhibits, would be of very great statistical value in determin- 
ing the amount of labor and the degree of skill exercised by woman 
in these departments. 

The art of embroidery has been supposed always to be one pecu- 
liarly belonging to women, but that the men at least occasionally 
invade the field of her occupations is shown by the fact that the 
large Japanese and Chinese maps exhibited in the Transportation 
Building were both done by men, and showed exquisite workman- 
ship, particularly the embroidered one. 

The letter Miss Wilde herself has written in regard to the work 
on her relief map of the levee system may be of interest, as this 
certainly represents a new field of labor for women. It counted 
one more gold medal in the awards. 

All of the work on my relief maps was done by " woman," my 
sister assisting me greatly. On account of the limited time I had 
to finish the maps in, I was unable to finish them entirely myself, 
so had to employ assistants, but in each case it was the hand of 
woman. I received a gold medal for my work, or rather my work 
received a gold medal, it being an order from the State of Louisiana, 
and forming a part of their exhibit the medal had to become the 
property of the State. 

Surveying and engineering I have never studied, except in the 
making of these maps, when every assistance in regard to data, etc., 
was given to me by the most noted State and city engineers, they 
coming from time to time to supervise the work, and laughingly 
saying, when I had completed the same, that they would have to 
give me a diploma for proficiency in the profession. Of course I 
had to read up and learn a great deal in regard to surveying and 
engineering in making the maps, as everything is done correctly to 
a scale. 

Department D, manufactures, Mr. Milan H. Hulbert, chief, com- 
prised 24 groups and 231 classes, the board of lady managers being 
represented in but 7 groups. 



464 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

This would seem to be one of the departments where women 
should have been accorded fuller recognition. Space does not permit 
an examination of the number of groups into which their work 
largely enters, but in the group of " clock and watch making," for 
instance, it would seem scarcely just not to grant them their full meas- 
ure of praise for work well done. In one factory alone in Massachu- 
setts, where more than 3,000 persons are employed, hundreds of them 
are women and girls, employed not only in assembling the parts, but 
attending various machines. Under the group " Toys," also " Dolls, 
playthings," it is self-evident women must have much to do with their 
manufacture and preparation for the market, and their inventions of 
toys and playthings for children would seem to preeminently entitle 
them to the place in this group which was denied them. 

Group 37, Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis., Juror. 

Under the heading " Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings 
and dwellings," the nine classes into which it was divided repre- 
sented: Permanent decoration of public buildings and of dwellings. 
Plans, drawings, and models of permanent decoration. Carpentry; 
models of framework, roof work, vaults, domes, wooden partitions, 
etc. Ornamental joiner work; doors, windows, panels, inlaid floors, 
organ cases, choir stalls, etc. Permanent decorations in marble, stone, 
plaster, papier-mache, carton pierre, etc. Ornamental carvings and 
pyrographics. Ironwork and locksmiths' work applied to decoration ; 
grill work and doors in cast or wrought iron ; doors and balustrades 
in bronze, roof decoration in lead, copper, zinc, dormers, spires, 
finials, vanes; crest and ridge work. Decorative paintings on stone, 
wood, metal, canvas, or other surfaces. Signs of all varieties. Mosaic 
decorations in stone or marble for flooring ; enameled mosaic for walls 
and vaulted surfaces. Various applications of ceramics to the perma- 
nent decoration of public buildings and dwellings. 

As much time was consumed in endeavoring to communicate with 
the principal of this group, Mrs. Edgerton as alternate did not arrive 
in St. Louis until the work of the jury was far advanced, and there- 
fore could make no report. 

Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Ceramics," the 13 classes into which it 
was divided represented: (Raw materials, equipment, processes, and 
products.) Raw materials, particularly chemical products used in 
ceramic industrials. Equipment and methods used in the manufac- 
ture of earthenware; machines for turning, pressing, and molding 
earthenware ; machines for making brick, roofing tile, drain tile, and 
pottery for building purposes; furnaces, kilns, muffles, and baking 
apparatus; appliances for preparing and grinding enamels. Various 
porcelains. Biscuit of porcelain and of earthenware. Earthenware 
of white or colored body, with transparent or tin glazes. Faience. 
Earthenware and terra cotta for agricultural purposes; paving tiles, 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 465 

enameled lava. Stoneware, plain and decorated. Tiles, plain, 
encaustic, and decorated ; mosaics, bricks, paving bricks, pipes. Fire- 
proof materials. Statuettes, groups and ornaments in terra cotta. 
Enamels applied to ceramics. Mosaics of clay or of enamel. Mural 
designs ; borders for fireplaces and mantels. 

No report. 

Group 53 (later combined with Group 61), Mrs. F. K. Bowes, Chicago, 111., Juror. 

Under the group heading of " Equipment and processes used in 
sewing and making wearing apparel," the nine classes into which it 
was divided represented: Common implements used in needlework. 
Machines for cutting clothes, skins, and leathers. Machines for sew- 
ing, stitching, hemming, embroidering, etc. Machines for making 
buttonholes ; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and shoes, etc. ; plait- 
ing straw for hats. Tailors' geese and flatirons. Busts and figures 
for trying on garments. Machines for preparing separate parts of 
boots and shoes (stamping, molding, etc.). Machines for lasting, 
pegging, screwing, nailing. Machines for making hats of straw, felt, 
etc. 

Mrs. Bowes writes as follows : 

Amalgamation of Gkottps 53 and 61. 

Chairman, Daniel C. Nugent, St. Louis; honorary' vice-president, 
Jean Mouilbeau, Paris, France; first vice-president, John Sheville 
Capper, Chicago ; second vice-president, J. E. Wilson, Elmwood, 111. ; 
secretaries, Charles W. Farmer, New York City, and Ella E. Lane 
Bowes, Chicago (elected by the jury to fill the place of Secretary 
Charles Farmer, owing to his being called to New York City) . Group 
53 : Chairman, J. E. Wilson, Elmwood, 111. ; vice-chairman, Charles 
E. Moore, Brockton, Mass. ; secretary, Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, 
111.; Mary G. Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa; Mathilda Eipberger, Dres- 
den, Germany. Group 61: Chairman, John Sheville Capper, Chi- 
cago, 111. ; secretary, M. Blum, Paris, France ; M. Mouilbeau, Paris, 
France ; Eugene Leonard, Paris, France ; Fred L. Eossback, Chicago, 
111.; W. E. McClelland, New York City; M. Magai, Japan; Nellie 
Saxton, Brazil ; Celia Nelson, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Ella E. Lane Bowes, 
Chicago, 111. 

Group 53. — Group 53 was composed of two men and two women 
jurors, viz, the chairman and vice-chairman, men; the secretary, the 
writer, an American, and a German woman. 

Group 53 was composed of equipments, processes, etc. Class 326, 
common implements used in needlework. Class 327, machines for 
cutting clothes, skirts, and leathers. Class 328, machines for sewing, 
stitching, hemming, embroidering. Class 329, machines for making 
buttonholes ; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and shoes, etc. ; plait- 
ing straw for hats. Class 330, tailors' geese and flatirons. Class 
331, busts and figures for trying on garments. Class 332, machines 
for preparing separate parts of boots and shoes (stamping, molding, 
etc). Class 333, machines for lasting, pegging, screwing, nailing. 
Class 334, machines for making hats of straw, felt, etc. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 30 



466 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

In this group of nine classes there was no distinctive exhibits by 
women, but the outcome of their skillful labor on the wonderful 
machines was purely their own and well displayed. 

The most practical exhibit of woman's work was the finished 
product of sewing machines in the United States and Great Britain 
sections. 

The Singer sewing machine exhibit furnished the best display in 
the group. The work was very fine in deatil, done by skilled artisans. 

Among the work in the homely arts were shoes, corsets, underwear, 
and skillful darning. The manufacture of these useful articles 
proved interesting. 

In the beauty arts was displayed embroideries and fancy mono- 
grams, a skilled workman demonstrating a machine that would pro- 
duce twelve monograms at one time in elaborate embroidery ; in fact, 
the machines seemed as human as the workers themselves; although 
they were not talkers, they were " Singers." 

Among the notable exhibits in this group was the attractive display 
of paper patterns. The Butterick Pattern Company exhibited on 
life-size wax figures the evolution of dress during the past one hun- 
dred years, true to the fashions of each decade in style, color of dress, 
and bonnet. 

The McCall Company's exhibit consisted of life-size wax figures 
attired in paper patterns, up to date in all the idiosyncracies de- 
manded by fashion, an educational feature in this line of work. 

As a work of art the large and handsome display of paper costumes 
has never been equaled. No such display of costumes, representing 
lace, velvet, linen, silk, cloth, etc., all made in paper, has ever been 
seen anywhere in the world prior to this exhibit; and this work of 
art was the handicraft of women. 

In the Homer Young Company's sewing machine the demand and 
supply for women's comfort was again called out in the combined 
dressing table and sewing machine, a good invention for flats, the fad 
of the day, that was designed for convenience. 

The electric flatirons were certainly an advance in the right direc- 
tion. 

A great time saver was the " Universal button fastener," " guaran- 
teed not to come off." 

In some departments of manufacture exhibits the percentage of 
woman's labor was said to be 10 per cent ; the wax-figure department, 
75 per cent; in operating sewing machines for the manufacture of 
wearing apparel, etc., the percentage is about 90. Operation of sew- 
ing machines and kindred industries have reached about as high a 
state of perfection as possible. The same holds good in regard to the 
Singer sewing machines of Great Britain. Their output is larger 
for machines for the manufacture of embroideries, lace, saddlery, 
leather, top-boots, sewings, and upholstery. A specialty of machine 
work was their fine hemstitching. Perhaps the attractiveness of the 
Singer sewing machine exhibits was owing largely to the fact that 
they were shown in motion. 

Germany's sewing-machine product showed great skill in work- 
manship. Lintz & Eckardt, Berlin, displayed the output of eight 
styles of embroidery machines, ribbon plaiting, and a three-needle 
machine with baud apparatus, which turned out wonderful work of 
bead and silk embroideries on silk and other fabrics. 






LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 467 

The many dress cutting and ladies' tailoring systems, again the in- 
ventions of man, are perhaps among the most useful in women's work 
to-day in teaching dress cutting from a perfect system, and greatly 
assisting in the work of drafting garments from actual measurements. 
They are time savers, and are so constructed as to follow the changes 
in fashion, and women can, by their use, become expert workmen and 
display artistic skill. A great advancement has been made along this 
line of work during the past ten years, or since the last exposition; 
not only from a practical standpoint, but as an educational feature, 
especially in rural districts, for through their schools, conducted 
through correspondence, they have enabled women throughout the 
country to learn dressmaking and to keep in close touch with the 
styles of the world. The McDowell system, for manufacturing pur- 
poses, is superior, and under a skilled workman is most correct. The 
Edward Curran drafting machines are useful for the novice — good 
on account of their simplichry, being more portable on account of 
folding into a small compass. The same can be said of the Valentine 
system. 

In this group there was no installation by foreign women. 

In group 53 there was nothing unusual displayed that would lead 
one to think that women were more capable of executing more 
advanced work than they accomplished eleven years ago. 

In the Louisiana Purchase Exposition woman's work was installed 
in such a manner and not being specified, one could not tell where 
their work began and where it left off. As to the appreciation of 
woman's work, it was taken as a whole and was judged as a work of 
mankind. Women's work and men's work of to-day would be hard to 
separate. Perhaps if women's work could be brought out more 
prominently it would be better for them. No work was displayed in 
such a manner as to enable one to distinguish between the two. In 
the manufacture of personal effects, the larger proportion was women's 
work. No woman received an award in group 53 to my knowledge. 

As has been said before, the operation of machines is especially 
women's work. Women were not the inventors, but they displayed 
ingenuity and skill in the operation — application. Although the} 7 
are not the original inventors, it is a well-known fact that many im- 
provements are women's suggestions. Their working at the machines 
and the ingenuity and taste displayed in the choice of work was of 
marked value as an exposition attraction. 

Group 61. Various industries connected with clothing {processes 
and products). — Class 383, hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; caps, 
trimmings for hats. Class 384, artificial flowers for dressing the hair, 
for dress and for all other uses. Feathers, millinery, hair : coiffures, 
wigs, switches. Class 385, shirts and underclothing for men, women, 
and children. Class 386, hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, 
etc.; knitted hosiery, cravats, and neckties. Class 387, corsets and 
corset fittings. Class 388, elastic goods, suspenders, garters, belts. 
Class 389, canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, parasols, umbrellas. 
Class 390, buttons; buttons of china, metal, cloth, silk, mother-of- 
pearl or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier-mache, etc. Class 
391, buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Class 392, 
fans and hand screens. 

Owing to Mr. Farmer being called to his home, Mrs. Ella E. Lane 
Bowes, secretary of group 53, served as secretary of group 61 also. 



468 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Group 61 was composed of 11 individuals, 7 men and 4 women, with 
an American for chairman and a Frenchman for secretary, and two 
vice-chairmen. 

Group 61 contained 30 classes. Within this group there was no 
especial exhibit by women, although their work stood out in promi- 
nence. 

The most striking display was the corset display of Birdsey & 
Sumers, of New York. The corsets were shown on wax half-size 
figures, the color scheme being carried out in detail to match the 
corset. The most prominent figure was one done in white satin and 
real lace with jewel clasps, etc. This display, from its artistic 
arrangement and elegant materials was in conformity with the French 
exhibits. With the exception of the jewels, it was purely of American 
production; and the arrangement and display of the exhibit was due 
to an American woman, an employee of the manufacturer. 

Another notable display was that of Kops Brothers, of New York. 
They exhibited the " Nemo " corset and the " Smart Set," in an 
artistic manner. The arrangement of this display was also due to a 
woman. 

Strouse-Adler & Co., New York City, showed a practical exhibit of 
what was termed by the exposition officials a " live exhibit," manufac- 
turing garments from start to finish, and was an attractive display. 
These demonstrations were by women. 

In the exhibit of the American Hosiery Company, New Britain, 
Conn., the goods were up to the high standard of the " Grand Prix." 

The Lewis Knitting Company, Janes ville, Wis., made an attractive 
display, and the writer was told at this exhibit that the garments were 
brought to a high state of perfection through the ingenuity of Mrs. 
Lewis. 

The Wayne Knitting Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind., made a very beauti- 
ful display of fine knit goods, the work of women. 

The Kleinert Rubber Company, New York City, made an artistic 
display of fancy things and were assisted in the arrangement of same 
by a woman. This exhibit should have special mention for having 
had everything in place and on time before opening day, which could 
not be said of many others. I was told that here also many of the 
improvements were the suggestions of women. 

Many of the finest exhibits in this group were ladies' lingerie. 
There were many creditable exhibits of women's underwear, the 
work of their hands, and marvelous creations in bead embroidery, 
lace, and artificial flowers. 

A most brilliant display was made by the Rosenthal-Sloan Mil- 
linery Company, consisting of artificial flowers manufactured by 
women. This artistic display was said to have been suggested and 
carried out in detail by a woman. A unique feature of this dis- 
play was a map of the United States, each State being formed with 
its adopted flower, the States being outlined in golden rod, the pro- 
posed national flower. 

The writer understood that in some of the underwear and hosiery 
mills women were superintendents of departments and employed in 
great numbers in other work, the proportion of women to men being 
between 80 and 90 per cent. 

The J. B. Stetson Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., made a good 
practical display of hats, and in their line the finished product was 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 469 

equal to any in the world, and showed great progress since the 
Columbian Exposition, when the writer had the pleasure of judging 
their exhibit. The average of woman's work is about equal. 

In this group the advancement in special industries has been in 
the processes of women's work in the knit goods and corsets, which 
show greatest improvement. The creditable work shown in the ar- 
rangement and display of exhibits by suggestions and carrying out 
of detail by women leads one to think that women are more remark- 
able along these lines of work and have accomplished much in the 
last eleven years, since the time of the Chicago Exposition, or at any 
time in the past. 

Their work was more individualized in former expositions, while 
in the latter it was impossible to draw comparisons in the advance- 
ment or success of women's work, the work not being placed in 
such a way as to enable one to judge whether it was solely that of 
women or men. All work was exhibited as the work of mankind in 
general, and could not be classified under the head of either women's 
or men's work. 

Where manufacturers were questioned relative to the percentage 
of women working in their establishments, they gladly answered the 
questions. 

No woman received an award in this group. 

Among the useful and distinctive inventions shown were the 
garter supporters, well known to be the invention of a woman. 

The underwear in general, corsets, and accessories are more useful 
and more healthful from a physical standpoint, especially the corsets 
of to-day. This is an advancement. 

There was more ingenuity displayed in the installation and taste 
in artistic arrangement of the exhibits, making them of greater 
value as exposition attractions ; whereas in former expositions Phila- 
delphia was experimental, the World's Columbian Exposition edu- 
cational, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition exploitive. 

There is no reason why women should not have a large represen- 
tation, if not equal with men, in all expositions. While they may 
not be the real inventors of the machines, devices, etc., they many 
times are the suggestors. Being the spenders and buyers for the 
home and family makes them more competent as judges of merchan- 
dise of all kinds and quicker to note improvements. 

In the work of the world, especially in anything pertaining to 
the home, educational matters, arts, and professions, women hold 
such a prominent place to-day, almost exclusively doing the work 
in the manufacture of articles and habiliments for creature comforts, 
that it is impossible to ignore them. 

Sitmmary of groups 53 and 61 {jury composed of 19 persons). — In 
previous world's fairs they were called judges, but at this one they 
were " jurors." 

It would be well to dwell upon the vastness of the work accom- 
plished by the petit jury within a brief period of time, for they w T ere 
in constant work for twenty days, from morning till night, visiting 
the many exhibits. Upon examination, the value of the commodity 
or product was decided and the usefulness of the same and compari- 
sons made with similar exhibits, consultation in jury meetings, where 
the many good points of the exhibits were presented and discussed, 
and a final decision was reached by vote of the jury as a whole. 



470 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The various machines were for the manufacture of women : s habili- 
ments, with the much-needed garment-drafting machine, which, if 
not invented by women, was at their suggestion and creation of the 
demand for supplies. 

The up-to-date paper patterns, wax figures, papier-mache forms, 
milliners' findings, and sewing machines made the grand whole. 
The finished products were the marvelous creations of her hands, for, 
as truly said, man did invent these machines, but women work and 
bring forth the grand finale, therefore one is not complete without 
the other. In all things it takes the good work of men and women 
to complete the whole. And this applies to jury work as well. 

From the writer's experience in expositions up to date she would 
approve the combination of the John Boyd Thatcher individual judge 
and diploma systems, together with the bronze, silver, gold, and 
" grand prix," which would be preferable from an educational stand- 
point and also to show to the world what the medal was given for. 
Also, the group or petit jury doing the work should combine with a 
larger jury, and perhaps a court of appeal, it being impossible for 
anyone in a higher court to know the why and the wherefore of the 
workers of the petit jury; and as far as the writer could learn it was 
the concensus of opinion of both exhibitors and jurors, as heretofore 
stated, that the opportunity to hold to the last was more preferable. 

As an observer of the workings of world's fairs from the Centennial 
at Philadelphia, and also being closely allied with other great fairs, 
having visited same since that time and being a judge heretofore, 
will repeat the general remark of exhibitors and judges of former 
expositions. The consensus of opinion was that " no world's fair was 
complete without a jury composed of men and women, a just repre- 
sentation," working in unison and perfect accord with only one end 
in view — justice to all. 

Group 61 (combined with 53, as above), Mrs. A. G. Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa, Juror. 

Under the group heading, " Various industries connected with 
clothing," the ten classes into which it was divided represented 
(processes and products) : Hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; caps, 
trimmings for hats. Artificial flowers for dressing the hair, for 
dress, and for all other uses. Feathers. Millinery. Hair ; coiffures, 
wigs, switches. Shirts and underclothing for men, women, and chil- 
dren. Hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, etc.; knitted 
hosiery; cravats and neckties. Corsets and corset fittings. Elastic 
goods, suspenders, garters, belts. Canes, whips, riding whips, sun- 
shades, parasols, umbrellas. Buttons, buttons of china, metal, cloth, 
silk, mother-of-pearl, or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier- 
mache, etc. Buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Fans 
and hand screens. 

Mrs. Harrow reports as follows : 

The work of group 53, of which I was a member, did not take us 
very extensively among the women exhibitors of the exposition, but 
in every instance where their work came under our observation or 
inspection they demonstrated their marked ability in the manner and 






LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 471 

taste shown in their display, and in some instances, where their com- 
petitors were men, they proved the fact that if their work was not 
superior, it was at least equal to that of the men. 

In my opinion it is better for women's work to come in competition 
with that of men and not be separated. 

All women in general, I feel sure, must have been greatly benefited 
by having a fair representation at the exposition, as it could not but 
help placing a higher standard upon all women's work, and that work 
in particular in which she excelled. 

And as woman's work receives benefit, and also success by being 
placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, so likewise 
may man's work receive helpful suggestions and real advancement 
by being brought into competition with the work of women. 

Group 58 (later combined with Group sg), Mrs. E. D. Wood, Indianapolis, Ind., 

Juror. 

Under the group heading " Laces, embroidery, and trimmings," the 
seven classes into which it was divided represented: Lace made by 
hand, laces, blond or guipure, wrought on pillow or with the needle 
or crochet, made of flax, cotton, silk, wool, gold, silver, or other 
threads. Laces made by machinery; tulles, plain or embroidered; 
imitation lace, blond and guipure, in thread of every kind. Em- 
broidery made by hand ; embroidery by needle or crochet, with thread 
of every kind, on all kinds of grounds (fabric, net, tulle, skin, etc.), 
including needlework upon canvas, as well as embroidery applique 
or ornamented with gems, pearls, jet, spangles of metal or other 
material, feathers, shells, etc. Embroidery made by machinery, with 
the foundation preserved, or with the foundation cut or burned awaj^. 
Trimmings; galloons, lace or braids, fringes, tassels, all kinds of 
applique and ornamental work, handmade or woven, for millinery or 
garments, ecclesiastical vestments, civil or military uniforms; for 
furniture, saddlery, carriages, etc. ; threads and plates of metal, gold 
or silver, real or imitation, spangles, chenilles, and all other articles 
used for trimmings. Church embroidery; church ornaments and 
linen; altar cloths, banners, and other objects for religious ceremonies 
in fabrics ornamented with lace, embroideries and trimmings. Cur- 
tains, with lace, guipure, or embroidery, upon tulle or fabrics ; blinds, 
screens, portieres, lambrequins, and other draperies, ornamented with 
lace, embroidery, and trimmings. 

Mrs. Wood writes: 

Our jury was a large one — about thirty members. They came from 
France, Germany, Austria -Hungary, China, Japan, Great Britain, 
Mexico, Porto Rico; the other members were Americans, and repre- 
sented the different States. The work we were to do was what was 
known as " groups 58 and 59," and covered so much ground we found 
that in order to finish in the required time we would have to divide 
our jury, so that some were detailed to examine embroidery, others 
costumes, trimming, laces, etc. I was on the lace committee. Laces 
made by hand, wrought on pillows, by needle or crochet, silk, wool, 
gold, silver, or thread, machine-made laces, imitation, embroidered 
tulles, and lace curtains. It would be impossible to describe the 



472 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

beauties of the lovely laces, the time, patience, and labor given to 
them. We examined the exhibits in the Manufacturers' Building, 
Varied Industries, all foreign buildings. The work done by women 
in the Philippines, Porto Rico, Mexican and Alaskan exhibits was 
as fine in texture and as beautiful as imported laces. The work in 
every instance was as handsome as that shown at the Chicago World's 
Fair, but perhaps not on so large a scale. 

I was a member of a committee of four appointed to adjust the 
losses on the handsome imported costumes and wraps in the French 
section that were damaged during a wind and rain storm that swept 
over the exposition grounds during the summer and damaged the 
building and the immense glass cases containing these valuable 
goods, the loss of which amounted to hundreds of dollars to the 
Exposition Company. 

Group 59 (combined with Group 58 above), Mrs. William S. Major, Shelbyville, 

Ind., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Industries producing wearing apparel 
for men, women, and children," the four classes into which it was 
divided represented: Clothing to measure for men and boys; ordi- 
nary costumes, suits for hunting and riding, leather breeches and 
similar articles; suits for gymnastic uses and games, military and 
civil uniforms, campaign clothing of special types, robes and cos- 
tumes for magistrates, members of the bar, professors, ecclesiastics, 
etc., liveries, various costumes for children. Clothing, ready-made, 
for men and boys. Clothing to measure for women and girls; 
dresses, vests, jackets, cloaks (made by ladies' tailors, dressmakers, or 
cloak makers) , riding habits, sporting suits. Clothing, ready-made, 
for women and girls. Patterns. 

Mrs. Major reports as follows: 

In group 58, Department of Manufactures, the proportional num- 
ber of exhibits by women contained in these classes was small — I 
would think about 10 per cent. Groups 58 and 59 exhibited laces, 
embroideries, trimmings, decorations for gowns, costumes, and wraps, 
drawn work and Tenneriffe. Art needlework was the most striking 
exhibit by women in that department. Women showed great ad- 
vancement in each industry, without question. Very few exhibits 
were installed by foreign women ; the foreign costumes were largely 
from the man tailor. The needlework in the Visayan Village of the 
Philippine exhibit was of a very high order, but no provision was 
made to grant awards upon this — the Philippine exhibit — and Miss 
Anna Woolf, of St. Louis, and I called the attention of the author- 
ities to the deserving character of the exhibit and made a plea for 
awards to be made by the higher jurors, and they promised to do so. 
I do not know whether it was done or not, however, but there was no 
woman's work in the whole Louisiana Purchase Exposition more 
deserving or of higher grade than the needlework in that village 
exhibit. Enough can not be said of these little workers. The pres- 
ent age is one of superiority, in which women not only show their 
ability, but each year they are granted more, and more widespread 
becomes their ability to grasp all vocations and fill them most credit- 
ably. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 473 

I am confident there was no question of the interest shown by men 
in woman's work ; in fact, I think it attracted more visitors, and the 
results would not have been better if their work had been separately 
exhibited. 

The work shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was on a 
much greater and higher plane than ever has been exhibited before. 
Where women exhibited they received a greater number of awards in 
proportion. Miss Mary Williamson was an original designer of 
artistic needlework, showing exceptional talent, and was awarded a 
grand prix for her designs. 

I attended the Paris Exposition of 1878, also the Centennial at 
Philadelphia, 1876 ; spent much time at the Columbian World's Fair 
in Chicago, and possess a diploma and gold medal for my artistic 
needlework exhibited at the Columbian Exposition. 

Miss Margaret Summers, of Louisville, Ky., was also a juror in the 
above-combined groups 58 and 59, and writes : 

In group 59 the costumes made by men were about twice as many as 
those made by women, though the handsomest of the exhibits was the 
work of a woman, Caroline, of Chicago. 

All the work done by women showed a great improvement over that 
exhibited at the Chicago Exposition, not only in the cut and design, 
but in the artistic finish and the care given to every detail. 

The hand work was a special feature of all the garments for women 
in the lingerie, gowns, and manteaux. 

The most intricate designs were executed in a manner betokening 
the true artist, and none but those educated in the art of combining 
colors and in designing could have obtained the results seen at St. 
Louis. 

The tendency in all garments for women, however, was toward the 
ornate rather than the simple, and with but few exceptions every 
gown, every wrap, and all the lingerie was most elaborate. But the 
hand of the true artist was shown in these garments in that they were 
beautiful and in good taste in spite of their elaborateness. 

It would have been advantageous if the women's work had been 
arranged separate from the men's, because they would have attracted 
more attention as a woman's exhibit per se and would therefore have 
called greater attention to the progress women have made in these 
lines. In other words, the separate exhibit would have served better 
for a comparative study of woman's advancement in the past ten 
years. 

There was a greater variety of woman's work than was shown at 
the Chicago Exposition, and that in itself showed an advancement. 
The greater scope gave evidence of a broadening influence, and the 
women showed themselves proficient in all they undertook. 

As compared with the work of men, I should say that the women's 
exhibit had every right to be placed side by side with the men's, just 
as was done. 

In Group 58 was eventually placed the wonderful piece of em- 
broidery of the " Sistine Madonna," the work of Miss Ripberger, of 
Berlin. The linen upon which the life-like figures were wrought was 



474 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

probably 6 by 8 feet in size, and in order to reproduce the colors the 
silk had been matched with the colors in the original painting. The 
reproduction of Raphael's wonderful work was a marvel of artistic 
ability and patience, and was exquisitely executed. It justly de- 
served the grand prix accorded it. 

Department H, agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, com- 
prised 27 groups and 137 classes, the board of lady managers being 
represented in but five groups. 

Group 78, Mrs. W. H. Felton, of Cartersville, Ga., Juror. 

Under the heading of " Farm equipment — Methods of improving 
lands," the three classes into which it was divided represented: 
Specimens of various systems of farming. Plans and models of farm 
buildings; general arrangement; stables, sheep folds, barns, pig- 
sties, breeding grounds; special arrangements for breeding and fat- 
tening cattle; granaries and silos; furniture for stables, barns, ken- 
nels, etc. Material and appliances used in agricultural engineering, 
reclaiming of marshes, drainage, irrigation. 

Mrs. Felton says, in a letter accompanying her report : 

In accordance with your official request, I have prepared a short 
resume of the work as juror in Group Jury No. 78. It was the central 
group — I mean, the leading group in the Department of Agriculture. 
There were no exhibits by women, because we passed upon matters 
so immense that it was the work of States and foreign governments, 
rather than of individuals, that was noted. 

Mrs. Felton's report is as follows : 

I was selected as a juror for Group Jury No. 78, and entered upon 
the duties assigned me on September 1, 1904. 

Group Jury No. 78 organized, and after the chairman and vice- 
chairman were selected I was made secretary, which position I held 
until the minutes and report were handed in to the office of Hon. Fred. 
W. Taylor, chief of Department of Agriculture, on September 19. 

As secretary, the work of the Group Jury No. 78 came immediately 
under my supervision, and I found the work exceedingly pleasant, 
and my colleagues (all the members were gentlemen except myself) 
were most agreeable, and we concluded our work without the least 
friction or antagonism to the close. 

Group No. 78 was the first on the list in the general Department of 
Agriculture. It covered exhibits on main lines, other groups taking 
what I might term subdivisions. 

We examined farm improvement as related to inventions and de- 
vices which were intended as fixtures to farm buildings. Group 
No. 79 was devoted to such exhibits as were movable. 

To illustrate: No. 78 collected data and awarded prizes on barn 
gates, doors, hay carriers, silos, windmills, pumps, etc., while No. 79 
was concerned with thrashers, plows, and the various implements 
which are not sold with farm buildings as necessary fixtures. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 475 

Having lived an active life on a Georgia plantation for fifty years, 
all these matters were of exceeding interest to the secretary, although 
a woman. 

Our jury made an exhaustive examination of the exhibits of irri- 
gation models, with various reports and statistics, that were carried 
to St. Louis. Germany made the finest exhibit as to number and 
completeness, and I feel sure there never has been such a far-reach- 
ing display of irrigation methods in the United States before. I 
was intimately connected with the Columbian Exposition, as a lady 
manager from Georgia and chairman of the woman's executive com- 
mittee in the Cotton States and International Exposition, and I feel 
I speak advisedly when I tell you that nothing I have ever seen com- 
pares with the agricultural exhibits of the St. Louis Exposition, as 
uncovered to my view in performing the duties of a juror, especially 
in regard to the greatest problem of the twentieth century, namely, in 
regard to irrigation and its future possibilities for our various States 
and Territories. You will understand, of course, women had no part 
in the various governmental works where land has been reclaimed 
and converted into the finest farming lands known to this era, but in 
the results which followed such reclamation the farmer's wife and 
daughter has been seen and felt everywhere, although no percentage 
of women's work was noted in the exhibits examined by Group Jury 
No. 78. 

Germany, Italy, Belgium, and France were prominent, and the 
States of Utah, Montana, California, and Louisiana gave most satis- 
factory evidences of advanced progress by irrigation in farming 
methods. 

In the Belgian exhibit we were shown the beautiful and remark- 
able flax grown in the irrigated districts, the material from which 
the finest lace, known as the Brussels product, is constructed. If the 
investigation had been pursued to the limit, every benefit, or profit, 
or financial opportunity resulting from the improvement of farms, 
abroad or at home, touches somewhere the lives of our farm women 
in comfort and happiness. 

Our jury passed upon the magnificent exhibit made by the State 
of Missouri in the Agricultural Palace — the finest State exhibit 
known to this continent — up to date in agriculture. 

The construction of an elegant lay figure, made entirely of corn 
shucks and corn silks, representing a lady of style and fashion, was 
the handiwork of a woman and richly deserved the prize that was 
awarded. 

Group No. 78 being confined to general lines, and covering the 
idea of farm improvement on an extended scale, grasping, as it were, 
the great and fundamental principles of modern agriculture, the work 
of the sexes was not indicated by the exhibitors. The percentage 
of each was not required by instructions given to Group Jury No. 78. 

It gives me great pleasure to thank you and the board of lady 
managers for kind attentions, and the opportunity for pleasure and 
instruction in this group jury work, and to assure you that it was my 
constant aim and purpose to prove to my colleagues and to Chief 
Taylor that your trust and confidence had not been misplaced in 
assigning me to jury duty in so important a place. 

Group 84, under the group heading " Vegetable food products — 
Agricultural seeds," was divided into eight classes, which repre- 



476 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sented: Cereals — wheat, rye, barley, maize, millet, and other cereals 
in sheaves or in grain. Legumes and their seeds — beans, peas, lentils, 
etc. Tuber and roots and their seeds — potatoes, beets, carrots, turnips, 
radishes, etc. Miscellaneous vegetables and their seeds — cabbages, 
peppers, artichokes, mushrooms, cresses, etc. Sugar-producing 
plants — beets, cane, sorghum, etc. Miscellaneous plants and their 
products — coffee, tea, cocoa, etc. Oil-producing plants and their 
products. Forage, growing, green, cured, or in silos; fodder for 
cattle ; forage, grass, and field seeds. 

Neither the principal nor alternate in this group were able to serve. 

Group 89, Mrs. E. L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and 
fruit," the eight classes into which it was divided represented : Meat 
preserved by any process. Salted meats, canned meats. Meat and 
soup tablets. Meat extracts. Various pork products. Fish pre- 
served by any process. Salt fish, fish in barrels, cod, herring, etc. 
Fish preserved in oil — tuny, sardines, anchovies. Canned lobsters, 
canned oysters, canned shrimps. Vegetables preserved by various 
processes. Fruits dried or prepared, prunes, figs, raisins, dates. 
Fruits preserved without sugar. Fruits, canned, in tins or in glass. 
Army and Navy commissary stores and equipment. 

No report. 

Group 88, Mrs. F. H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Bread and pastry," the two classes into 
which it was divided represented: Breads with or without yeast, 
fancy breads, and breads in molds, compressed breads for travelers, 
military campaigns, etc. Ship biscuits. Yeasts. Baking powders. 
Pastry of various kinds peculiar to each country. Ginger bread and 
dry cakes for keeping. 

Mrs. Pugh reports substantially as follows : 

The nature of the exhibits in group 88 were angel food cake, 
pickles, bread, fruit cake, Purina Mills exhibit, the most striking 
exhibit being a California fruit cake, made by Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, 
which weighed 81 pounds. The exhibits showed advancement in the 
science of good cooking, all the exhibits being installed by American 
women, no foreign women that I can recall participating, and the 
display was more creditable than at the Chicago Exposition, in that 
the exhibitors showed more confidence in themselves and their work, 
more attention being given also to the purity and healthfulness of 
their food exhibits. Their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, would most certainly prove helpful or suggestive to those 
interested in the advancement and success of women's work by their 
exhibition of success already achieved, and the work of women, it is 
believed, was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that, of 
men, and the results would not have been better had their work been 
separately exhibited. No manufacturers that I knew of, excepting 






LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 477 

the Purina Mills (Ralston) exhibition, were asked to state the per- 
centage of woman's work that entered into the manufacture of their 
special exhibits, and only by one or two exhibits was it in a measure 
indicated in any way which part had been performed by woman, 
which by men ; but, in my opinion, probably about one-tenth of the 
work was performed by women in this group. There were eight 
women exhibitors out of a total of sixty-three applications. 

In the exhibits in this department daintier manipulation and more 
regard for purity of foods was shown than in the past, and in the 
construction of individual booths Mrs. Buchanan's pickles, Mrs- 
Gautz (Northwestern Yeast Company), and Mrs. Haffner's Swans- 
down flour deserve special mention. The exhibits of the women did 
not show special development of original inventions, but were mainly 
improvements and greater skill in handling the products, the greatest 
labor-saving machine being Werner's domestic machinery; but it is 
presumed this is the invention of man only, and that while women 
took no part in constructing that their installations were a credit to 
the most wonderful of all expositions and were a great attraction to 
visitors. 

I am frank to say that as I look back upon our work there, the 
women who made the greatest effort to add to the attractiveness of the 
Agricultural Palace did not receive all the awards they deserved, 
namely, Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, to whom was awarded a grand prize for 
the ingenuity of her exhibit, never heard of the award; Mrs. 
Bertha E. Haffner, representing Swansdown flour, should have had 
a grand prize for her cakes, since a grand prize was awarded Mrs. 
Gautz for bread. This was the consensus of opinion of jurors in 
group 88. 

The coffee exhibits employing women, and the flours — Pillsbury, 
Washburne, and Crosby, the banana flours, North Dakota flour exhib- 
itors, Sanitas Nut Company, breakfast foods — were all in the charge 
of women, all of whom deserve special mention for their unfailing 
courtesies to sightseers. 

It warms my heart yet just to think of the dear old Palace of Agri- 
culture, and the many delightful hours spent there in our work. I 
desire to specially commend the kindness received by those in charge 
of the Brazilian Pavilion and Machin Brothers' French bakery. 

Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead (now Mrs. C. M. F. Riley), Little Rock, 

Ark, Juror. 

Under the group heading " Sugar and confectionery — Condiments 
and relishes," the eight classes into which it was divided repre- 
sented: Sugar. Glucose. Confectionery. Chocolate. Brandied 
fruits, preserves, jellies. Coffee, tea, substitutes for coffee — mate, 
chicory and sweet acorns. Vinegar. Table salt. Spices and ex- 
tracts; pepper, cinnamon, allspice, etc.; flavoring extracts. Mixed 
condiments and relishes ; mustard, curries, sauces, etc. 

Mrs. Riley reports as follows : 

Department of Agriculture, group 90. In this group there were 
not as many women exhibitors as seemingly might have been expected, 
as women have always been the exponents of this domestic science, and 



478 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

have been called the "ministering angels" to man's needs; have 
feasted his eyes and fed his stomach from times immemorial with 
their sweetmeats. Eve, even, perhaps made Adam happy with sun- 
dried figs. Who knows? 

All told, there were not over thirty women exhibitors, and the exhibits 
consisted of preserves, jellies, jams, marmalades, pickles, relishes, 
candied fruits, crystallized flowers — excellent in their quality and 
most beautifully put up and hygienically sealed. In this, the science 
of our grandmothers, much of their wisdom and practice clings to 
the art of producing and effecting the good result which were dis- 
played before us; but if the exhibitors did have recourse to the old 
cookery books, the manner of showing the exhibits, the attractive 
booths, the managing ability, the business methods were the attri- 
butes of the women of to-day — the advancing, the f arseeing business 
woman. 

There were no foreigners in this class. The exhibitors of the guava 
jellies and foreign preserves were men. Man in all countries has 
been prone to reach out and gather in the best that women have had to 
give, and in this branch of trade has so enlarged and sometimes, may 
I add, adulterated the old recipes, and with his money and his army 
of employees has established great pickling and preserving plants 
designed to feed the world's masses. 

In most cases the pureness, the sweetest, the old touch of " home- 
made " is gone, and only until the domestic woman, by dint of hard 
pressure, has been driven out into the world to gain her own liveli- 
hood, has this pure homemade article been put upon the market. 
" Pin-money " pickles are now a household word — made by a woman 
in Virginia, who started by making for her friends and neighbors, 
but whose industry has grown now to immense proportions. 

In the exhibits by women at the St. Louis exposition two exhibits 
were worthy of unusual merit — one a fruit cake containing 41 varie- 
ties of preserved fruits, and weighing 81 pounds, made by Mrs. Rose 
A. Bailey, of California. Mrs. Bailey preserved these fruits in sugar 
only. Her collection of jellies, etc., received the warmest praise, and 
so much has been said that she is now contemplating the forwarding 
of a " Home-prepared fruit agency " to be handled by women only. 

The other exhibit was the crystallized rose leaves and violets, by 
another California woman — so made that the sugar could be peeled 
off, leaving the rose leaf or violet intact and perfect in its coloring 
and form. 

These were the odd and new exhibits. A long line of clear jellies 
and good pickles and toothsome relishes was most willingly judged 
and more willingly tasted. A most attractive exhibit of these were 
in the booth of Mrs. Nathalie Claibourne Buchanan, representing an 
old Virginia kitchen, its open fireplace with the fire logs in the back- 
ground, the high mantel with its rows of preserves and pickles, and 
a dear old black " mammy " in kerchief and bandana as a most fitting 
setting to the scene. 

No woman received the highest award, the grand prix, but some 
were given the gold medal. 

In the exhibits of the large manufacturers there was no way to tell 
what part of the labor had been performed by women; but on the 
printed forms the proportion of women laborers was quite often 

fiven, but it is a known fact that two- thirds of the work of these large 
actories is done by women and girls. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 479 

This should be a wide avenue for women to enter the marts of life, 
but on the small scale it is so underpaid in proportion to the labor 
expended that but few are bold enough to enter. 

Department J, horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, com- 
prised 7 groups and 27 classes, the board of lady managers being rep- 
resented in but one group. 

Group 107, Mrs. M. B. R. Day, Frankfort, Ky., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Pomology,-' the six classes into which it 
was divided represented : Pomaceous and stone fruits — apples, pears, 
quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, etc. Citrus 
fruits — oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pomelos, etc. Tropical 
and subtropical fruits — pineapples, bananas, guavas, mangos, tama- 
rinds, figs, olives, sepodillas, etc. Small fruits — strawberries, rasp- 
berries, blackberries, dewberries, gooseberries, currants, etc. Nuts — 
almonds, chestnuts, filberts, pecans, hickorynuts, walnuts, etc. Casts 
and models of fruits in wax, plaster, etc. 

Mrs. Day says, in substance, in her replies to the questions: That 
she can not give an approximate number of women who exhibited in 
this group, but that the nature of the exhibits shown were fruits — 
grapes, apples, etc. — and flowers, the most striking exhibits being by 
florists and fruit culturists, and that women have entered many more 
branches of this work in recent years; that she believes their work 
shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition would prove helpful 
and suggestive by reason of the great care taken in the exhibits. Mrs. 
Day does not think any difference was shown in appreciation of the 
exhibits of women when placed by the side of men, and hardly thinks 
the result would have been better had the work of women been sepa- 
rately exhibited. This seems to be almost the only department where 
exhibits were shown in such manner as to indicate whether they were 
the work of men or women, as all exhibits were marked distinctly 
with the name of the owner of fruit, farm, or florist, the exhibits of 
New Mexico and Oklahoma being each in charge of very intelligent 
women. Some of the finest fruit farms sending exhibits were owned 
by women, and women also made some of the best displays of fruits 
and flowers. 

Department N, anthropology, Prof. W J McGee, chief, comprised 
4 groups and 5 classes, the board of lady managers being accorded 
representation upon each. 

Group 126, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D. C, Juror. 

Under the group heading " Somatology," the two classes into which 
it was divided represented: Physical characteristics of man; the 
comparative and special anatomy of races and peoples; specimens, 
casts, measurements, charts, and photographs representing typical 
and comparative characteristics. Anthropometry; measurements, 
charts, diagrams, etc., showing the methods and results of compara- 
tive studies on the physical structure of living races; instruments 
and appliances used in anthropometric investigations. 



480 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Miss Fletcher reports: 

In the Department of Anthropology there were no distinctive ex- 
hibits by women that I can recall, for the work of women in that 
field was represented in the general student body of the science. 

In archaeology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall's investigations in Mexico were 
represented in the publications of the Peabody Museum of Harvard 
University and the University of California. Miss Boyd's remarkable 
excavations at Gournia, Crete, were in connection with the Archaeo- 
logical Institute of America, and the University of Pennsylvania. 
The contributions of these two and of Miss Breton, an English 
woman, who has made copies in color of the disappearing mural 
decorations in Central America, rank among the recent notable arch- 
aeological researches. 

In somatology, the exhibit of Bryn Mawr College showed so 
marked a comprehension of the value of this line of study and its 
observations and the results in this branch of science, were so clearly 
and well presented as to receive a special award. 

In ethnology, the work of women in this branch was included in 
the publications of scientific bodies and universities. In the collec- 
tions exhibited the articles obtained by women were indiscriminately 
arranged with those gathered by men so as to make the exhibits of 
value and of interest. 

In reply to the questions as to whether woman's work was as well 
appreciated when placed side by side with that of men, as when 
separately exhibited, I would say, that the trend of opinion at the 
present time is to judge of work by its character and quality rather 
than by the sex of the worker. Every woman student desires only 
such judgment to be passed on her work and is grateful that the day 
has come when she can be so dealt with. 

Again, as to a comparison between the exhibits of woman's work 
at previous expositions and at the one held in St. Louis; as I have 
visited nearly all since that of the Centennial, I think that no one 
could fail to note the fairer estimate put on woman's work at the 
recent exposition than was ever before granted. From the days of 
the childhood of the race to the present time it has always been 
impossible to draw a hard and fast line between the labors of men 
and those of women, their work has continually interchanged and 
overlapped. What has been woman's work in one age has become 
man's in another. The history of textile industries is a well known 
case in point. Such being the fact, it is in keeping with the truth 
of the past and the present time, not to attempt to exhibit separately 
that which has always been interwoven. 

In anthropology the number of women students is small, but the 
work accomplished by these few has been creditable, and has received 
its due recognition. 

The Indian school exhibit came under the Department of 
Anthropology, and several women received awards for special 
accomplishments. 

Looking over the field of woman's work as presented at the St. 
Louis Exposition, one is convinced of the growth of a healthful 
recognition of her labors in the upbuilding of social life, both in 
the ideal and the practical, and can not fail to note the uses to which 
she is putting the widening opportunities for her higher education. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 481 

Group 127, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, of Tacoma, Wash., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Ethnology " there was but one class, 
representing illustration of the growth of culture; the origin and 
development of arts and industries; ceremonies, religious rites, and 
games; social and domestic manners and customs; languages and 
origin of writing. 

Mrs. Henderson says: 

In the Department of Anthropology in the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition there were but few individual exhibits, those being prin- 
cipally in the section of history. Women have always been the chief 
heralds of family and conservators of family records and relics. The 
Daughters of the Revolution have stimulated research, restoration, 
and preservation along historical lines. For the first time in exposi- 
tion management a department of history had its own commissioner 
and that commissioner was a woman. Miss Hay ward justified this 
decidedly new step by her services. I think I am right in asserting 
that she was the first woman commissioner on the board of any inter- 
national exposition.® The section of history was part of the Depart- 
ment of Anthropology. 

New, too, was representation on the jury of anthropology of work- 
ers in Indian affairs, as represented in the model Indian school, 
containing, as it did, so large a proportion of women's work in ex- 
hibits from different tribes and sections of the country, and of the 
suggested work of the white woman teachers. Of these latter was 
the juror, Miss Peters, of the domestic science department. Advance- 
ment along these lines since the Columbian Exposition is undoubted, 
except in the matter of such Indian arts as basketry and rug making. 
If there be any reason for the existence of a raffia basket in hideous 
aniline hues it doth not yet appear. I think this bastard has usurped 
the place of the Indians' beautiful art of long descent, and it is dis- 
tressing. White teachers who presume to instruct the Indians in 
basket making, or who substitute hairpin lace and the like, have much 
to answer for. 

I noted no particular advance in anthropology among women since 
the Columbian Exposition, when I served upon the same jury in the 
same distinguished company — Mrs. Zelia Nuttall and Miss Alice 
Fletcher. In other more tangible departments, so to speak, and at 
other expositions, I have noted a steady advance in woman's work and 
in the spread of her domain. The time has long past when it should 
be segregated, as kindergarten efforts are from regular school work. 

I recall no anthropological exhibit by foreign women at the Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition. In fact, American women undoubtedly 
lead in such study, investigation, exploration, and publication. In 
their own country the opportunity is great, especially in ethnology, 
because of the thousands of barbarous people among us and savages 
upon our borders. Tribes still in the stone age are our actual con- 
temporaries. Women, quick to grasp, able to ingratiate themselves, 

« Mrs. Potter Palmer and Mrs. Daniel Manning were appointed by President 
McKinley to serve as commissioners at the Paris Exposition, 1900. 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 31 



482 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

are peculiarly fitted to gather the folklore of the Indians, their songs 
and myths and ceremonials — weird, rich, beautiful as those of the 
ancient Greeks. Miss Fletcher, who at St. Louis served upon the sec- 
tion of psychometry, has done much for both ethnology and the 
coming school of American music in rescuing and preserving the 
Indian songs. 

What has been accomplished in archaeology by women was best 
exhibited in the attainments, translations, and publications of another 
member of the jury of anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, as well 
known in Europe as in this country. Woman's acknowledged intui- 
tion, patience, and enthusiasm are factors of great value in the 
problem of reducing to one common denominator the life and works 
of bygone man from his archaeological remains. 

It seems to me of great importance to emphasize the work of women 
at such expositions. What woman has done, woman can do, is an 
invaluable suggestion borne in upon many minds of latent possibili- 
ties which, developed, might greatly benefit humanity. The most 
important exhibits at any great exposition are never seen, only felt. 

Miss Cora Peters, Department of the Interior, United States In- 
dian Service, Chilocco, Okla., as mentioned by Mrs. Henderson, also 
served in this Department, and briefly says : 

I have not been able to give very definite replies as I had so little 
time to investigate the work. I served on the section of Indian edu- 
cation, and the work of the women was usually better than that of 
the men, and in every case they were more persistent in their efforts. 
It seems to me that there are more opportunities open to women 
along educational lines, especially that of domestic economy. The 
extent of women's influence in the home will never be known, so I am 
very glad that at present there is a great interest taken in that subject. 

Miss Peters further says that the nature of the exhibits was his- 
torical, such as those by the Daughters of the American Revolution of 
Indian relics, and the exhibit in the Alaska Building, the latter 
being the most striking exhibit in the department. The women had 
more displays than men, and some of their work was very creditable, 
and in some cases was as well appreciated when placed by the side 
of that of men ; that in one case it might have been more beneficial 
in result had it been separately exhibited, but as a whole I think 
women were given due consideration. The proportion of the work 
performed by women was not as large in proportion as that per- 
formed by the men, but in the Indian section of which I was a juror 
I think the awards were about evenly divided. The greater part of 
the exhibits consisted of collections of relics, and the exhibits by 
women showed great skill and ingenuity, and in nearly every case 
the installation of exhibits was considered ver}^ good, as was the 
taste displayed. Some of them were better than those by men. 

Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Ethnography," the one class repre- 
sented races and peoples from earliest man to the present time; 
tribal and racial exhibits, showing by means of specimens, groups, 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 483 

and photographs, the stages of culture reached -by different peoples 
of various times and under special conditions of environment. Fami- 
lies, groups, and tribes of living peoples. 

Mrs. NuttalFs report in the sections of archaeology, ethnology, and 
history is as follows: 

Exhibits of original work by women in these three sections were 
conspicuous by their absence. At the same time the names of several 
women figure in the catalogue as collaborators in the installment of 
archaeological collections. Mrs. Quibbell and Miss Cox gave valu- 
able assistance in arranging the Egyptian exhibit from the Museum 
at Cairo. 

Miss Mary Louise Dalton not only helped to install the archaeo- 
logical and historical specimens belonging to the Missouri Historical 
Society, but was also instituted as the custodian of these exhibits. 

It is impossible to overrate the value of the services rendered to the 
exposition by the special commissioner for history, Miss Florence 
Hayward, who not only secured the special exhibit of the Queen's 
jubilee presents, but also the exhibits of the Louisiana State Histor- 
ical Society, the historical exhibit of the city of New Orleans, and 
several interesting private collections. 

The highest award was given to Miss Hayward, and bronze medals 
were assigned to Miss Dalton and to Miss Valentine Smith, the 
secretary of the Chicago Historical Society, who installed its loan 
exhibition, and likewise lent some documents belonging to her private 
collection. 

Two women only figured as exhibitors of single ethnological and 
archaeological objects, but merely as their possessors. 

The foregoing facts establish that of the three sections under con- 
sideration (ethnology, archaeology, and history) it was in the section 
of history that women distinguished themselves most at the St. Louis 
exposition. It may perhaps be said that the activity of women in 
bringing together and classifying historical material was a feature 
of the exposition, and marks an encouraging stage in the history of 
women's work in the United States. 

Department O, social economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, chief, com- 
prised 13 groups and 58 classes, the board of lady managers receiving 
representation in 5 groups. 

Group 129, Miss Caroline Griesheimer, Washington, D. C, Juror. 

Under the group heading " Study and investigation of social and 
economic conditions," the five classes into which it was divided 
represented : Official bureaus and offices. Private bureaus, museums, 
boards of trade, etc. Economic and social reform associations, con- 
gresses. Economic serials, reviews, and other publications. Scholastic 
instruction in economics and social economy. 

Miss Greisheimer says: 

Studies and investigations of exhibits, Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition, social economy group 129. The exhibits, by means of reports 



484 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and statistics, of leading States and countries showing the commer- 
cial and industrial conditions of the State or country, in regard to 
exports and imports, wages, occupations, hours of daily labor, health 
statistics, educational facilities, means provided for industrial better- 
ment of employees, and photographs and graphic charts illustrative 
of the above, no doubt attracted the attention of thousands of visitors 
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and will result in much good. 
Important subjects are thus brought to the front and many employ- 
ers and capitalists are benefited by the experience of others, and so 
go away and work out some plan for the betterment of the conditions 
of their employees. It opens the way for the capitalist to meet his 
workmen in the adoption of measures for harmonizing the interests 
of capital and labor and binding together in mutual interest and 
god will the men whose work enriches the State and the employer 
who directs their labor and converts its products into wages. 

The many photographs exhibited illustrating the line of betterment 
evolution and industrial commercial pursuits and development bring 
facts relating to these subjects before the public and lead captains of 
industry and the employer to investigate betterment institutions and 
profit by the experience of others. They also furnish an idea of the 
large industries, progress, and natural resources of the country. 
Thus the photographs of the coffee plantations of Brazil thoroughly 
illustrated the coffee industry and gave an idea of this great indus- 
try, its commercial value, its growth and development. The ex- 
hibits of New Jersey by menas of photographs of industrial better- 
ment institutions and industrial conditions furnished plenty of matter 
for studies and investigations to students of social economics. 

Representatives of large industries, through the medium of inter- 
national expositions, study the means of improving the productions 
of their factories, either by the use of better raw material, securing 
it cheaper by importing it direct from the producing centers, or by 
the improvement of their processes by using modern machinery, and 
by the study of the social betterment conditions of the employees of 
other large industrial enterprises. 

Many of the foreign governmental publications, reports, photo- 
graphs, statistics, and graphic charts exhibited showed the degree of 
advancement reached in some parts of the country with relation to 
these particular subjects, and the splendid condition and resources 
of the State or country. Many of these exhibits were beautifully 
illustrated, giving information of the social and economic conditions, 
as well as the history, geography, physical resources, etc., of the 
State or country. The exhibits of France, Belgium, Germany, and 
Great Britain were elaborate and systematically arranged, and fur- 
nished a fund of information in social economic studies and investi- 
gations by their most eminent economists. 

The exhibits of the American Institute of Social Service deserves 
especial mention. We learn from them how we can aid in humaniz- 
ing and elevating the spirit, methods, and conditions of modern life. 

This institute had on exhibition about 2,000 photographs in 10 
wing-frame cabinets, which visualize and interpret all forms of social 
and industrial betterment, arranged as follows: (1) The American 
Institute of Social Service. (2) Civic betterment. (3) Improved 
housing. (4, 5, and 6) Industrial betterment. (7) European social 
studies. (8) Salvation Army and denominational work. (9) 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 485 

Young Men's and Young Women's Christian associations. (10) 
Institutional churches. After the exposition these cabinets will be 
put on permanent exhibition at the headquarters of the institution 
in New York. 

These photos make a deep and lasting impression upon the mind 
of the observer of the great work being done in all forms of social 
and industrial betterment. It is an efficient way of showing the 
needs of the times created by the new conditions in the industrial 
world, and is a means of bringing together the best thinkers of the 
age to devise feasible plans for the betterment of mankind, and the 
solving of problems of social conditions and industrial betterment. 
They also show what is being done by the American Institute of 
Social Service. 

The American Institute of Social Service is a clearing house for ex- 
change of facts, experiences and ideas on social and industrial better- 
ment. It is both a laboratory for investigation and a distributor of 
the knowledge gained. It is practically an international university 
for the study and promotion of social and industrial progress. Its 
work is done on a large and thorough plan, and benefits multitudes. 

The fundamental principle and purpose of the institute is to make 
the experience of all available for the instruction of each. This 
principle is applicable alike to individuals, corporations, churches, 
societies, cities, States, and nations. 

The institute places human experience on file. It welcomes inquir- 
ies from anyone. The answers aim to be complete, or, if necessary, 
to refer the writer to the most direct and trustworthy sources. 

It furnishes expert advice for solving local problems to employers 
of every kind, to workingmen, to municipal officers, to teachers and 
ministers, to writers, students, and others. 

Through its many foreign collaborators, the institute receives 
reports, and is in close touch with social movements abroad. 

The institute also arranges for addresses and lectures, with or 
without lantern slides, on many important subjects, such as: The 
Child Problem, History of Labor, Food, Tenements and Improved 
Housing, Industrial Betterment, Substitutes for the Saloon, The 
Newer Charity, Municipal Problems, Institutional Churches, Public 
Baths and Wash Houses, The Better New York. 

Its publications are: Social Service, an illustrated monthly maga- 
zine; The Better New York, monographs, and leaflets. 

It has a specialized and growing library, with many foreign books 
and pamphlets, 3,000 lantern slides, and 4,000 photographs, showing 
social and industrial conditions throughout the world. 

Results. — Plans for new factories have been modified for comfort 
and health. Result: Better workers and better work. 

Facilities for warm lunches, baths, and recreation at noon have 
been provided. Result : Hold of the saloon weakened. 

Social secretaries have been appointed in factories and department 
stores. Result: Employees and employers in harmony. 

Ministers, lecturers, and writers have been aided in presenting 
moral questions with force and persuasiveness. Result: Public con- 
science aroused. 

The attention of societies and clubs has been turned to vital civic 
questions. Result: Energies given practical value. 



486 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Many private individuals have been encouraged to undertake local 
efforts of great value from which they reluctantly shrank for lack 
of knowledge and experience. Eesult : Individuals and communities 
have been both beautified. 

Theodore Roosevelt said : " This institute is fitted to render a great 
and peculiar service, not merely to the country but to all countries. 
The possibilities of usefulness for the institute are well nigh bound- 
less. It will hasten the progress of civilization and the uplifting 
of humanity." 

The exhibits of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum of the 
World's Commerce and American Industries by means of 88 graph- 
ically illustrated charts also deserve mention. These charts illustrate 
the progress and present conditions of the commerce of the world, 
of the manufacturing industries of the United States, and of the 
British and American shipping industries. 

This graphic method shows more clearly than statistics alone 
would do what proportion of the world's trade belongs to each of 
the principal nations, and the relative importance, from a manufac- 
turing standpoint, of the leading cities of the United States. 

The Philadelphia Museum was organized in 1884 by ordinance of 
the city councils, and is governed by a board of trustees. The board 
maintains the Commercial Museum and a Commercial Library, and is 
accumulating material for a group of city museums devoted to public 
education, ethnology, economics, economic botany, and general science. 

The Commercial Museum comprises collections illustrating the 
production and commerce of all nations. A bureau of information 
collates all available data regarding the subject of foreign trade, and 
distributes, upon application, reports tending to the extension of 
American trade abroad. 

The Commercial Library is free to the public and contains books 
bearing particularly on the subjects of international trade, produc- 
tions, transportation, banking, economics, and municipal affairs. It 
also contains more important books, pamphlets, periodicals, and 
foreign reports of recent date relating to foreign trade and commerce 
than any other commercial library in the world. 

This valuable collection of trade literature includes statistical 
reports of all foreign governments issuing such documents, and for- 
eign governments' gazettes, reports of board of trade bodies, regu- 
lations of customs tariffs, yearbooks descriptive of many foreign 
countries, colonies, and settlements, the consular reports from all 
countries, special work regarding trade, commerce, agriculture, min- 
ing, and general conditions in foreign countries. It also has period- 
icals, city directories, and trade directories from all countries. 

The museums are maintained by an annual appropriation from 
the city of Philadelphia, and the bureau of information by contribu- 
tions from business firms and individuals desiring special service. 

The Commercial Museum has accomplished much along the edu- 
cational lines. The growing feeling that an increased export trade 
is necessary to the prosperity of the country is forcing upon schools 
and colleges the necessity of courses in commercial geography and 
commerce. 

The Commercial Museum, with its wealth of products collected 
from every part, of the world, is in the position to supply the neces- 
sary demand for the material on which such schools must depend. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 487 

It has distributed over 225 collections of such products, with photo- 
graphs arranged for the study of commercial geography, and so is 
intended to eventually include within its scope schools, colleges, and 
universities. 

Salvation Army. — It is impossible to describe in a few words the 
great work and the good being accomplished by the Salvation Army. 
Many photographs were exhibited illustrating the work being done 
by this noble army. 

On Christmas, 1878, in London, this army of Christian workers 
was christened " The Salvation Army," consisting then of about 20 
workers and about as many posts, with a few hundred members, and 
some 3,000 souls seeking salvation during the year. To-day there 
are scattered through 47 countries and colonies as follows : 

Fifteen thousand separated workers, entirely supported from its 
funds ; 40,000 unpaid local officers, who support themselves and give 
their spare time; 16,000 brass bandsmen (unpaid) ; 50,000 other 
musicians, composing thousands of hymns and hundreds of new tunes 
annually; 250,000 penitents profess salvation publicly in the course 
of a single .year ; 6,000 centers have been established, where an aver- 
age of fourteen to twenty meetings are held weekly, half in open air, 
half in buildings; 84,000 meetings weekly; 10,000,000 weekly lis- 
teners; 520,000,000 listeners in a year. To the poor the gospel is 
being preached everywhere.) 

In 1880 the first Salvation Army officers landed in New York. 
The Salvation Army struck root in its new soil from the outset. 
The work has gone on steadily forward, and it is noted throughout 
the world for the wonderful spirit of humility and devotion among 
its workers, who came to be increasingly widely recognized. They 
made rapid strides in America. They founded homes for the home- 
less; work for the workless; establishments for labor bureaus and 
social-relief institutions; establishment of industrial homes; work- 
ingmen's hotels; working women's homes and hotels; the establish- 
ment of the beautiful Floral Home, Los Angeles ; Benedict Hotel for 
Young Women, Boston, and a number of cheaper-class hotels for 
women in New York, Chicago, and Boston ; these all supply a clean, 
comfortable bed, with good moral surroundings, kindly sympathy, 
and religious services. In New York and other large cities day 
nurseries have been opened in connection with some slum posts; 
here mothers bring their children to be cared for during the day, 
while they are out at work earning the wages upon which the family 
depend for existence. There are more than 100 rescue homes located 
in leading cities of the world, and more than 7,000 fallen women were 
taken care of during the last year. 

Farm colonies have also been established, and fresh-air camps are 
organized for summer outings. In the summer ice is furnished to 
the needy of the tenements; in winter, coal. 

Who can estimate the good done by this noble army? How their 
efforts help to cast gleams of sunshine into the desolate hearts and 
homes of the needy. In civilization, religious and sociological re- 
forms the Salvation Army is doing a magnificent work. 

Philippine Island exhibit. — The insular exhibit of the Philippine 
Islands at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was one of the great 
features of the fair and deserves especial mention, although it does 
not come under group 129. 



488 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

No other one exhibit was so widely commented upon in the press 
and by the public as the insular exhibit. Everybody who went to 
the exposition visited the Philippine village and went away full of 
wonder and with new ideas regarding our island possessions and our 
governmental policy in regard to the Filipinos and the islands. 

In the Philippine village or grounds there were erected a number 
of typical Philippine buildings. The native villages presented the 
life of the Negritos, Igorrotes, and other tribes. A number of build- 
ings displayed the native woods, and some were devoted to commerce, 
agricultural products, and others to educational matters. 

The educational exhibits attracted unusual attention. The main 
school building was constructed after a Manila cathedral. The main 
feature of the educational exhibit was a model school, taught by Mr. 
Hager and Miss Zamora of the Philippine Normal School. The 
Filipino pupils were objects of great interest and curiositjr. 

No doubt many visitors were interested in the Igorrotes or in some 
other one slight feature which left no deep impression of the actual 
condition of the islands. But everyone who went attentively through 
the Philippine village knows just what kind of people the Filipinos 
are, and learned much of their customs and their industries, and 
also acquired a fair knowledge of the resources of the islands and the 
many problems confronting our Government. The Philippine ex- 
hibit was one of the greatest features of the fair. 

Humane Education Society. — The pamphlets issued by the Hu- 
mane Education Society during the progress of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition are far-reaching as an important factor in true 
education, and can not but result in good. Children through their 
influence will be trained in habits of kindness to the dependent lower 
creatures, become gentler to each other, more amenable to authority, 
and better in their conduct. Through the efforts of this society 
Bands of Mercy have been organized in the various schools and 
churches throughout the country, and as a result children become 
more humane. 

Pamphlets of instruction of methods of forming humane education 
societies were given out with other literature on humane treatment of 
animals which could not fail in arousing interest. A grand and 
noble work is being done throughout the world by the humane 
societies. Too much can not be said in praise of the work being 
accomplished by the little children as members of Bands of Mercy. 

This is a report of a few important exhibits. It was impossible for 
me to give an accurate report of all the important exhibits viewed 
by jury group 129. There were several things I consider of vital im- 
portance to humanity exhibited under other groups ; you will no doubt 
receive reports concerning them. One was the " Model Nursery," 
which no doubt appeals to all womankind. Another, the school 
exhibits in manual training, drawing, nature study, and kindergarten 
exhibits. Most of this work is developed through the training of the 
powers of the child by our great army of noble women teachers. 

Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D. C, Juror. 

Under the group heading " Provident institutions," the six classes 
into which it was divided represented : Savings banks, life insurance, 
accident insurance, sickness insurance, old age and invalidity insur- 
ance, fire, marine, and other insurance of property. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 489 

Miss Wade expressed a somewhat pessimistic view of the work of 
women in this special department, as she said " the part taken by 
women as shown by their exhibits showed no high degree of excel- 
lence, the only exhibit in group 135 being not up to the standard, and 
therefore, in her opinion, it would have been no advantage to women 
to have had their work exhibited separately." 

This would be a somewhat difficult class, no doubt, for women to 
endeavor to make an exhibit, because, while thousands of them are 
employed in the offices of insurance companies and as solicitors, it is 
probably not a field in which they will assume the risks involved for 
many years to come. 

Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago, 111., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Housing of the working classes " the 
five classes, into which it was divided represented: Building and sani- 
tary regulations, erection of improved dwellings by employers, erec- 
tion of improved dwellings by private efforts, erection of improved 
dwellings by public authorities, general efforts for betterment of 
housing conditions. 

Miss Addams says in her report as group juror of the above : 

From the nature of the exhibits in this department it is difficult to 
divide the work of women from that of men, for, although the erec- 
tion of dwellings by public authorities, as in London, was naturally 
done through men who were members of the London County Council, 
and while the model dwellings erected by large employers, such as 
those built by Mr. Cadbury, at Port Sunlight, England, or by the 
Krupp Company, in Germany, were naturally carried through alto- 
gether by men, the earliest efforts for amelioration in housing condi- 
tions, and in many cases the initiatory measures for improved dwell- 
ings, have been undertaken by women. 

The activities of Octavia Hill, in London, preceded by many years 
the governmental action, and there is no doubt that the creditable 
showing she was able to make on the financial as well as on the social 
and educational side had much to do with making the movement for 
better housing popular in London. The efforts of Fraulein Krupp 
in connection with the model housing at Essen are also well known, 
although, of course, this was not indicated in the Krupp exhibit. 

Of the five grand prix which were given for general achieve- 
ments disconnected with exhibits, only one was awarded to a woman, 
that to Miss Octavia Hill, although a silver medal was also awarded 
to Frau Eossbach, of Leipzig, Germany. Two gold medals were 
given to American enterprises in model housing which were carried 
on almost exclusively by women — one to the Boston Cooperative 
Society, which was founded and largely directed by Mrs. Alice Lin- 
coln, and one to the Octavia Hill Association, of Philadelphia. 

On the whole, the special work of women in connection with hous- 
ing showed most satisfactory results in " rent collecting," which has 
become a dignified profession for many English ladies who con- 
scientiously use it as a means of moral and educational uplift to those 



490 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

most in need of sustained and continuous help. Improvements in 
housing conditions are so closely connected with the rate of mortality 
among little children, with the chances for decency and right living 
among young girls, with the higher standards and opportunities for 
housewives, that it has naturally attracted the help of women from 
the beginning of the crowded tenement conditions which unhappily 
prevail in every modern city. 

Group 139, Miss Mary E. Perry, St. Louis, Mo., Juror. 

Under the group heading " Charities and correction " the seven 
classes into which it was divided represented: Destitute, neglected, 
and delinquent children; institutional care of destitute adults; care 
and relief of needy families in their homes; hospitals, dispensaries, 
and nursing; the insane, feeble-minded, and epileptic; treatment of 
criminals; identification of criminals; supervisory and educational 
movements. 

Miss Perry reports : 

Department O, Group 139. — (1) Class 784: Vacation Playground, 
Mrs. E. A. De Wolfe; Philadelphia Night College for Girls, Mrs. 
Wilson ; Missouri Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. De Bolt ; Illinois 
Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. Ameigh; Industrial School for 
Girls, Washington, D. C, Amy J. Rule. Class 785: Door of Hope, 
Mrs. Moise. Class 786: Committee on tuberculosis of the Charity 
Organization Society of the City of New York, Miss Brandt. Class 
787: Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, Miss Ross; anatomical and 
pathological exhibit, Mrs. Corrine B. Eckley. Class 788: Seguin 
School for Backward Children, Mrs. Seguin; Compton School for 
Nervous Children, Fanny A. Compton; Chicago Hospital School, 
Mary R. Campbell. Class 789: Police supplies and detective ex- 
hibit, Mrs. M. E. Holland. Class 790 : Missouri State board of chari- 
ties, Miss Mary E. Perry ; New Hampshire State board of charities, 
Mrs. Lilian Streator; Massachusetts charity and correctional exhibit; 
Jewish Charitable and Educational Union, by committee of ladies; 
the Catholic University of America made an exhibit of all the Cath- 
olic institutions relating to charities and correction, which was col- 
lected and installed by the union, but put in charge of the " Queen's 
Daughters," Miss Mary Hoxsey. 

(2) Class 784, 35 per cent; class 785, 30 per cent; class 786, 20 
per cent; class 787, 40 per cent; class 788, 30 per cent; class 789, 
15 per cent; class 790, 40 per cent; total, 30 per cent (average). • 

(3) Missouri State board of charities, Massachusetts exhibit in 
charities and correction, Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, committee 
on tuberculosis of the Charity Organization Society of the City of 
New York. 

(4) It is a very noticeable fact that women are taking the place of 
men in charitable institutions. This fact, however, is more clearly 
demonstrated in the general educational exhibit. The exhibits relat- 
ing to dispensaries and nurses were mostly prepared by women; in 
fact, they seem to have a monopoly on this particular line of work. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 491 

A part of the, anatomical and pathological exhibit was in charge of 
Mrs. Eckley, anatomist, from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, 
Chicago, 111. 

The number of women entering this field was shown to be steadily 
on the increase, and the exhibit relating to medical schools also 
showed a great increase in the number of students. 

Nearly all of the reformatory schools for girls and prisons and 
reformatories for women are under the charge of women, and a 
great many of the State board of charities are practically under 
their control. 

Women are taking the place of men in the distribution of charities 
in the larger cities, and Mrs. M. E. Holland, who installed the exhibit 
on police supplies, and who is also the editor of the Detective, was, at 
the same time, in charge of the Chicago police exhibit. This is one 
of the cases where a woman has entered the profession of detective. 

(5) No foreign exhibits were installed by women, although about 
15 per cent of the foreign exhibits were prepared by women. 

(6) The most noticeable work given to women at the fair was 
along the lines demanding executive ability, as is required in organ- 
izing exhibits, where tact and business capacity were essential to suc- 
cess. (See answer 4.) 

(T) Their work differed from the work at other expositions in the 
fact that scientific material was presented in an attractive and com- 
prehensive way, so as to be easily understood and appreciated by the 
general visitor. 

(8) Yes. Their work could easily be compared to that of men. 
It was of the same grade, and there seemed to be no question or sug- 
gestion of inferiority. 

(9) Yes; the work of women was as well appreciated when placed 
by the side of that of men as when separately exhibited. 

(10) The results would not have been better if separately exhibited. 
Exhibits must be scientifically classified in order to be appreciated by 
the general visitor. If the exhibits prepared by women had been 
separated, it would have left a great gap in the scientific arrangement 
required in a collective exhibit, as in group 139. The exhibits in this 
line prepared by women would not and could not have covered the 
subject completely. 

(11) See answer to No. 7. 

There were no manufacturers in group No. 139 except manufac- 
turers of prison cells, and no women are employed in such factories. 

Thirt}^ per cent of the work of organizing, collecting, and installing 
exhibits in group 139 was performed by women, and about 40 per cent 
of the actual work was prepared under the direction of women, such 
as teachers in reformatory institutions, etc. 

All women preparing and organizing exhibits in this group re- 
ceived awards. The exact proportion can not be determined until the 
jury make their final report. 

Naturally, there were no inventions by women in this group, but 
the exhibits made, or nearly all of them, were improvements on such 
work at former expositions, and a great deal of originality was dis- 
played presenting scientific material and installment of exhibits. 

The artistic genius and method of displaying scientific material 
made this group very interesting to the general public, and the sub- 



492 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

jects could be comprehended with but little effort by the passing vis- 
itor. At former expositions such subjects received little attention 
and were of no interest except to scientific investigators. 

This exhibit as a whole showed that women have taken possession 
of several lines of work such a steaching and nursing, and that men 
have been practically forced out of these occupations. It also showed 
that they are entering many new fields, such as the medical profes- 
sion and even becoming detectives, which demonstrates the fact that 
they are not inferior to men, but are more specially adapted to cer- 
tain lines of work. 



Group 141, Mrs. E. P. Turner, Dallas, Tex., Juror. 

Owing to illness, Mrs. Turner served but two days on this jury, and 
was succeeded by Mrs. Conde Hamlin, who had been named by the 
board of lady managers as Mrs. Turner's alternate. 

Under the group heading " Municipal government," the five classes 
into which it was divided represented: City organization. Protec- 
tion of life and property. Public-service industries. Streets and 
sewers. Parks, baths, recreation, city beautification, etc. 

Mrs. Hamlin became secretary of this jury, and reports as follows: 

In the department in which I was a juror, namely, municipal gov- 
ernment, a good deal of the work was inspired by women, and some 
of it prepared by women. Women's work in civic improvement is 
well to the front. The work in the vacation schools, which was 
shown, in playgrounds, for clean streets, for smoke abatement, for 
better disposition of garbage, has in many cities been largely in- 
spired by women. In fact, I know of no department where the 
women of the leisure class are more actively interested and more 
efficient than in civic improvement work, and the results reached 
through the activities of the municipal leagues, through officials, have 
been most marked. The Twin City municipal exhibit I myself 
designed and largely prepared and administered, and was the resident 
member of the municipal commission. 

The nature of the exhibits in this department were charts and 
photographs, literature on civic improvement work for and by chil- 
dren in playgrounds, school gardens, etc. Civic work of women's 
clubs. The civic improvement movement may be said to have had its 
inception and development since the Chicago Fair; hence the display 
at St. Louis showed a decided and marked advance over the work 
of a similar nature shown at Chicago, but, naturally, there were no 
exhibits from foreign women, municipal betterment work being new 
for both men and women, in the present understanding of the term. 
The work shown, of course, relating as it does to the social life of 
cities, would prove helpful to those interested in the advancement 
and success of women's work, but I saw no difference in appreciation 
shown in comparing the work of men and women, and the very 
nature of the work would not permit of its being separately exhib- 
ited, and it was not in all cases shown which had been performed or 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 493 

accomplished by women, which by men, although much of the work 
had been stimulated by women, but just how much they actually 
performed I can not say, and only two or three awards were given 
to women. 

The board of lady managers was given recognition on each of the 
department juries, fifteen in number, namely, Education, Art, Lib- 
eral Arts, Manufactures, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation 
Exhibits, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Mines and Metal- 
lurgy, Fish and Game, Anthropology, Social Economy, Physical 
Culture. 

The department jurors report as follows: 

Department A, Education, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Mrs. W. E. Fischel, St. 
Louis, Mo., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 5 groups and 26 classes, the group 
headings being Elementary education, Secondary education, Higher 
education, Special education in fine arts, Special education in agri- 
culture, Special education in commerce and industry, Education of 
defectives, and Special forms of education — text-books — School fur- 
niture, and School appliances. 

Mrs. Fischel writes: 

The queries relative to woman's work at the exposition were duly 
received. I have given very careful consideration to the request of 
the accompanying letter and have deferred my answer so as to delib- 
erate most intelligently. Reading the questions over, I found myself 
unable to form any opinion of woman's work as woman's work. In- 
deed, I have held very strongly to the opinion that the one great 
thing accomplished for women in this Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion was the exhibition of work as work without distinction as to sex. 
In the jury room, when I served, no consideration of award was given 
to any sex characteristic, and not having viewed the exhibits with 
any idea of specializing this feature I find myself now at a loss to 
particularize and say there was such a per cent of woman's work. 

Department B, Art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, Chief. 

This department comprised 6 groups and 18 classes, the group 
headings being Paintings and drawings, Engravings and lithographs, 
Sculpture, Architecture, Loan collection, and Original objects of art 
workmanship. 

The board was most unfortunate in not being able to obtain the 
services of the prominent artists named for this position, all being 
abroad at the time notice of their appointment was sent, and having 
engagements upon their return that rendered it impossible for them 
to reach St. Louis in time to serve. 



494 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Department C, Liberal Arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, Chief. 

This department comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the group 
headings being Typography — Various printing processes; Photog- 
raphy; Books and publications — Bookbinding; Maps and apparatus 
for geography, cosmography, topography ; Instruments of precision ; 
Philosophical apparatus, etc. — Coins and medals; Medicine and sur- 
gery; Musical instruments; Theatrical appliances and equipment; 
Chemical and pharmaceutical arts ; Manufacture of paper ; Civil and 
military engineering; Models, plans, and designs for public works; 
Architectural engineering. 

Mrs. H. A. Langford, of Chicago, 111., was appointed as juror in 
this department, but unfortunately did not receive notice in time to 
serve. 

Department D, Manufactures, Milan H. Hulbert, Chief; Miss Thekla M. Bernays, 
of St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the group 
headings being Stationery; Cutlery; Silversmiths' and goldsmiths' 
ware; Jewelry; Clock and watch making; Productions in marble, 
bronze, cast iron and wrought iron; Brushes, fine leather articles, 
fancy articles, and basket work ; Articles for traveling and for camp- 
ing ; India-rubber and gutta-percha industries ; Toys ; Decoration and 
fixed furniture of buildings and dwellings ; Office and household fur- 
niture; Stained glass; Mortuary monuments and undertakers' fur- 
nishings; Hardware; Paper hanging; Carpets, tapestries, and fab- 
rics for upholstery; Upholsterers' decorations; Ceramics; Plumbing 
and sanitary materials; Glass and crystal; Apparatus and processes 
for heating and ventilation; Apparatus and methods, not electrical, 
for lighting; Textiles; Equipment and processes used in the manufac- 
ture of textile fabrics; Equipment and processes used in bleaching, 
dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles in their various stages ; Equip- 
ment and processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel; 
Threads and fabrics of cotton; Threads and fabrics of flax, hemp, 
etc. ; Cordage ; Yarns and fabrics of wool ; Silk and fabrics of silk ; 
Laces, embroidery, and trimmings; Industries producing wearing 
apparel for men, women, and children; Leather, boots and shoes, 
furs and skins, fur clothing; Various industries connected with 
clothing. 

Miss Bernays reports as follows : 

In order to arrive at an accurate idea of the value of women's 
work as compared with men's, it would have been necessary to study 
the St. Louis Exposition from the time of its opening to the close, 
with a view to collecting data and statistics on this question. Fur- 
thermore, to get definite results regarding the progress of women since 
the Columbian Exposition one would have had to have access to 
the researches and statistics of former expositions on this subject, if 
such there exist. I visited both the Columbian Exposition of 1893 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 495 

and the Paris Exposition of 1900, but I have only impressions of the 
work by women as exhibited there. Nor can I furnish figures, per- 
centages, or even accurate estimates of women's work at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition. The observations subjoined have value only 
in so far as the interest in women's work lies always in the under- 
current of my thought. Even under the terriffic stress of the enor- 
mous amount of work pressed into the few short days of jury duty I 
was vividly impressed with the dignity of the work accomplished in 
arts and crafts by the women of Germany, where it was exhibited 
together with that of men. In the one instance where women secluded 
themselves it was shown with appalling force that the result was 
tawdry and inharmonious. 

I was appointed by the board of lady managers to serve upon the 
department jury in the same classification of which I had served as 
group juror, for " Kunstgewerbe " (Arts and Crafts). Finding my 
group divided into four classes — Fixed inner decoration, Furniture, 
Stained glass, and Mortuary monuments — with numberless exhibits 
m various buildings all over the grounds, I elected to serve in the 
class for " Fixed inner decoration." I was aware that I had been 
appointed for Germany because of the great interest I had taken in 
the movement for harmony in household art inaugurated in Germany 
about ten years ago. This movement admits of no division into 
" fixed inner decoration " and " furniture," etc., but regards the ar- 
rangement and decoration of spaces with a view to the effect of the 
" ensemble." Following the lead of our distinguished chairman, 
Doctor Wuthesius, we adhered to this idea in spite of the barbarous 
separation ordered by the official instructions. Thus I was enabled 
to gain an insight into what women were accomplishing in industrial 
art, which would have been impossible had I permitted myself to look 
only upon " fixed inner decoration." 

The exhibits made by our own country in household art were 
meager compared to those of several foreign countries, notably Ger- 
many and Austria. Nor was it possible to gain information from 
our exhibitors as full and as accurate as from some of the foreigners. 
Here again the Germans were to the front with a complete, reliable, 
and artistically finished catalogue, which they freely distributed 
among the jurors. Only the Japanese were as perfectly equipped in 
the matter of literature on their exhibits and as lavish of information 
to the jurors as the Germans. 

I have no doubt that American women are as extensively employed 
in industrial art as the women of Europe, but, excepting in pottery, 
their forward stride was not made to appear pronounced at the Loui- 
siana Purchase Exposition. Woman's work as a maker of laces was 
not so exhibited as to make it readily distinguishable from men's, 
although it must have entered largely into the exhibits made, which, 
however, as I have just said, did not adequately represent the United 
States, many of the best and most renowned eastern firms having 
chosen to absent themselves. 

Nor were foreign women, always the Germans and Austrians ex- 
cepted, frequent or prominent in the showing made. In the two 
countries mentioned women have been undoubtedly taken up as fac- 
tors which hereafter are to count in the arts and crafts. We found 
German women in a perceptible number exhibiting side by side with 
men, holding their own fairly well in decorative painting, as de- 



496 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

signers of rooms, of carpets and wall coverings, workers in iron and 
other metals, while in tapestry, weaving embroidery, and lace work 
their advance is nothing short of astonishing. 

Wherever in the Varied Industries Building, in the German House, 
in the Austrian Pavilion, and elsewhere the work of German women 
was incorporated into the general scheme of the decorations and 
furnishings, wherever women, together with men, designed and 
planned, or wherever they carried out the designs of men, har- 
mony was the result. Women's work was found to blend perfectly 
with men's when both worked on a common plan to a common end. 
Of course women in German art, as elsewhere, are numerically im- 
mensely in the minority, nor do they as yet often attempt the grand, 
the monumental, the complex. But many of them are honest and 
efficient helpers, whose eyes and hands show excellent training. 
They are, besides, enthusiastic supporters and intelligent abettors 
of the new movement which aims to achieve homogeneousness in the 
arts of living. 

Again and again in the German exhibits one was constrained to 
note that the female members of an artist's family were frequently 
represented by work of their own. One encountered Bruno and Fra 
Wille, joint designers of rooms, carpets, wall coverings; Professor 
Behrens's wife plans a variety of things from costumes to book cov- 
ering. There are feminine Hubers, Spindlers, Laengers in the cat- 
alogue, showing that the Germans who have been so long reckoned 
as addicted to the cult of the " Hausfrau " only, are beginning to 
accord the woman artist due recognition. 

It was all the more amazing to find that Germany, the very Ger- 
many who, by general verdict, had given the most complete exhibit 
of household art ever shown at any exposition, who, as I have just 
pointed out had brought forward its craftswomen in no contemptible 
role, should all unconsciously furnish the striking, the classical ex- 
ample of the folly of separating the sexes at an exposition. The 
" Verein Berliner Kunstlevinnen " made an exhibit of exclusively 
feminine work, which was as pointedly painful, as conspicuously 
lacking in force and originality, as confused as to arrangement as 
have been all the previous displays, where the accentuated feminine 
was relegated to separate little buildings or separate little corners in 
buildings. I saw more than one German artist hustle his American 
friends past that part of the Varied Industries Building, where 
abominations of his misguided countrywomen were on view. And 
more than one told me that it was a slander on what German women 
could do. This only goes to prove that the action of the authorities 
in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition believed to be the 
fact: That the exhibition of woman's work, apart from men's, runs 
to the tawdry, the insignificant, and the unnecessary. Therefore, 
separation of the sexes in the display at expositions should not be 
tolerated. 

Department E, Machinery, Mr. Thomas M. Moore, Chief; Miss Edith J. Griswold, 
New York City, Department Juror 

This department comprised 5 groups and 35 classes, the group 
headings being: Steam engines; Various motors; General ma- 
chinery ; Machine tools ; Arsenal tools. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 497 

Miss Griswold says: 

After considerable consideration I almost feel that the least said 
about women exhibitors in the Machinery Department at the Louisi- 
ana Purchase Exposition the better. The fact is, there were no 
women exhibitors. However, in this department the exhibitors were 
mostly old firms or very large manufacturers, and while women are 
undoubtedly making their way into mechanics they have not been in 
the field long enough to have reached a point where their work of a 
nature to form exposition exhibits can compete with man's work. 
The chief of the Machinery Department and one other member of 
the jury mentioned a Miss Gleason, who is connected with one of 
the firms that exhibited, and spoke of her ability in the mechanical 
line and her knowledge of mechanics in the highest of terms. Women 
are employed in various capacities in nearly every line of work that 
was exhibited in this department, and Miss Gleason probably stands 
as an example of the real but unostentatious work of many women 
who understand the intricacies of machinery fully as well as men with 
the same degree of training. 

That women are making a place for themselves in this department 
of industry is shown by the Patent Office statistics. The first pat- 
ents for inventions were granted to men in 1790, but no patent was 
issued to a woman until May 5, 1809, and the number of inventions 
granted to them in any one year did not exceed 6 until the year 1862, 
when 14 were issued. This number was lowered but once, and that 
was in 1865, when naturally women had responsibilities of a nature 
that precluded outside interests, but the direction of which is shown 
in the fact that two of the 13 applications in that year were — one for 
" Improved table for hospitals," the other for " Improvement in 
drinking cups for the sick." In 1863 an application was made for 
" Improvement in ambulances." 

It is a significant fact that from the time General Spinner ap- 
pointed the first woman to be employed under the Government in 
1864, her advancement was shown in invention, as well as in all other 
phases of her existence. At the beginning of the year 1864, fifty- 
five years after the first patent had been granted to her, she had re- 
ceived but 103 patents. During the next fifteen years, 1,046 patents 
were granted; during the next ten, 1,428, and during the next five 
years (from 1889 to 1894), 1,309 patents were issued to women, the 
number in five years exceeding that granted during the first seventy 
years. It is to be regretted that the Patent Office records do not show 
a classification of her work during the past ten years, their list prac- 
tically ceasing March 1, 1895. 

The inventions cover a wide and ambitious range, and include, 
even among their earliest attempts, " Improved war vessel, the parts 
applying to other structures for defense ;" " Improvement in locomo- 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 32 



498 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

tive wheels;" in " Engraving copper;" " Steam whistles;" " Median-" 
ism for driving sewing machines;" " Improved material for packing 
journals and bearings;" " Improvement in the mode of preventing the 
heating of axles and journals;" in "Pyrotechnic night signals;" in 
"Paper-bag machines;" in "Railway car safety apparatus;" " Con- 
veyors of smoke and cinders for locomotives;" " Sewing machines;" 
in "Alloys for hardening iron;" in "Alloys to resemble silver;" in 
" Devices for removing snow from railways ; " " Car coupling ; " 
"Attachment for unloading box cars ; " " Railroad car," etc. 

Department F, Electricity, Prof. W. E. Goldsboro, Chief, Miss Hope Fairfax 
Loughborough, Department Juror. 

This department comprised 5 groups and 24 classes, the group head- 
ings being: Machines for generating and using electricity; Electro- 
chemistry; Electric lighting; Telegraphy and telephony; Various 
applications of electricity. 

Miss Loughborough's report is as follows : 

The field of electricity has been so long and so peculiarly a man's 
field that it is not surprising to find that in the 5 groups and 24 classes 
, which the Department of Electricity at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition comprised, only 2 exhibits were made by women, both of whom 
were Americans. 

One of these exhibits was made by Mrs. Alexander Baumgard, of 
New York City, and showed an automatic advertising figure actuated 
by an electric motor. The figure was that of a woman standing 
before a rack on which were a number of signs. The figure stooped, 
picked up one of the signs, raised it, turned a quarter way around in 
order to display it to the best advantage, and replaced the sign. The 
next movement took up the next sign, and so on. The mechanism 
was actuated by an electric motor, which, by means of a series of cams 
and gears, caused it to go through the various movements. The value 
of the device was considered very small, as there are other more 
effective means of advertising of this kind, and no award was given 
Mrs. Baumgard. 

The other exhibit by a woman was made by Mrs. Blodgett, and con- 
sisted of ornamental shades for electric lights, painted by hand. 
These shades were quite artistic in themselves, and were well installed, 
so the exhibit was awarded a bronze medal. 

In neither of these exhibits was there any invention or process 
which was original. 

In the electrical industry there is practically no machine or appa- 
ratus made without the assistance of women or girls, as they are 
employed in every electrical factory for insulating and winding 
coils, etc. In the manufacture of these the percentage of women's 
work is from 3 to 10 per cent. But aside from this purely mechanical 
work women have contributed little or nothing to the advancement 
of the application of electricity, either before the Chicago Exposition 
or during the past eleven years. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 499 

Department G, Transportation Exhibits, Mr. W. A. Smith, Chief; Miss Rose 
Weld, Newport News, Va., Department Juror. 

Miss Weld is a graduate of the Boston School of Technology and 
now in the employ of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company. 

This department comprised 6 groups and 33 classes, the group 
headings being: Carriages and wheelwrights' work; Automobiles 
and cycles ; Saddlery and harness ; Railways, yards, stations, freight 
houses, terminal facilities of all kinds ; Material and equipment used 
in the mercantile marine ; Material and equipment of naval services, 
naval warfare ; Aerial navigation. 

Miss Weld briefly reports : 

As a department juror I saw the papers of every exhibitor, and 
there were no exhibits by women in this department in any of the 
33 classes, but not coming in contact with any of the exhibitors I 
can give no exact information about the work done by women in the 
manufacture or construction of the exhibits. 



Department H, Agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Richard P. 
Bland, Lebanon, Mo., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the group 
headings being: Farm equipment — methods of improving lands; 
Agricultural implements and farm machinery ; Fertilizers ; Tobacco ; 
Appliances and methods used in agricultural industries; Theory of 
agriculture — agricultural statistics; Vegetable food products — agri- 
cultural seeds ; Animal food products ; Equipment and methods em- 
ployed in the preparation of foods; Farinaceous products and their 
derivatives ; Bread and pastry ; Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and 
fruit; Sugar and confectionery — condiments and relishes; Waters; 
Wines and brandies; Sirups and liqueurs — distilled spirits — commer- 
cial alcohol; Fermented beverages; Inedible agricultural products; 
Insects and their products — plant diseases; Live stock — horses and 
mules, cattle, sheep, goats, etc. ; Swine ; Dogs ; Cats ; Ferrets, etc. ; 
Poultry and birds. 

Mrs. Bland reports as a department juror in this department: 

Our jury passed upon machinery for making drinks, refrigerators, 
refrigerating, Sunny Brook Distillery, ice-making plant, beer packers, 
and packages, etc., bottle washing and cleaning. Bake ovens, candy 
and chocolate machines also came within our jurisdiction. One 
special machine of French make was for making ice for families and 
on the farm ; these were small machines and would make from 10 to 
300 pounds, and were comparatively cheap and within the reach of 
many. 

There was an interesting and unique exhibit from Germany show- 
ing canned stews and other edibles to be used in camp and on hunting 



500 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

and fishing trips. The can had an interlining of tin, and between the 
two walls of the can was unslacked lime; by making a hole in each 
end of the can and placing first one end and then the other in cold 
water for five minutes the stew was warmed and cooked. 

Mrs. Bland conducts a large farm, and in a letter states that she 
was awarded a bronze medal at this exposition for her exhibit of 
timothy hay and Grimes golden apples. 

Mrs. Bland also served on the jury of awards in the women's 
department of the Charleston Exposition, and it was her opinion that 
there is a great opening for women in house furnishings, designing 
wall paper, and photography. 

Department J, Horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Ida L. Turner, 
Fort Worth, Tex., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 7 groups and 31 classes, the group 
headings being: Appliances and methods of pomology, viticulture, 
floriculture, and arboriculture; Appliances and methods of viticul- 
ture ; Pomology ; Trees, shrubs, ornamental plants and flowers ; Plants 
of the conservatory; Seeds and plants for garden and nurseries; 
Arboriculture and fruit culture. 

Mrs. Turner says: 

In reply to your questions in regard to the work of the women 
jurors at the St. Louis Exposition, will say that I arrived very late 
at the exposition, after the jury had about finished their duties in the 
Department of Horticulture, in which I was to serve. For this 
reason my duties were limited, and I had little opportunity to exam- 
ine and give an intelligent estimate of the part taken by women in 
this department. 

Department K, Forestry, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. J. M. Glenn, Balti- 
more, Md., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 3 groups and 14 classes, under the group 
headings : Appliances and processes used in forestry ; Products of the 
cultivation of forests and of forest industries ; Appliances for gather- 
ing wild crops and products obtained. 

No report. 

Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mr. J. A. Holmes, Chief; Mrs. M. G. Scrut- 
chin, Atlanta, Ga., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 5 groups and 43 classes, under the 
group headings: Working of mines, ore beds, and stone quarries; 
Minerals and stones, and their utilization ; Mine models, maps, photo- 
graphs ; Metallurgy ; Literature of mining, metallurgy, etc. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 501 

Mrs. Scrutchin reports as follows: 

In all our fairy stories, dwarfs and elves live below the earth and 
deal with mines and their dark belongings ; the fairies live above. So 
none of us are surprised to find few women in this line of exhibitors. 
My work as a member of the department jury confined me to one 
room, and to an inspection of lists submitted by the group jurors. 
So I really had no opportunity for specific examination of the vari- 
ous groups and classes, except where some doubt was expressed as to 
the validity of an award, when I made it a point to examine that 
subject with more or less care. Many women placed specimens of 
clay and ore in their State collections. Several Georgia women, I 
know, did this — some, though owning and operating mines, and active 
in submitting specimens, took shelter under the husband's name. This 
fact also came under my own observation. 

Nearly all these exhibits were in group 116, class 682. One collec- 
tion of clays and pottery produced in the interest of artistic handi- 
craft came from the Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the 
higher education of girls, of New Orleans, La., and was in the same 
group, but class 690. Many like collections were seen in the Educa- 
tional Building, but this is the only one given space in the Palace 
of Mines and Metallurgy. 

The Woman's Club of Pipestone, Minn., showed specimens of 
pipestone and jasper belonging to group 116, class 682. In the whole 
list I find only two foreigners — one from Toronto, Canada, and the 
other from Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, both such near neighbors to our 
own country as hardly to seem foreign. The one making exhibition 
from Mexico, Esther Lopez, is associated with a man, Hernano, 
brother or husband, I presume. Group 118 devoted to metallurgy, 
had only one woman exhibitor, Mrs. Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, 
Cal., who submitted redwood tanks for an award. 

I do not recall any award made to a woman in the Department of 
Mines and Metallurgy. Many mercantile houses and large corpora- 
tions were competitors, and, as I said before, many women sent their 
specimens to their respective State exhibits, and so increased the 
chances of the State to an award. 

The fine Alaskan exhibition in the Alaska Building was collated, 
I understand, by a woman. I did not see it and did not learn the 
woman's name, though I made an effort to do so. 

From my observation, I think the work of the women would have 
been better appreciated and the effect more pronounced had they 
been placed in a separate building. In this Department of Mines, 
for instance, every woman would have sent to the Woman's Build- 
ing instead of to the State exhibit, and a greater number would have 
been on record as exhibitors. 

The only two exhibitions, or expositions rather, at all approaching 
the one in St. Louis that I have attended were the Centennial at 
Philadelphia, in 1876, and the International Cotton Exposition at 
Atlanta, in 1895. At the first I do not recall any emphasis on what 
women had done, except in the lines in which she had always 
worked — art, needlework, and dairy products. In Atlanta, as at 
Chicago, there was a Woman's Building, and here were found her 
work in all lines, and many visitors enjoyed the exhibition. 



502 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

The recognition of woman as evidenced by her appointment on the 
juries of the different departments, both group and department, was 
the most striking development of the recent great expositions. 

The list submitted below contains the names of all women whose 
names appear in the official catalogue of exhibits in the Department 
of Mines and Metallurgy : 

Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the Higher Education of 
Girls, of New Orleans, La. Clays and pottery produced in the inter- 
est of artistic handicraft. Group 116, class 690. Mrs. Abbie Krebs, 
San Francisco, Cal. Redwood tanks. Group 118, class 702. Mrs. 
George Rupp, Bessemer, Mich. Collection of iron ores, needle, grape, 
kidney, and blackberry ore. Group 116, class 682. Woman's Club, 
Pipestone, Minn. Pipestone and jasper. Group 116, class 682. 
Mrs. Helen M. Schneider, Eureka, Nev. Collection of minerals. 
Group 116, class 682. Mrs. George W. Pritchard, White Oaks, N. 
Mex., Lincoln County. Ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. D. D. 
Menges, Allentown, Pa. Iron ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. C. 
Robinson, Spokane, S. Dak. Arsenopyrite ore. Group 116, class 
682. Mrs. Haliburton, Bridgewood, Bridgewood Company, Ontario, 
Canada. Minerals. Group 116, class 682. Esther y Hernano Lopez, 
Taxco, province of Guerrero, Mexico. Silver ores. Group 116, 
class 682. 

Department M, Fish and Game, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. Mary Stuart 
Armstrong, Chicago, 111., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 5 groups and 19 classes, the group 
headings being : Hunting equipment ; Products of hunting ; Fishing ; 
equipment and products; Products of fisheries; Fish culture. 

No report. 

Department N, Anthropology, Dr. W J McGee, Chief; Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cam- 
bridge, Mass., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, under the 
group headings: Literature; Somatogloy; Ethnology; Ethnography. 
Mrs. Nuttall reports, as group juror, this department. 
(Report not on file.) 

Department O, Social Economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Miss Jane Addams, 
Chicago, 111., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the group 
headings being: Study and investigation of social and economic con- 
ditions; Economic resources and organization; State regulation of 
industry and labor ; Organization of industrial workers ; Methods of 
industrial remuneration; Cooperative institutions; Provident insti- 
tutions ; Housing of the working classes ; The liquor question ; Gen- 
eral betterment movements ; Charities and correction ; Public health ; 
Municipal improvement. 

Miss Addams says in her report as department juror of the above: 

The general advance in social betterment has been very marked in 
the eleven years intervening since the Columbian Exposition, at 
Chicago, and women have not only shared that advance, but have 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 503 

undoubtedly contributed more than their proportionate share, if 
tested by the proportionate value of their exhibits at Chicago and at 
St. Louis. This is also true if tested by the social economy exhibits 
made in Paris in 1900, where I was a juror in the department of 
social economy. No separate exhibit was there made of the work of 
women save that implied in the exhibition of women's philanthropic 
societies. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition their separate ex- 
hibits were not only larger, but more definite and coherent. The 
work of women was as much appreciated when placed by the side of 
men as if it had been installed by itself, and the results would have 
been no better if separately exhibited. Certainly nothing in the 
entire department at St. Louis was more successfully installed and 
attracted more favorable attention than the Twin City Museum, 
which occupied an entire building upon the Model street and was 
under the direction of Mrs. Conde Hamlin, of St. Paul, who had also 
planned it from the beginning and was made commissioner. It was 
certainly a notable achievement to have one such exhibit as that 
standing absolutely upon its merits and dealing with the civic and 
{general social conditions as they are constantly developing in our 
large and growing cities. It had suggestions of activities along a 
dozen lines which make for amelioration of urban conditions as they 
bear hardest upon the people of the most crowded quarters. 

To quote from the report of another on this subject: " It is now a 
well-established fact that women most effectively supplement the best 
interests and the furthering of the highest aims of all government by 
their numberless charitable, reformatory, educational, and other 
beneficent institutions which she has had the courage and the ideality 
to establish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many 
forms of social injustice and neglect, and these institutions exert a 
strong and steady influence for good, an influence which tends to 
decrease vice, to make useful citizens of the helpless or depraved, to 
elevate the standard of morality, and to increase the sum of human 
happiness." 

Department P, Physical Culture, J. E. Sullivan, Chief; Miss Clara Hellwig, Plain- 
field, N. J., Department Juror. 

This department comprised 3 groups and 6 classes, the group head- 
ings being: Training of the child and adult — theory and practice; 
Games and sports for children and adults ; Equipment for games and 
sports. 

Unfortunately Miss Hellwig was abroad and did not receive noti- 
fication in time to reach St. Louis for the jury work. 

Superior Jury. 

Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, Mo., was appointed to repre- 
sent the board of lady managers on the superior jury, and in a gen- 
eral resume of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mrs. Moore says : 

If the organization of a world's exposition begins years before its 
doors open, if public opinion changes in a decade, it may be well, be- 
fore summing up the work of women at St. Louis, to look first at the 



504 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

record of achievement from Chicago in 1893 through Atlanta, Nash- 
ville, Omaha, Paris, and Buffalo, all of which led gradually to the 
high plane upon which we now stand. 

Segregation of the sexes was the limited understanding of most of 
those in charge of former expositions. Not for a moment would I 
imply by this statement that there was a desire to give the work of 
women a lower grade than that of men; rather was it the mistaken 
idea of drawing attention to it, as something better and apart. By 
this very means there was often a serious and hurtful comparison, 
since many women with undoubted ability would not thus place their 
exhibits. It implied that in the special group, where exhibit was 
made, woman's mind differed from that of man's to the extent that 
there was also a difference in the result. 

We owe sincere thanks to the progressive men in charge of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, that they listened with intelligent 
appreciation to the plea from women for equal representation, wher- 
ever their work was found worthy: 

There is no mistaking the dignified effect of this edict, and only the 
best in various lines gained admission to the exhibit palaces. 

In most exhibits the larger proportion was presented by men ; and 
in similar proportion the awards were assigned. There was, how- 
ever, no distinction made as to sex; and the members of the various 
juries, including women, paid as careful attention to the one exhibit 
as to the other, without reference to name, often the only indication 
of sex. 

There were some art, educational, and economic exhibits, placed en- 
tirely by women, showing marvelous adaptability to the limitations 
of environment, and also skill in artistic and practical setting. Look- 
ing closely at the work in the several departments, my opinion is that, 
while woman has not gained greatly in inventive or constructive arts, 
she has gained breadth in the applied arts and has grown immeas- 
urably in freedom of execution. This has been obtained partly by 
the contact with man's work, extending through many centuries in 
advance, and partly by the very fact that she must now stand only on 
her own merits. 

Women from foreign lands entered into competition in the depart- 
ments of art, education, and liberal arts to a very slight extent, with 
some investigation in science, but in all a very small proportion. 
This was natural, on account of the great distance, and may be ap- 
plied equally to the number of exhibitors from across the water, 
whether men or women. 

American women were found in nearly every field open to competi- 
tion, though it was the apparently proud statement of the director of 
Mines and Metallurgy that there were no women on his juries, which 
meant, of course, no exhibit. (Note. — Mrs. M. G. Scrutchin was evi- 
dently appointed after this statement.) 

The congresses were open to women, who appeared on the same pro- 
grammes with men, were paid the compliment of as large audiences, 
were listened to with interest, and their opinions in discussions an- 
swered with freedom. This occurred also in the various associations, 
where men and women work side by side. 

In the work of the superior jury, where for the first time the right 
of membership was given to a representative of women, the applica- 
tion of deliberation and judgment was made to the work of men and 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 505 

women alike. Courtesy and the hand of fellowship were extended to 
all. Exhibits were not specially investigated, unless appeals from 
former jury awards were sent in. In such case most careful and de- 
tailed investigation was made by the special boards, to which were 
assigned certain departments. There was no distinction of sex men- 
tioned in the jury room ; and the time has evidently arrived when no 
less will be expected from women — no more from men — than the 
quality of work merits. 

Final Report of the Committee of Awards. 

The chairman of the committee of awards of the board of lady 
managers begs leave to present the story and the report of that com- 
mittee to your honorable board. 

We will not begin by saying " once upon a time," for this is no 
fairy story, but we will hark back to that time when we, as a board, 
were not, that we may refer to the vital words of the act of Congress 
of March 3, 1901, wmich act provided for the creation of a board of 
lady managers, gave the excuse for its existence, and named spe- 
cifically one duty it would be called upon to perform, to wit : " To 
appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes 
for such exhibits as shall have been produced in whole or in part by 
female labor." 

This phase of woman's work at the World's Fair formed the prin- 
cipal topic of talk at the informal conference held in New York, 
December 5, 1901, between the National Commission and the members 
of the board of lady managers that had been appointed up to that 
time. 

The committee of awards was one of the last of the standing com- 
mittees to be appointed, but was the first committee appointed by 
Mrs. Daniel Manning after her election to the presidency of the 
board of lady managers in December, 1903, and was as follows : Mrs. 
Frederick Hanger, chairman, Little Rock, Ark.; Mrs. Richard W. 
Knott, Louisville, Ky. ; Miss Lavinia H. Egan, Shreveport., La.; 
Mrs. Fannie Lowry Porter, Atlanta, Ga. ; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hun- 
sicker, Hoboken, N. J. 

From the organization of the board its influence had been sought 
and besought by women wishing positions connected with the expo- 
sition work. The appointing of the committee of awards acted like 
a wireless-telegraphy message throughout the country and brought 
applications from " would be " jurors or recommendations from 
friends of " would be " jurors until the files of the board room were 
filled to the limit, and the colored postman of the free-delivery postal 
service in the southern home of the chairman thought he had re- 
lapsed into a " previous condition of servitude." 

The rules regulating the system of awards, enacted by the Exposi- 
tion Company, stated that the nomination for jurors must be in the 
hands of the director of exhibits thirty da}^s before the opening of 
the exposition, for the approval of the Exposition Company and the 
National Commission. 

The division of exhibits had issued a list of all exhibits that could 
be entered at the exposition, dividing them into 144 groups. 



506 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

As woman's work is never done, and as she has worked her way into 
almost every industrial avenue, to find out the " woman " in the work 
of exhibits required more light than the act of Congress or the rules 
of the Exposition Company gave on the subject. 

The chairman of the committee of awards made a special journey 
to St. Louis, a month after the committee was appointed, and in 
company with Miss Egan, a member of the committee, waited upon 
the director of exhibits and asked that the World's Fair light, for 
femininity, might be thrown on the 144 groups of exhibits, that 
woman's work, " in whole or in part," might have a juror appointed 
by the board of lady managers to judge of its merits. 

The director of exhibits, with much genial graciousness, threw up 
his official hands and said he was helpless, that not until the exhibits 
were placed could the groups that would admit of women jurors be 
determined, and that there would be women jurors appointed by the 
Exposition Company as well as by the board of lady managers. He 
suggested that we look carefully through the 144 groups and use 
our " judgment " as to which groups would call for women jurors. 

We asked the advisability of conferring with the heads of the 
different departments, and were told that the information must come 
through the director of exhibits. We were told to remember that 
the list of women jurors must be limited to keep down the expense 
of the jury work. 

From this time until the 25th of July the board waited for the 
classified list. 

By correspondence among the members of the committee of awards, 
by meeting of the same, and by suggestions from the entire board, a 
long list of names of women eminent for intellectual, artistic, mate- 
rial, and practical achievements was obtained from which to choose 
women jurors. It seemed impossible for the committee to make a 
report to present to the board for acceptance until information in 
regard to the classified list had been obtained. 

Partial tentative reports were read at the March meeting, to report 
progress and secure suggestions. 

At a meeting of the board held April 29 a list of 83 names for 
women jurors and their alternates was submitted by the committee 
and accepted by the board. A motion carried to the effect that 
power to act was left with the committee, as the classified list had 
not been received from the Exposition Company and the committee's 
use of " judgment " might be tempered with the blue pencil of the 
Exposition Company. 

The confirmation of names for jurors was made very comprehen- 
sive, as the board at that time did not expect to meet until after the 
jurors had served. 

The president of the board was untiring in her efforts in behalf 
of the jury work of the board. The chairman of the committee was 
called to St. Louis twice on the special work of the jury list, and the 
members of the board and committee by consultation with members 
of the National Commission, officials of the Exposition Company, and 
heads of departments, held out for what they considered the full 
rights of the nominating power of the board, with the hope of bring- 
ing American womanhood in touch, as near as possible, with the 
work of the exposition. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 507 

The following communications indicate the progress made : 

St. Louis, July 22, 1904. 
: Dear Sir: In regard to the appointment of women jurors the 
board of lady managers begs leave to state that names of women 
jurors for 83 groups have been approved by the board. We have 
been informed that the classified list of groups is in your hands, and 
•we would be glad to receive it at the earliest possible date. 
Very respectfully, 

M. Margaretta Manning, 

President. 
Jlon. David R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 

Exposition Grounds, St. Louis, Mo. 

St. Louis, July 25, 1904. 
./Madam President: The Exposition Company, through the execu- 
tive committee, has approved the accompanying report of the director 
of exhibits, and hereby certifies to the board of lady managers the 
number of groups in which the exhibits have been produced in whole 
or in part by female labor. 

This is in response to your letter addressed to the president under 
r date of July 22, and this day submitted to the executive committee. 

•The groups so certified are as follows : 

Education. — Group 1, Elementary education. Group 2, Secondary 
education. Group 3, Higher education. Group 4, Special education 
in fine arts. Group 7, Education of defectives. 

Fine arts. — Group 9, Paintings and drawings. Group 11, Sculp- 
ture. Group 12, Architecture. Group 11, Original objects in art 
workmanship. 

Liberal arts. — Group 16, Photography. Group 17, Books and pub- 
lications — Bookbinding. Group 18, Maps and apparatus for geog- 
raphy, cosmography, topography. 

Manufactures. — Group 37, Decoration and fixed furniture of build- 
ings and dwellings. Group 45, Ceramics. Group 52, Equipment and 
processes used in bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles 
in their various stages. Group 53, Equipment and processes used in 
sewing and making wearing apparel. Group 58, Laces, embroidery, 
and trimmings. Group 59, Industries, producing wearing apparel 
for men, women, and children. Group 61, Various industries con- 
nected with clothing. 

Machinery. — None. 

Electricity. — None. 

Transportation. — None. 

Agriculture. — Group 78, Farm equipment — Methods of improving 
land. Group 84, Vegetable food products — Agricultural seeds. 
Group 88, Bread and pastry. Group 89, Preserved meat, fish, vege- 
tables, and fruit. Group 90, Sugar and confectionery — Condiments 
and relishes. Group 92, Wines and brandies. 

Live stock. — None. 

Horticulture. — Group 107, Pomology. 

Forestry. — None. 

Mines and metallurgy. — None. 

Fish and game. — None 



508 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Anthropology. — None. 

Social economy. — Group 129, Study and investigation of social and 
economic conditions. Group 133, Methods of industrial remunera- 
tion. Group 136, Housing of the working classes. Group 137, The 
liquor question. Group 139, Charities and corrections. Group 141, 
Municipal improvement. 
Physical culture. — None 

Very respectfully, David R. Francis,, 

President. 
Mrs. Daniel Manning, 

President Board of Lady Managers. 

St. Louis, Mo., July 30, 1904. 
Dear Sir: The accompanying list of 83 women jurors, to serve on 
the committee of awards of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, has 
been made by the board of lady managers and is hereby submitted 
for approval to the Exposition Company and to the National Com- 
mission. 

This list has been made according to the authorization granted to 
the board in section 6 of the acts of Congress approved March 3, 
1901, to wit, " To nominate one member of all committees authorized 
to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been produced in 
whole or in part by female labor." 
Yours, truly, 

M. Margaretta Manning, 

President. 
Frances Marion Hanger, 
Chairman Committee of Awards. 
Hon. David R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 

Administration Building. 

August 4, 1904. 

My Dear Madam President: Responding to your communication 
of July 30, transmitting a list of women jurors and alternate jurors, 
that you reccommend for appointment, and which you submit for 
approval by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, I beg to state that 
under the rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- 
tion Company, approved by the National Commission, the board of 
lady managers may appoint 32 women jurors and women alternate 
jurors. 

As the number of names submitted by you greatly exceeds the 
number you are permitted to nominate under the rules and regula- 
tions above referred to, the list is herewith returned for revision. 

If the names you have submitted for appointment upon the groups 
for which the board of lady managers are entitled to make nomina- 
tions are the ones you desire in these particular groups, they will be 
entertained for confirmation, but it may be you will desire to readjust 
your list. 

Very respectfully, D. R. FRANCIS, 

President. 

Mrs. Daniel Manning, 

President Board Lady Managers. 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 



509 



August 9, 1904. 

Dear Sir: In response to your letter received August 8, in relist 
of nominations for the women jurors made by the board of lady man- 
agers, I beg leave to state that said list was made under what the 
board believed to be the interpretation of section 6 of the act of Con- 
gress approved March 3, 1901, which would seem to provide for the 
appointment of " one member of all committees authorized to award 
prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in 
part by female labor." 

We regret exceedingly that " in the discretion of said commission 
and corporation " referred to in said act, the list of groups has been 
reduced from 83 to 32. 

We respectfully ask, however, that a favorable consideration may 
be given to four additional groups, viz : No. 125, Literature ; No. 126, 
Somatology; No. 127, Ethnology, and No. 128, Ethnography. These 
groups have been specially designated by the chief of the Depart- 
ment of Anthropology, the names of nominees submitted are those 
approved by him, and it is most desirable that this request be 
granted. 

We herewith hand you revised list, readjusted as per your instruc- 
tions. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Frances Marion Hanger, 
Chairman on Committee of Awards. 

Hon. David R. Francis, 

President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. 

EDUCATION (DEPARTMENT A). 



Number and title of group. 



Principals. 



Alternates. 



Group 1, Elementary educa- 
tion. 
Group 2, Secondary education. 

Group 3, Higher education 

Group 4, Fine arts 

Group 7, State institutions — 

Group 9, Painting and draw- 
ing. 



Miss Anna Tolman Smith, 
Washington, D, C. 

Miss Anna G. MacDougal, Chi- 
cago, m. 

Miss Caroline Hazzard, Welles- 
ley College, Wellesley , Mass. 

Mrs. E. A. Thayer, Denver, 
Colo. 

Mrs. Sarah Piatt Decker, Den- 
ver, Colo. 

Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears, Bos- 
ton, Mass. 



Miss Clara Hellwig, Plainfield, 
N.J. 

Miss Mary Boyce Temple, 
Knoxville, Tenn. 

Mrs. Charles Perkins, Knox- 
ville, Tenn. 

Mrs. Charles Cary, Delaware 
avenue, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Mrs. George Noyes, Milwau- 
kee, Wis. 

Miss Mary Solari, Memphis, 
Tenn. 



ART (DEPARTMENT B). 



Group 11, Sculpture 

Group 12, Architecture 

Group 14, Art workmanship. 



Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Mat- 
thews, New York, N. Y. 

Miss Rose Weld, NewportNews, 
Va. 

Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena 
Park, ni. 



Miss Enid Yandell, Louisville, 
Ky. 

Miss Susan N. Ketcham, Car- 
negie Hall, N. Y. 

Miss Alice Barber Stevens, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



LIBERAL ARTS (DEPARTMENT C). 



Group 16, Photography 

Group 17, Publishing and book- 
binding. 

Group 18, Maps, apparatus for 
geography. 



Miss Francis B. Johnston, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chi- 
cago, m. 

Mrs. Fannie Hicks Woolwine, 
Nashville, Tenn. 



Mrs. Charles Ladd, Portland, 

Oreg. 
Miss Bulkley, Hillside, Mo. 

Mrs. M. G. Scrutchin, Atlanta, 
Ga. 



510 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

MANUFACTURES (DEPARTMENT D). 



Number and title of group. 



Principals. 



Alternates. 



Group 37, Furniture and house- 
hold decoration. 
Group 45, Ceramics 



Group 52, Bleaching and dye- 
ing, etc. 

Group 53, Equipment and pro- 
cesses used in making 
clothes. 

Group 58, Lace trimming and 
embroidery. 

Group 59, Industries produc- 
ing wearing apparel. 

Group 61, Industries connect- 
ed with clothing. 



Mrs. Candace Wheeler, New 

York, N. Y. 
Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga... 

Miss Madolin Wynn, Deerfield, 
Mass. 

Mrs. Elisha Dyer, sr., Provi- 
dence, R. I. 

Mrs. E. D. "Wood, Indianapolis, 
Ind. 

Miss Margaret Summers, Louis- 
ville, Ky. 

Mrs. F. K. Bowes, Chicago, 111. . . 



Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, Berwyn, 

Miss Henrietta Ord Jones, New 

York City. 
Mrs. W. S. Major, Shelbyville. 

Ind. 
Mrs. Frederick Nathan, New 

York City. 

Mrs. Noble Prentiss, Leaven- 
worth, Kans. 



Miss Runley, Clinton, N. Y. 



AGRICULTURE (DEPARTMENT H). 



Group 78, Agriculture— Meth- 
ods of improving lands. 
Group 84, Vegetable products. 

Group 88, Bread and pastry ... 

Group 89, Preserved meats, 
fish, vegetables, and fruit. 

Group 90, Sugar and confec- 
tionery — Condiments and 
relishes. 

Group 92, Wines and brandies. 



Mrs. W. H. Felton, Cartersville, 

Ga. 
Mrs. Christine Terhune Her- 

rick, Haworth, N. Y. 
Mrs. F. H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr . 

Mrs. E. L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss.. 

Miss Carolyn Hempstead, Lit- 
tle Rock, Ark. 

Miss Cruse, Helena, Mont 



Miss Myra Dock, Harrisburg, 

Mrs. E. W. Williams, Winona, 
Minn. 

Mrs. JohnB. Henderson, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

Mrs. Minnie H. Lawton, Oma- 
ha, Nebr. 

Mrs. R. P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo. 



Mrs. W. C. Ralston, San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 



HORTICULTURE (DEPARTMENT J). 



Group 107, Pomology 



Mrs. M. B. R. Day, Frankfort, 
Ky. 



Mrs. Robert Fulton, Buffalo, 

N.Y. 



ANTHROPOLOGY (DEPARTMENT N). 



Group 125, Literature... 
Group 126, Somatology . 
Group 127, Ethnology ... 
Group 128, Ethnography 



Miss Grace King, New Orleans, 
La. 

Miss Alice Fletcher, Washing- 
ton, D.C. 

Mrs. Alice P. Henderson, Ta- 
coma,Wash. 

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, 



Miss Annie Scoville, Stamford, 

Conn. 
Mrs. Nelson H. Doubleday, 

New York, N.Y. 
Miss Matilda Coxe Stevenson, 

Washington, D. C 
Miss Cora Peters, Washington, 

D. C. (United States Indian 

Bureau). 



SOCIAL ECONOMY (DEPARTMENT O). 



Group 129, Study and investi- 
gation of social and eco- 
nomic conditions. 

Group 135, Provident institu- 
tions. 

Group 136, Housing of the 
working classes. 

Group 137, The liquor question. 

Group 139, Charities and cor- 
rection. 

Group 141, Municipal improve- 
ment. 



Miss Caroline Greisheimer, 
Washington, D. C. 

Mrs. Eliza Eads How, St. Louis, 

Mo. 
Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, 111. 

Countess of Aberdeen 

Miss Mary E. Perry, St. Louis, 

Mo. 
Mrs. E. P. Turner, Dallas, Tex. 



Mrs. J. M. Glenn, Baltimore, 
Md. 

Miss Margaret Wade, Wash- 
ington, D. C 

Mrs. H. G R. Wright, Denver, 
Colo. 

Mrs. Ralph Trautman, New 
York, N. Y. 

Miss Josephine Woodward, 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Mrs. Conde Hamlin, St. Paul, 
Minn. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 511 

The foregoing list was confirmed by the Exposition Company and 
the National Commission (August 21). 

The group jurors were notified at the earliest possible moment of 
their appointment. * 

The time that most of the jurors began to serve was September 1. 

The list of jurors who served under appointment from the board of 
lady managers was as follows : 

List of Group Jurors — Board of Lady Managers. 

Education : 

Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, Washington, D. C. 
Group 2, Miss Anna G. MacDougal, Chicago, 111. 
Group 3, Miss Mary Boyce Temple, Knoxville, Tenn. 
Group 4. Mrs. E. A. Thayer, Denver, Colo. 
Group 7, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Art: 

Group 9, Miss Mary Solari, Memphis, Tenn. 
Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York. 
Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va. 
Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, 111. 

Liberal Arts : 

Group 16, Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, Washington, D. C. 
Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, 111. 
Group 18, Mrs. W. M. Woolwine, Nashville, Tenn. 

Manufactures : 

Group 37, Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis. 

Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga. 

Groups 53 and 61, Mrs. F. K. Bowes, Chicago, 111. ; Mrs. A. G. Harrow, 
Ottumwa, Iowa. 

Groups 58 and 59, Mrs. E. D. Wood, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Mrs. Margaret Sum- 
mers, Louisville, Ky. ; Mrs. W. S. Major, Shelbyville, Ind. 

Agriculture : 

Group 78, Mrs. W. H. Felton, Cartersville, Ga. 

Group 88, Mrs. F. H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr. 

Group 89, Mrs. E. L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss. 

Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead, Little Rock, Ark. 

Horticulture : 

Group 107, Mrs. M. B. R. Day, Frankfort, Ky. 

Anthropology : 

Group 125, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D. C. 
Group 126, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, Washington, D. C. 
Group 127, Miss Cora Peters, Washington, D. C. 
Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass. 

Social Economy : 

.Group 129, Miss Caroline Greisheimer, Washington, D. C. 
Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D. C. 
Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, 111. 
Group 139, Miss Mary Perry, St. Louis, Mo. 

Group 141, Mrs. E. P. Turner, Dallas, Tex. ; Mrs. Conde Hamlin, St. Paul, 
Minn. 

The appointment of the departmental jurors had been provided for 
in the extensive jury list approved April 29, but at the request of 
three of the members of the National Commission the list of depart- 
mental jurors was further confirmed by a meeting of the board called 
for that purpose on September 20, and these jurors began their work 
almost immediately. 



512 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

The following list of department jurors was sent to the Exposition 
Company and the National Commission : 

Department A, Education : 

Mrs. W. E. Fischel (principal), 3841 Washington Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. 
Miss Anna Tolman Smith (alternate), care Mr. Howard J. Rogers, chief 
department of education. 

Department B, Art : 

Mrs. Montgomery Sears (principal), Boston, Mass. 

Miss Cecelia Beaux (alternate), South Washington square, New York City. 

Department C, Liberal Arts : 

Miss Olive Seward (principal), 1725 Nineteenth street, Washington, D. C. 
Mrs. H. A. Langford (alternate), 5817 Rosalie court, Chicago, 111. 

Department D, Manufactures : 

Miss Thekla M. Bernays (principal), St. Louis, Mo. 

Mrs. W. H. Clapp (alternate), 28 West Eighth street, New York City. 

Department E, Machinery : 

Miss Kate Gleason (principal), care The Gleason Works, Rochester, N. Y. 
Miss Edith J. Griswold (alternate), St. Paul Building, New York City. 

Department F, Electricity : 

Miss Hope Loughborough (principal), Euclid avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Miss Madolin Wynn (alternate), Deerfield, Mass. 

Department G, Transportation exhibits : 

Miss Rose Weld (principal), care Mrs. Dimmock, Newport News, Va. 
Mrs. Robert Fulton (alternate), care Mrs. J. M. Horton, Buffalo, N. Y. 

Department H, Agriculture: 

Mrs. Martha Shute (principal), secretary State board agriculture, Denver, 

Colo. 
Mrs. Edward Gilchrist Low (alternate), Lothrop, Groton, Mass. 

Department J, Horticulture : 

Mrs. Ida L. Turner (principal), Fort Worth, Tex. 
Mrs. M. B. R. Day (alternate), Frankfort, Ky. 

Department K, Forestry : 

Miss Myra Dock (principal), State forestry restoration commissioner, Har- 

risburg, Pa. 
Mrs. J. M. Glenn (alternate), 617 Columbia avenue, Baltimore, Md. 

Department L, Mines and Metallurgy : 

Mrs. M. G. Scrutchin (principal), 96 East Linden street, Atlanta, Ga. 
Mrs. E. L. Lamb (alternate), Jackson, Miss. 

Department M, Fish and Game : 

Miss Mary Stuart Armstrong (principal), editor Elite, Chicago, 111. 
Mrs. C. E. Hatch (alternate), Kentland, Ind. 

Department N, Anthropology : 

Mrs. Zelia Nuttall (principal), care Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass. 
Mrs. Emily Cook (alternate), Bureau Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C. 

Department O, Social Economy : 

Miss Jane Addams (principal), Hull House, Chicago, 111. 

Mrs. Lilian Cantrell Bay (alternate), 5904 Clemens avenue, St. Louis, Mo. 

Department P, Physical Culture : 

Miss Clara S. Helwig (principal), Plainfield, N. J. 

Miss Margaret Wade (alternate), 912 Nineteenth steet, Washington, D. C. 

It was found, upon communicating with the above named, that 
very many could not serve, and no provision having been made for 
alternates many changes became necessary. The following list was 
subsequently transmitted to the Exposition Company and National 
Commission, two of even these, however, failing to serve : 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 513 

Department A, Education, Mrs. W. E. Fischel, 3341 Washington Boulevard, 
St. Louis, Mo. 
Department B, Art, Miss Mary Bullock, Hillside, Mo. 
Department C, Liberal Arts, Mrs. H. A. Langford, Chicago, 111. 
Department D, Manufactures, Miss Thekla M. Bernays, St. Louis, Mo. 
Department E, Machinery, Miss Edith J. Griswold, New York City. 
Department F, Electricity, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland, Ohio. 
Department G, Transportation exhibits, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va. 
Department H, Agriculture, Mrs. Richard P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo. 
Department J, Horticulture, Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth, Tex. 
Department K, Forestry, Mrs. J. M. Glenn, Baltimore, Md. 
Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mrs. M. G. Scrutchin, Atlanta, Ga. 
Department M, Fish and Game, Miss Mary Stuart Armstrong, Chicago, 111. 
Department N, Anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass. 
Department O, Social Economy, Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, 111. 

The committee of awards regrets that the discretionary power of 
the Exposition Company restricted the appointive power of the 
board, and that the late hour of the appointments prevented a number 
of the jurors from accepting. 

It was a great pleasure to the members of the board and the com- 
mittee to meet and to entertain the clever and attractive women 
jurors, who served with distinction in their work and who in every 
possible way showed their appreciation of the honor conferred upon 
them by the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition. 



Respectfully submitted. 



Madam President, 

Board of Lady Managers. 



Frances Marion Hanger, 

Chairman. 
Jennie Gilmore Knott. 
Lavinia H. Egan. 
Fannie Lowry Porter. 
Helen Boice-Hunsicker. 



The tenth meeting of the board was called on November 9, 1904. 
Many matters in connection with the closing of the work of the 
board in St. Louis were disposed of, and the following resolution 
passed concerning the preparation of its final report : 

I move that the president of this board be requested to make a 
final report of the work of this board. 

On December 2 the last session of the board was held in the building 
which it had occupied during all the months of the exposition, and 
it was with a feeling of genuine regret that the members separated, 
never to meet again in the house which had been the scene of many 
interesting gatherings. 

On the day following the official closing of the exposition the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company sent their representative to 
make an inventory of the contents of the building, preparatory to the 
S. Doc. 202, 59-1 33 



514 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

dismantling of the house which was thereafter to be known as the 
Physics Building and be occupied by students of the Washington 
University. On December 13 formal and final surrender was made 
by the president on behalf of the board of lady managers to the 
Exposition Company. 

The following is the final report of the house committee for the 
exposition period : 

On the 30th day of April, 1904, at the opening of the greatest 
exposition the world has ever known, and commemorating one of the 
most important events in the history of our country, the board of 
lad^ managers, created by act of Congress and appointed by the 
National Commission, designed by the wisdom and forethought of 
one of our most dearly beloved Chief Executives, to represent the 
women of America in setting forth to the world woman's part, not 
only in the making of the exposition but in the real expansion and 
development of our great nation, found itself, by a combination of 
circumstances fortuitous or otherwise, resolved into a committee on 
entertainment, with a commodious and elegantly appointed home to 
call its own and the appropriation of $100,000 to spend on furnish- 
ing, entertaining, and necessary expenses of the board. It is there- 
fore the pleasure of this your house committee to report for the 
entire exposition period beginning April 30, 1904, and ending De- 
cember 1, 1905, the house in order each day from 10 a. m. to 6 p. m., 
for the reception of the public and for a series of entertainments, 
which, by reason of the number of distinguished men and women 
thus brought together, were international in character, and of a 
nature and brilliancy in the highest degree pleasing to the board 
itself. During this time some 25,000 guests were entertained by the 
board at the special functions and the informal afternoon teas, 
the latter having been made a most attractive and interesting feature, 
dispensing the board's hospitality toward the close of the Fair. For 
every month, save August, a number of formal affairs were given, 
including luncheons, receptions, and dinners. 

It was particularly fitting that the initial feast spread by the board 
of lady managers in its exposition home should have been given in 
honor of the National Commission, the Government's representative 
in the great World's Fair. To this dinner, given on the evening of 
the 30th of April, under the trying circumstances attendant upon 
a day strenuous with opening exercises and the disadvantages of the 
rapid adjustment of household arrangements, 100 guests were bidden, 
among them Secretary Taft, who represented the President of the 
United States in the opening events, members of the Senate and 
House committees, and governors of States. President Carter of the 
National Commission was toastmaster on this occasion, and toasts 
were given by President David R. Francis, Senator Daniel, Con- 
gressman Tawney, and Hon. M. H. de Young. 

A reception in honor of Mrs. David E. Francis followed on May 9, 
to which 500 guests were invited. 

On May 17 a brilliant company of 500 was entertained at an after- 
noon reception in honor of the representatives of the Army and Navy 
in and near St. Louis. Ladies of the Army and Navy assisted in 
receiving, and many distinguished persons were present. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 515 

On May 19, immediately following the Louisiana Purchase Day 
exercises of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a luncheon 
was given by the board of lady managers in honor of the delegates to 
the General Federation. 

Miss Alice Roosevelt was the honoree of a luncheon given on May 
31, to which 600 guests were bidden. The affair was most charming 
and successful. 

Having thus during the opening month announced itself, the board 
of lady managers continued during the exposition to contribute its 
quota to the social life of the great fair. 

The distinguished foreigners whom it was the privilege of the 
board to especially honor were the representatives of foreign govern- 
ments, with a reception on June 17 ; Prince Pu Lun, to whom a dinner 
of 52 covers was given on July 10, and Prince Fushimi, for whom a 
reception was held on November 22. Receptions to the Interparlia- 
mentary Union on September 12 and to the Congress of Arts and 
Sciences on September 20 were also international in character, a 
number of distinguished foreigners being present. 

Among the special functions given, none was more successful or 
more brilliant than the dinner in honor of President David R. 
Francis, on November 12, to which 140 guests were invited. 

The building of the board of lady managers, with the changes made 
by the board, was, both in its appointments and location, admirably 
adapted for the purpose for which it was set aside, and in itself was 
a tribute to the necessity and advantage of cooperation on the part 
of the board. 

The whole lower floor of the building was beautifully fitted up for 
the reception and entertainment of guests and the upper floor was 
reserved for the private use of the board, being divided into board 
room, secretary's room, reception room, apartments for the president 
of the board, and quarters for all members of the board who wished 
to avail themselves of the hospitality of the home while in the city. 

The house was conducted as any well-organized household under 
the direction of the rotating committee, composed of the resident 
members in St. Louis, and the members rotating each month. They 
were ably assisted by a very capable hostess. 

The house committee are greatly indebted to Miss Julia McBlair, 
for the gracious manner in which she served the board as hostess 
during the period of the exposition. 

The work of the house committee is so closely allied to that of the 
committee on ceremonies that it is somewhat difficult to draw a line 
between the duties of the two or to set forth in a formal report the 
differences. 

For details of the work of house committee preliminary to enter- 
tainments, reference is made to report of entertainment and cere- 
monies committees, and for details of house furnishings reference is 
made to house furnishing committee. 

Without wishing to discriminate in the least, thanks are especially 
due to Weil's band, of St. Louis, Mo., for their never-failing courtesy 
in supplying music for the entertainments of the board whenever it 
was possible for their engagements to permit, and to the leader, Mr. 
William Weil, for his personal interest. 

To the commissioner from Ceylon, Mr. Stanley Bois, the board 
would especially express their thanks for the tea from his commis- 



516 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

sion, which was used and enjoyed by the members of the board and 
their guests, and also to the representatives of the Japanese commis- 
sion, who presented the chests of tea from which, together with that 
sent by the commissioner from Ceylon, all afternoon teas and recep- 
tions and luncheons of the board were supplied, to the great pleasure 
and enjoyment of their tea-drinking friends. Department of Horti- 
culture for their gifts of choice fruit, and the California commission 
for beautiful basket of fruit on " California Day." To the agent 
who, through Messrs. Nicholson & Co., of St. Louis, presented two 
cases of champagne; and Colorado horticulture for baskets of fruit. 
The house committee particularly appreciated the courtesy ex- 
tended to the board of lady managers by Lieutenant- Colonel Kings- 
bury and Lieutenant- Colonel Fountain and officers of the Jefferson 
Guards for constantly providing a guard for their building. 

Salena V. Ernest, 

Chairman. 

Immediately upon the adjournment of the board the president 
began to collect material for the report, and pursuant to the power 
given her by the resolution at the last session, held in St. Louis, a 
special meeting was called on June 9, 1905, at the Murray Hill Hotel, 
New York, to pass upon the final report. 

There were present: Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, presiding, 
and Mrs. Buchwalter; Mrs. Hanger, acting secretary; Mrs. Knott, 
Mrs. Daly, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. Coleman, Miss Dawes, 
Mrs. Hunsicker, Mrs. Moores, and Miss Egan. 

The report was to be transmitted to the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Commission, whose final meeting was called at Portland, Oreg., 
for June 15. It was, therefore, necessary that the report of the board 
should be in the hands of the Commission by that time, and it was 
most fortunate that immediate action could be taken upon the copy 
and forwarded to the Commission. 

Among the reports made by special committees was that of the 
committee to edit minutes, which showed that a resolution adopted 
at the meeting of the board on November 14, 1904, provided for the 
editing the minutes of the board and had named the following 
committee : Mrs. Frederick Hanger, chairman ; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, 
and Miss Anna L. Dawes. At the meeting of the board on June 10 
the chairman of the committee reported that the stenographic reports 
of the proceedings of the ten meetings of the board, covering about 
700 typewritten pages, had been carefully edited ; that all motions and 
resolutions had been retained inviolate ; that these, with roll call, time 
and place of meeting, and in some instances limited discussion, made 
up the subject-matter of the minutes, the same covering some 240 
typewritten pages. The report of the editing committee was adopted, 
the minutes accepted and ordered placed on file with the archives of 
the board. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 517 

A committee on resolutions, consisting of Mrs. Edward Buchwalter 
and Mrs. Richard W. Knott, presented as one of the finalities of the 
eleventh meeting of the board the following resolutions, which were 
unanimously adopted : 

Whereas the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission by au- 
thority vested in it by an act of Congress appointed the members of 
the board of lady managers ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition expresses its appreciation of the high honor con- 
ferred on its members by their appointment ; and 

Be it further resolved, That the thanks of the board of lady mana- 
gers be extended to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
for the privileges and pleasures it enjoyed as a board. 

The members of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase Exposition wish to express their appreciation of the courtesy 
and kindness shown them by the Exposition Company during the 
exposition period. 

The board of lady managers express their appreciation to the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company for the commemorative 
diplomas and medals conferred upon them by the Exposition Com- 
pany. 

The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
wishes to express its appreciation of its officers for their services not 
only in their official work but in all the duties that devolved upon 
them as members of the board. 

Mrs. William H. Coleman was elected treasurer of the board of 
lady managers at its first formal meeting, held on October 1, 1902. 

The first appropriation received was from the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition Company and was for the sum of $3,000 for incidental 
expenses. On February 18, 1904, the appropriation of $100,000 for 
the use of the board was made by Congress, at which time the real 
responsibilities of the treasurer began. 

Her duties were fully defined in rule 6 of the rules and regulations 
adopted by the board, and the custody of all funds was placed in her 
hands to be disbursed " only upon order of the board and the npproval 
of its president." 

Regular itemized statements were rendered to the board at each 
regular meeting showing receipts and expenditures. These accounts 
were each time fully set forth and always found to be absolutely cor- 
rect and clearly rendered. 

At the meeting called for June 9, 1905, Mrs. Coleman read her last 
report, the following being the final summary of all funds received 
and disbursed on behalf of the board of lady managers : 



518 LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Report of the Treasurer of the Board of Lady Managers of the Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition from March 17, 1903, to June 10, 1905. 

Receipts : 

Received from Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, by 

appropriation of February 16, 1903 $3,000.00 

Received from appropriation of Congress, by act of February 

18, 1904 100, 000. 00 

Received interest on $100,000 account 1, 502. 29 

104, 502. 29 
Disbursements : 

Tinting walls, staining floors, heating ap- 
paratus, wiring for bells, awnings, 
screens, and plumbing — 

From $100,000 $2,263.32 

From $3,000 64.30 

$2, 327. 62 

Furniture, china, linen, freight, and pack- 
ing charges — 

From $100,000 11,692.65 

From $3,000 652.25 

12, 344. 90 

Mileage and per diem, board meetings and rotating 

committees, paid from all sources 30,272.76 

Entertainment, all sources 10,672.85 

Stationery, engraving, and printing 5,906.15 

Postage and telegrams 1,196.94 

Telephones 281. 24 

Clerical and household force expenses 5, 096. 17 

Office incidentals 274. 14 

House incidentals 1,007.84 

Other incidentals 2, 255. 77 

Model playground 5,100.00 

Miscellaneous expenses, resolution June 10, 1905, in 

payment 2, 000. 00 

Total disbursements 78, 736. 38 

Less returned from incidental account 900. 75 

Grand total of all disbursements to June 10, 1905__ 77, 835. 63 

Balance in hands of treasurer June 10, 1905 26, 666. 66 

104, 502. 29 

Amount brought forward from the treasurer's report as balance in 
hands of treasurer June 10, 1905, which is the amount to be re- 
turned to the Exposition Company by the board of lady managers, 
from all funds 26,666.66 

To the above amount to be returned to the Exposition Company by 
the board of lady managers, as a credit, is to be added the sum 
paid to the company in cash on December 14, 1904, for furniture 
and articles purchased by the members of the board, amounting to_ 2, 150. 00 

Making the total amount returned to the Exposition Company 
from all sources 28,816.66 

Mrs. William H. Coleman, 

Treasurer. 

The auditing committee, composed of Mrs. William E. Andrews, 
chairman, Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, and Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, 
was elected by the board of lady managers March 4, 1904, for the 
purpose of examining and auditing the accounts of the treasurer, 
Mrs. William H. Coleman. 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 519 

The committee met at stated intervals and examined the vouchers 
and checks numbered 1 to 253, inclusive, and reported that these were 
found to be correct, and accounted fully for all moneys received by 
the treasurer to that date, and this report was accepted. 

The exposition closed on December 1, and the auditing committee 
was not again called until the time for rendering a final account of 
the funds of the board. At this time the absence of the chairman, 
Mrs. Andrews, and Mrs. Montgomery necessitated the appointment 
of two other members to fill said vacancies, in order to audit the bills 
contracted by the board from November 1, 1904, to June 10, 1905. 
Mrs. Hanger and Mrs. Knott were thereupon elected. Mrs. Mont- 
gomery arriving later, Mrs. Hanger withdrew from the committee, 
leaving the membership — Mrs. Ernest, chairman, Mrs. Montgomery, 
and Mrs. Knott — all present. 

On June 12 and subsequently this committee met and examined the 
vouchers and checks from November 1, 1904, to June 10, 1905, in- 
clusive, and found the accounts between the above-mentioned dates to 
be correct. 

Total receipts : 

From Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company $3,000.00 

From appropriation by Congress 100,000.00 

Total interest received on above $100,000 account 1, 502. 29 

104, 502. 29 

Total expended from $3,000 $3,000.00 

Total expended from $100,000 74,146.83 

Total amount interest expended as per resolution of 
June 10 688. 80 

Total expenditures 77,835.63 

Balance on hand from interest $813.49 

Balance on hand from $100,000 appropriation. _ 25, 853. 17 

26, 666. 66 

Balance on hand from all sources 104, 502. 29 

A certified public accountant has been engaged to prepare a classi- 
fied summary of all receipts and disbursements, and we refer to the 
figures of his report for details and totals, which we hereby approve 
and accept as final. 

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this 17th day of 

June, 1905. 

Salena Y. Ernest, 

Mary Phelps Montgomery, 

Jennie Gillmore Knott, 

Members Auditing Committee. 

New York, June 16, 1905. 
In accordance with your instructions, I have made an examination 
of your treasurer's accounts from March IT, 1903, to June 10, 1905, 
and herewith submit to you my report thereon. 



520 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

All vouchers covering the disbursements from the appropriation 
made by Congress of $100,000 are in due form and properly approved 
and attested, vouchers being on file for all amounts paid, each 
voucher containing a " paid " check signed by the treasurer and 
countersigned by the president, excepting a few, which, in the ordi- 
nary course of business, have not as yet been presented at bank for 
payment. 

All disbursements from the $3,000 received from the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition Company and from the interest received from 
banks have been made by treasurer's check and all have been approved 
by the president of the board. The total disbursements and receipts 
to June 10 are as follows : 

Total amount received by the treasurer to June 10, 1905 : 

From Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company .$3,000.00 

From Congress 100, 000. 00 

Interest received from banks 1,502.29 

Total received from all sources to June 10, 1905 104,502.29 

Total amount disbursed by treasurer to June 10, 1905 : 

From the $3,000 received from the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition Company 3, 000. 00 

From the appropriation from Congress 74,146.83 

From the interest received from banks 688.80 

Total disbursed from all sources to June 10, 1905 77, 835. 63 

Balance in hands of treasurer on June 10, 1905 : 

From the $100,000 appropriation from Congress 25,853.17 

From interest received from banks , 813.49 

Balance in hands of treasurer June 10, 1905 26, 666. 66 

Respectfully submitted. 

John Proud, 

Certified Public Accountant. 

The President and Auditing Committee, 

Board of Lady Managers, Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 

It has been said that " an exposition should be as broad and com- 
prehensive as the efforts of mankind." In all human activities in 
recent years advancement has been so marvelously rapid that impor- 
tant expositions might be held from time to time in which would be 
included nothing but inventions, discoveries, and accomplishments 
that belong to the intervening epoch-making periods. 

That all nations take a deep interest in world's fairs is made mani- 
fest by the large attendance of people from all parts of the globe. 
It is self-evident that they appreciate the fact that most beneficial 
results may be derived by all, not only by means of the practical and 
tangible demonstration and comparison of objects assembled, but 
through the opportunity afforded for interchange of thought so con- 
spicuously made available to advanced thinkers and workers. And 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 521 

it is hoped and believed that in its own time and in its own way 
each exposition will accomplish much for the good of both men and 
women of every country. 

It would seem from the division of work as shown at the expo- 
sition by the Filipinos and the Indian tribes that women have not 
only, from the remotest times of which we have record, originated 
and practiced most of the industrial arts, but, among primitive na- 
tions, they still continue to ply the same occupations. The exhibits 
showed that the work of the men was still that of the hunter and 
trapper, while the Filipino woman who sat on the floor making 
cotton cloth, would indicate that it had fallen to the share of women 
not only to fashion garments, but the material from which they were 
made. And was not the stick which she so deftly handled, upon 
which she wound her thread to carry the woof to and fro transversely 
across the warp of her hand-woven fabric, the forerunner of the 
swiftly moving shuttle of to-day ? And if the primitive woman still 
makes garments from the skins which the hunter brings home, and 
cooks the game which he shoots or traps, and has originated the 
method of cooking other articles of food, has she not earned for 
herself the right to be termed the first " home maker ? " It is true 
the home originally, had to be maintained by force of arms, but when 
this necessity no longer existed, and man, " the protector," had time 
to examine this woman-made home, he put his ingenuity to work to 
aid in the increased demands large households made upon women 
and invented and applied machinery to do the heavy tasks that had 
theretofore been done by them. He found it a vastly remunerative 
occupation, and promptly removed her work of spinning, weaving, 
dyeing, and even the making of every kind of garment, and the prep- 
aration of foods, to his factories. 

Women did not take kindly to the innovation at first — their occu- 
pations were gone — but, with their usual adaptability, they imme- 
diately invented new ones. They now had time and opportunity to 
acquire education, enter the professions, and prepare themselves to 
take their equal place by the side of men. 

President Francis, in his address on opening day, said of the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition: 

So thoroughly does it represent the world's civilization that if 
all man's other works were, by some unspeakable catastrophe, blotted 
out the records here established by the assembled nations would 
afford all necessary standards for the rebuilding of our entire civil- 
ization. 

And at this great exposition, by the elimination of the special 
woman's department, the exhibits of woman's work for the first time 
in this country stood solely and independently by the side of the 



522 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

exhibits by men, and the industrial equality and the value of the 
contributions to the industries, sciences, and arts of both were judged 
by the same standards. Let no concern, therefore, be felt as to the 
future advancement of women. Their strength and powers have 
been tested, and the new era upon which they entered but a few years 
ago under the leadership of the women of America is now so far 
advanced for the women of all nations in every country that their un- 
deniable right to education and training is being acknowledged, their 
consequent recognition as a factor for increased usefulness is being 
accorded, and their development is swift, their progress sure. 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition is passing into the realm 
wherein lies f orgetf ulness ; its beauties are even now fading from the 
memories of its millions of visitors. The buildings have been razed, 
and the broad acres it covered have been laid waste; the labor of 
years, the result of thought, perseverance, patience, energy, and untir- 
ing application on the part of hundreds of its promoters and workers, 
already seems as intangible as a dream. But the things for which 
those buildings stood, the intellectual, moral, and material prosperity 
which they expressed are real, lasting, and glorious. These are per- 
manently recorded in history. And forming an important part of 
these records is the work of woman. 

The board of lady managers of this vast world's fair earnestly 
hopes that at every future exposition woman may be accorded that 
dignified position that she has so splendidly earned by her own en- 
deavors, and that each time a resume of her work achieved is re- 
corded new fields of usefulness may be found added thereto. No 
fear need be entertained that she will not always demonstrate that 
she does contribute her full share toward the progress and prosperity 
of nations and the uplifting of humanity. 




APPENDIX 6. 



STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OF LOUISIANA 
PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION 

FROM APRIL 23, 1901, TO JUNE 30, 1905. 



Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from April 23, 1901, to June 30, 1901, inclusive. 

Office of Secretary. 

APRIL. 

Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, furniture $71.00 

Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, stationery 32. 90 

Broadway Furniture Company, rug 19.00 

Smith-Premier Typewriter Company, one typewriter 99. 00 

Woodward &. Tiernan Printing Company, letter heads 31. 50 

William Corcoran, stenographer, eight days at $8.33£ per day. 66. 67 

$320.07 

MAY. 

Imperial Building Company, rent of office 25. 00 

Joseph Flory, advanced for stamps 15.00 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes 22. 75 

Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, stationery 7. 80 

Joseph Flory, express charges .55 

Gould Directory Company, city directory 7.00 

William Corcoran, stenographer, four days at $8.33£ per day_ 33. 33 

F. A. Burrelle, press clippings 10. 00 

St. Louis Toilet Supply Company, towels for office . 75 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary, twenty-five days, $75__ 62. 90 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1.02 

186. 10 

JUNE. 

Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, supplies .50 

William H. Corcoran, stenographer, copying minutes 25.00 

Imperial Building Company, rent of office 25. 00 

St. Louis Toilet Supply Company, towels .75 

St. Louis Express Company, moving office furniture 2. 50 

F. A. Burrelle, press bureau, press clippings 10. 00 

Claude Hough, official stenographer, salary 75.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 19. 55 

Do 2.08 

160. 38 

Total to June 30, 1901 666.55 

523 



524 LOUISIANA PUECHASE EXPOSITION. 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, inclusive. 

Office of Secretary. 

JULY. 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes $6. 75 

Herring-Hall Marvin Safe Company, one safe 85.00 

Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, desk 52.00 

National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one 

year 5.00 

Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 5. 55 

Bell Telephone Company, rent telephone for quarter 22. 23 

Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 75.00 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Wilfred A. Simpson, messenger, salary 30.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 7.21 

$398. 74 

AUGUST. 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, supplies 12. 00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 1.40 

Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 75.00 

Wilfred A. Simpson, messenger, salary 30.00 

Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges 6.80 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 28.46 

263. 66 

. SEPTEMBER. 

Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms 100. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 75.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges 2. 50 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 4. 04 

221. 54 

OCTOBER. 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes and let- 
ter heads 16.25 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 75.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Miss Gertrude Jenkins, stenographer, copying rules 15.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 7.45 

Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges 2.25 

Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 9. 74 

265. 69 

NOVEMBER. 

United Typewriter and Supplies Company, stationery 5. 49 

Library Bureau, one file case, complete 65.75 

F. W. Baumhoff, postmaster, to stamps 5.00 

Higgins Map Company, 20 maps of St. Louis 5.00 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, letter heads 4. 75 

Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges 3. 25 

F. A. Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 22. 13 

351. 37 



LOUISIANA PUKCHASE EXPOSITION. 525 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

DECEMBER. 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies $5.35 

Skinner & Kennedy, Eureka bath and supplies 5.60 

Library Bureau, two sets file guides 1. 50 

Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance 

charges 35.35 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 13. 88 



JANUARY. 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, supplies 7. 50 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 7.45 

Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings 10.00 

Remington Typewriter Company, two machines 180. 00 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 17.70 

FEBRUARY. 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 2.25 

MARCH. 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 20. 60 

Superintendent of Documents, Revised Statutes 7. 90 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance 

charges 50.95 

Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Hon. Thomas H. Carter, expense typewriting 7.30 

APRIL. 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads 333.00 

Skinner & Kennedy, supplies 9. 10 

Gould Directory, one city directory 6.00 

A. C. McDonald, one Webster's Dictionary 10.00 

Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Carroll Purman. clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 14. 84 



$301. 68 



452. 65 



332. 25 



416. 75 



702. 94 



526 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1901, to Jume 30, 1902, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Seceetaey — Continued. 

MAY. 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms $100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100. CO 

John H. Grosse, messenger, salary 30.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 4.40 

$334.40 

JUNE. 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 30.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance 

charges 31.55 

Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 8. 62 

420. 17 

Total 4, 461. 84 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive. 

Office of Secretary. 

JULY. 

National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one 

year $8. 00 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 30.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 10.40 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Densmore Typewriter Company, desk and chair 32.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1.60 



AUGUST. 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of rooms for office 100. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 30.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Smith Premier Typewriter Company, repairs machine 2. 00 

Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 2.97 

SEPTEMBER. 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 7.40 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms 100. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 30.00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone for quarter 31. 25 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 6. 40 



$382.00 



334.97 



375. 05 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 527 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

OCTOBER. 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms $31. 10 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 300.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary * 30. 00 

J. Kennard & Sons, four Wilton rugs 72.75 

Mrs. M. E. Schuerinan, stenographer services, board of lady 

managers 66. 10 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 14. 70 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Fidelity Storage and Moving Company, moving office 25.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 2.28 



NOVEMBER. 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100. 00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 30.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Southern Hotel, rent of meeting rooms 35. 00 

Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F. A. Betts, July to November 50. 00 

A. S. Aloe Company, hauling McKinley portrait 5.00 

Miss M. McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service . 91 

Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F. A. Betts, November 25.00 



DECEMBER. 

Linze Electrical Supply Company, call bell 2. 45 

John R. Parson, two silk flags, one 15-foot flag 18.00 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, stationery 355. 00 

J. Kennard & Sons Carpet Company, matting and pillow 83. 01 

Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller, six months 50. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Jos. A. Carlin, messenger, salary 40.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, stationery and supplies 9.45 

Bell Telephone Company, rent and long distance 34.80 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

J. J. Ferguson, to 10 photographs of commissioners, framed- 110. 00 

Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, office furniture 349.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 5.91 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25.00 



$441. 93 



JANUARY. 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Jos. Carlin, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Henry O'Flynn, insurance agent, insuring McKinley pho- 
tograph 20.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 25.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 6.60 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25.00 



345. 91 



1, 282. 62 



316.60 



528 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

FEBRUARY. 

Lambert-Deacon & Hull Printing Company, supplies $20.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

J. Kennard & Sons, three Smyrna rugs 18.90 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100. 00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 8. 43 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 10.00 



MARCH. 

Skinner & Kennedy Stationery Company, supplies 3.00 

Postal Telegraph Company, service 1. 93 

Miss Lulu R. Colvin, stenographer, extra service 5. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 100.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone long distance 

service 34.72 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 10.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 7.45 

Southern Hotel Company, rent meeting rooms 177. 15 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 39. 50 



APRIL. 

St. Louis Express Company, moving office records 2.50 

Mermod & Jaccard Company, engraving cards, dedication. _ 37.50 

John R. Parson, one large flag 15.00 

The Postal Telegraph Company, service 1.66 

Mesker & Bro., steel flag pole 63.00 

Mook Brothers, painting office of Commission 50.00 

Chas. Rippe Tent Company, one streamer for flag pole 15. 50 

Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing minutes 91. 50 

Wand Livery Company, carriages furnished dedication 45. 00 

Steiner Engraving and Badge Company, badges for Com- 
missioners 15. 00 

E. *C. Giltner, clerk George W. McBride, six months 100.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125. 00 

Eugene Nahler, clerk and messenger, salary 40. 00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 21.70 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50. 00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 



MAY. 

Wand Livery Company, carriages for dedication 90. 00 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of meeting rooms 358. 85 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carrol] Purman, dork John M. Thurston 50.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 9.80 



$322. 32 



543.75 



823. 36 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 529 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

MAY — Continued. 

Edward M. Gould, city directory $6.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 10. 26 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25.00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 



$814. 91 



JUNE. 



Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

W. C. Tyler, expert accountant, auditing accounts 178.75 

W. E. Andrews, per diem allowance while auditing 60.00 

Jones, Caesar & Co., expert accountants, to May 31 1,250.00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent and long-distance charges 14. 54 

Southern Hotel Company, rent of meeting rooms 17.55 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 25.00 

Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges .75 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Pullman Sleeping-Car Company, accommodations W. E. 

Andrews 10.00 

Baltimore and Ohio Railway, transportation W. E. Andrews, 

W. C. Tyler 82.50 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 8. 29 

2,012.38 

Total to June 30, 1903 7, 995. 81 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904, inclusive. 

Office of Secretary. 

JULY. 

National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one 

year $8.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125. 00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40. 00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Lambert-Deacon & Hull, stationery and supplies 17.35 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1.73 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50. 00 

AUGUST. 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40. 00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 25. 00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 2. 78 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50. 00 



$367. 08 



342. 78 



S. Doc. 202, 59-1 34 



530 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

SEPTEMBER. 

Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books. $500. 00 

John R. Parsons, one large United States flag 15. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125. 00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent for one quarter and long- 
distance charges 33.35 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 25. 00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50. 00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter__ 50. 00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 9.41 






OCTOBER. 

The Kellogg Company, desk telephone bracket 2. 50 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 7. 75 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125. 00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40. 00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50. 00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50. 00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 10.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1. 10 



NOVEMBER. 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, binding report—- 8. 00 

Smith-Premier Company, new feed roll 3.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125. 00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 10. 00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50. 00 

Jones, Caesar & Co., checking financial reports 75. 00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 4. 74 



DECEMBER. 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads 154.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 21.90 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas II. Carter 50.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller 10.00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

The Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long- 
distance charges 33. 20 



$947. 76 



386. 35 



465. 74 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 531 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

DECEMBER— Continued. 

Southern Hotel, rent of meeting rooms $16.95 

Miss Minnie T. Moran 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1.45 

$602. 50 

JANUARY. 

John R. Parson, two United States flags, flag pole 26.00 

Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Claude Hough, traveling expenses to New York and Wash- 
ington 124.25 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 4.57 

519. 82 

FEBRUARY. 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 6. 80 

Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Jones, Ca?sar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books__ 45. 00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1. 08 

417. 88 

MARCH. 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Enterprise Cleaning Company, cleaning office 20.00 

Simmons Hardware Company, ice-water cooler 7.50 

Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long dis- 
tance 33.20 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 25.00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 3.59 

454. 29 

APRIL. 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads 90.00 

Sexton- Stubinger Range Company, water-cooler stand 3.25 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 19. 75 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 4.27 

482. 27 



532 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 190Jf, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

MAY. 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary $125.00 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 40.00 

Lambert-Deacon & Hull, stationery 25. 15 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50. 00 

Oliver J. Grace, 10 keys for office 2.40 

Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing order books 54. 60 

Scarritt-Coinstock Furniture Company, two desks 45.00 

Keyes & Marshall Brothers Livery Company, conveyance one 

month 140. 00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, paper and envelopes. 94. 50 

J. S. Durham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

Laurence H. Grahame, salary, assistant secretary, nine days. 72. 58 



JUNE. 



$799. 33 



Kennard & Sons Carpet Company, screens and sofa cover. __ 15. 50 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 12. 20 

Wm. Prufrock Furniture Company, one sofa 27.00 

Black-Starr & Frost, ten official badges for Commissioners. 300. 00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 125.00 

Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing orders 22.50 

Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary 60.00 

J. S. Durham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

Ringen Stove Company, ice chest and glasses 12. 40 

Howard E. Riggs, clerk, fifteen days 37.50 

Will Hillmer, placing locks on ice chest 2. 75 

S. G. Adams Stamp Company, automatic pad and stamp 2. 00 

Laurence H. Grahame, expenses trip to New York 87. 50 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads and en- 
velopes 305.00 ; 

Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books 1, 250. 00 i 

Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, printing cards 90. 00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 25.00 

Mound City Coupe Company, conveyance, fifteen days 155. 00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent for quarter 31. 20 

Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone, twenty-eight 

days 7. 10 

Keyes & Marshall Brothers, conveyance, seven days 68. 00 

James Hardy, to team and vehicle one day 7. 00 

Laurence H. Grahame, salary as assistant secretary 250.00 

Howard E. Riggs, salary, messenger, two days 4. 00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Laurence H. Grahame, per diem expenses allowed 25.00 

Southern Hotel Company, telephone charges, April, May, 

June 1. 80 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 6.84 

Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books.- 1, 000. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 2.80 

4,133.09 

Grand total fiscal year ending June 30, 1904 9, 918. 89 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 533 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 190 Jf, to June 30, 1905, inclusive. 

Office of Secretary. 

JULY. 

National Railway Company, railway guide, one year $8. 00 

Howard E. Riggs, messenger, salary, fourteen days 28.00 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 4.90 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Samuel S. Bennett, messenger, salary 32.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, one bookcase 26. 50 

General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month. 230. 28 

John R. Parson, two United States flags 26.25 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, stamping 100 cards. 9. 50 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 12.79 



$728. 22 



AUGUST. 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Samuel S. Bennett, messenger, salary 60.00 

Chas. A. Bradley, relief stenographer, eighteen days 90.00 

Jones, Csesar & Co., audit Exposition Company's books 250. 00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50.00 

Raymond E. Brock, subscription daily papers 2. 70 

General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month. 230. 28 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Mermod & Jaccard Company, stationery, note heads, and 

supplies 510.00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 6.90 

SEPTEMBER. 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone one quarter 25.00 

Frank N. Hodgins, messenger, salary 60.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month. 222. 86 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50. 00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller, three months 25.00 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts 50. 00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 9.61 

Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride 14. 00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long-dis- 
tance charges 38.35 

OCTOBER. 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 14.60 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Wilson Coker, messenger, salary 60.00 

Miss J. Floy Penney, copyist 42.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50. 00 

Geo. M. Brand, one No. 4 Densmore typewriter 90.00 



1, 499. 88 



744.82 



534 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 



Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 190k, to June SO, 1905, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 



OCTOBER— Continued. 

Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F. A. Betts $50.00 

General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month. 230. 28 

Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride 14. 00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 12. 50 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thos. H. Carter 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1. 74 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

NOVEMBER. 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150. 00 

Wilson Coker, messenger, salary 65.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50. 00 

Miss J. Floy Penney, copyist 40.00 

Wm. B. Ayers, subscription daily papers 3.50 

Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride 14.00 

Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller 12. 50 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month 222. 85 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 11. 89 

DECEMBER. 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 20.30 

Fidelity Storage Company, moving office to city 48. 50 

McCaughen & Burr, packing and express charges, McKinley 

portrait, and insurance charges 14.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50. 00 

Wilson Coker, messenger, salary 65.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Bell Telephone Company, rent for one quarter 31.20 

Kinlock Telephone Company, rent one quarter and charges 

moving telephone 28.45 

Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller 10. 00 

Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms 50. 90 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50. 00 

J. S. Dunham, clerk P. D. Scott 50.00 

JANUARY. 

Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms 60. 10 

Wilson Coker, messenger, salary 32.50 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Henry Schmid, messenger, salary 19.50 

Spalding Stationery Company, supplies 10.05 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

FEBRUARY. 

Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms 47.40 

Fidelity Moving Company, moving office furniture 63.32 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Henry Schmid, messenger, salary 52.00 

W. D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter 50.00 

United States Express Company, express charges two boxes 

records 6. 8S 

Bell Telephone Company, rent January 1 to February 24, 

1905 19.98 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 2.33 



$815. 12 



>.74 



568. 35 



372. 15 



391. 91 



LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 535 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

MARCH. 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary $150.00 

Claude Hough, expense to Washington 102.00 

L. H. Grahame, per diem expense to Washington 72.00 

Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone one quarter, 

ending March 31 30.00 

Clarence E. Gauss, special service, stenographer 5.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 1.98 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 



APRIL. 

Sheppard Knapp & Co., matting for office 22.44 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150. 00 

Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to New York and return 120. 50 

Claude Hough, expenses to St. Louis and Chicago 196. 00 

The Dudley Press Company, stationery and supplies 14. 26 

Geo. W. Read, lettering office door 2.44 

Claude Hough, expenses to Washington and Baltimore 25. 50 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

E. H. Gleason, storage and moving office furniture 8. 10 

New York Telephone Company, rent of telephone and toll 

service 2.20 

Littlefield & Alvord Company, freight and drayage office fur- 
niture 21.63 



MAY. 

Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to Washington and return. _ 24. 00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to Washington 29.00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads and en- 
velopes 97.00 

McKnight & Co., translating report from France 16.45 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service 3.97 

JUNE. 

Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing books Exposition Company 1, 400. 00 

Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston 50.00 

Claude Hough, stenographer, salary 150.00 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service, Portland 17.45 

Piemington Typewriter Company, service, Portland 111.50 

Hotel Eaton, Portland, rent meeting rooms 107. 85 

Pacific Express Company, Portland, express records 60. 45 

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, rent office April, 

May, June 200.00 

Joseph Mahoney, towel service office of Commission 2. 50 

New York Telephone Company, rent of telephone and tolls— 12. 80 
Western Union Telegraph Company, September, October, 

November, 1904; February, April, 1905 4.93 

Western Union Telegraph Company, service, June 15. 90 

Claude Hough, expenses to Portland to June 30 327. 09 

Claude Hough, additional salary allowance 75.00 



$410. 98 



613. 07 



370. 42 



2, 535. 47 



Total to June 30, 1905 9, 720. 13 



536 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 

Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission 
from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905, inclusive — Continued. 

Office of Secretary — Continued. 

Recapitulation. 

Expenditures from April 23 to June 30, 1901 $666.55 

Expenditures from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902 4, 461. 84 

Expenditures from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903 7, 995. 81 

Expenditures from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 9, 918. 89 

Expenditures from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905 9, 720. 13 



Grand total 32, 763. 22 

Summary. 

Total amount reserved for period April 23, 1901, to July 1, 1905, for 

expenses of Commission $41, 923. 36 

Total amount expended by Commission for above period 32,763.22 

Total unexpended balance : 9,160.14 




INDEX 



Page. 
Accounts. (See Report of statements of receipts and disbursements. ) 

Accountant, board of lady managers, report of 520 

Act creating board of lady managers 367 

Addams, Miss Jane, report on housing working classes 489 

Admissions: 

Rules governing 74-76 

Special tickets, sale of 79-82 

Correspondence respecting, between National Commission and Exposition 

Company 71-76 

Statement of 130 

Agriculture, report on 499 

Alabama: 

Birmingham district representatives 237 

Exhibits 238 

Alaska: 

Commissioners 240 

Building 240 

Exhibits 242 

Albrecht, H. S., affidavit of 150 

American Institute of Social Service, work of 484 

Ancient Sons and Daughters of Jerusalem ' 411 

Anthropology, woman's work in 480 

Appendixes to final report. (See Report on accounts, etc. ; Report on disposal 
of salvage; Report on foreign countries; Report on States, Territories, and 
districts; Report of board of lady managers; Statement of expenditures.) 

Appropriations for board of lady managers 517 

Archaeology, woman's work in 482 

Architecture, report on 460 

Argentine Republic: 

Commissioners 175 

Building 175 

Exhibits 176 

Argentina, school buildings of 444 

Arizona: 

Commissioners 243 

Building 243 

Exhibits 243 

Arkansas: 

Commissioners 244 

Building... 245 

Exhibits 245 

Assets and liabilities, tabular estimate of, on May 3, 1905 138 

Association of Collegiate Alumnae 428 

537 



538 INDEX. 

Austria: Page. 

Commissioners 178 

Building 178 

Exhibits 179 

Awards: 

Final report of committee on 505 

Correspondence respecting rules and regulations governing 83-103 

Eules governing 20 

Jury of, rules for 435 

Bernays, Miss Thekla M. , report on manufactures 494 

Blair, Mrs. James L. , resignation of 385 

Bland, Mrs. Richard P. , report of, on agriculture 499 

Blind, and other defectives, work of 454 

Board of lady managers: 

Act creating 367 

Duties of officers of 382 

Expenses : 

Members of 368 

Rules and regulations 381 

Disbursements on account of 135 

Duties of 21 

To serve without compensation 21 

Names of 12 

Increase in number of members 22 

Special mention in final report 120 

Bonds, city of St. Louis, report of collections from sale of 129 

Boston Cooperative Society, award to 489 

Bowes, Mrs. F. K. , report of, on sewing machines, etc 465 

Boyd, Mrs. Isaac, report of, on ceramics 464 

Brazil: 

Commissioners 182 

Building 183 

Exhibits 184 

Bread and pastry, report on *. 476 

Building, permanent, board of lady managers 

Buildings {see under each country and State), salvage of, correspondence 

respecting contract for 105-116 

California: 

Commissioners 246 

Building 246 

Exhibits 247 

Canada: 

Commissioners 184 

Building 185 

Exhibits 185 

Capital stock: 

Collections from sales of 128 

Loan realized on security of 130 

Carter, Hon. Thomas H., president National Commission: 

Address of welcome at Centennial Day exercises 25 

Addresses by 370-376, 389 

Resignation of 113 

Cash balances available at end of exposition 135 

Centennial Day, April 30, 1903, description of exercises 24 



INDEX. 539 

Page. 

Ceramics, report on, board of lady managers 464 

Ceylon: 

Commissioners 187 

Building 187 

Exhibits 188 

Charities and corrections, report on 490 

Children, lost 424 

China: 

Commissioners 190 

Building 192 

Exhibits 191 

Circular to women of Europe 416 

Cleveland, ex-President, dedication day address 34 

Clothing industries, report on, board of lady managers 470 

Colleges, women's exhibits by 446 

Collegiate Alumnae, Association of 428 

Colonial Dames 428 

Colorado: 

Commissioners 248 

Exhibits 248 

Commissioners. (See under each country; See also National Commission.) 
Committees, board of lady managers: 

Auditing 369 

Awards 369 

Congresses 369 

Entertainment 369 

Foreign relations 369 

House 369 

House furnishing 369 

Legislative 369 

Special 369 

Standing 369 

Woman's work 369 

Women's congresses 369 

Commissions, statement of receipts from 131 

Connecticut: 

Commissioners 248 

Building 249 

Exhibits 249 

Congress, international 426 

Correspondence : 

Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company on the 
question of jurors and awards — 

Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, October 18, 1904 85 

Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November 4, 1904 88 

Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November 5, 1904 90 

Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November 12, 1904 94 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, May 19, 1904 83 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, May 23, 1904 83 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, November 22, 1904 95 

Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November 4, 1904 89 

Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November 4, 1904 89 

Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November 8, 1904 91 

Mr. Knapp to Mr. Thurston, November 11, 1904 94 



540 INDEX. 

Correspondence — Continued. Page. 
Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company on the 
question of advertising the exposition and sale of special tickets — 

Agreement with respect to special tickets 81 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, July 20, 1904 77 

Mr. Flory to Mr. Stevens, May 19, 1904 80 

Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, May 18, 1904 79 

Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company in the 
matter of financial reports — 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, October 3, 1902 67 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, November 26, 1902 68 

Mr. Flory to Mr. Stevens, February 5, 1903 69 

Mr.Francis to Mr. Carter, October 15, 1902 67 

Mr. Francis to Mr. Carter, November 26, 1902 69 

Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, November 1, 1902.. 67 

Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, November 26, 1902 69 

Mr. Stevens to , November 29, 1902 69 

Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, February 19, 1903 70 

Salvage of exposition property — 

Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, February 28, 1905 105 

Mr. Stevens to Mr. Carter, March 7, 1905 107,111 

Mr. Stevens to Mr. Grahame, March 23, 1905 114, 116 

Council of Jewish Women 428 

County schools 444 

Creche, the 421 

Cuba: 

Commissioners 193 

Building 193 

Exhibits 194 

Curie, Madame 451 

Daughters of — 

American Revolution 428 

Liberty. 428 

St. George 428 

Veterans 428 

Day, Mrs. M. B. R. , report of, on pomology 479 

Day nursery 421 

Dedication, exercises of 383 

Dedication day: 

Address by Hon. D. R. Francis 27 

Address by President Roosevelt 29 

Address by Ex-President Cleveland 34 

Names of Senate committee 60 

Names of House committee 60 

Denmark : 

Commissioners 195 

Exhibits 196 

Deposits, receipts from interest on 133 

Design, Woman's School of 440 

Diplomatic day, May 1, 1902, description of exercises 43 

Disbursements and receipts. {See Report of statements, etc.) 

Dockery, Hon. A. M., governor of Missouri, address on State day 56 

Dunphy , John M. , affidavit of 169 



INDEX. 541 

East India: Page. 

Commissioners 216 

Exhibits 216 

Edgerton, Mrs. R. A., report of, on decoration of buildings 464 

Education, report on, lady board of managers 441 

Egypt: 

Commissioners 196 

Exhibits 196 

Electricity, report on 49& 

Entertainment and ceremonies, report of committee on 429 

Ethnography, exhibits in 482 

Ethnology, woman's work in 481 

Exhibits (see also under each country and State): 

Classification of 14 

From foreign countries, to be admitted free of duty 18 

Rules governing applications for space 16 

Rules governing packing and shipment of 16 

Educational — 

Exhibits 438 

Indian school 344 

Philippines 327,488 

Special commendation of — 

Philippines exhibit US 

Foreign exhibits 119 

State, Territorial, and district exhibits 120 

United States Government exhibit 121 

Special installation of, disbursements in 135 

Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements. (See under Report on 
accounts, etc.) 

Expenditures, board of lady managers, statement of 523 

Exploitation committee, emergency funds advanced to 135 

Exposition, educational advantages of 

Expositions, previous work of women in 369 

Farm equipment, report on 474 

Farming by irrigation 475 

Felton, Mrs. W. H. , report of, on farm equipment 474 

Financial condition of Exposition Company 136 

Fischel, Mrs. W. E., report of, on education 493 

Fletcher, Miss Alice C, report of, on somatology 479 

Foreign countries: 

President' s proclamation inviting participation of 9 

(See under each country. ) 
Foreign exhibitors: 

Rules and regulations concerning 10, 11, 12 

(See also under each country. ) 

Rules and regulations for settlement of disagreements with Exposition 

Company 12 

France: 

Commissioners 197 

Buildings 198 

Exhibits 199 

Francis, Hon. D. R., president Exposition Company: 

Address presenting buildings for dedication 27 

Address on diplomatic day 45 

Addresses by 372,386,395 



542 INDEX. 

Page. 

French industrial schools 200 

Fruit farmers, women 479 

Fund: 

Contingent 397 

Exposition, statement of 5 

General Federation of Women's Clubs 428 

Geographical apparatus 462 

Georgia: 

Commissioners 252 

Building 252 

Exhibits 252 

Germany : 

Commissioners 204 

Building 204 

Exhibits 206 

Gibbons, Cardinal, invocation on centennial day 24 

Great Britain: 

Commissioners 208 

Building 209 

Exhibits 211 

Griswold, Miss Edith J., report of, on machinery 496 

Greisheimer, Miss Caroline, report of, on social economy 483 

Guatemala: 

Commissioners 213 

Building 211 

Exhibits 212 

Haiti: 

Commissioners 213 

Exhibits 213 

Hamlin, Mrs. Conde, report of, on municipal government 492 

Harper, Bev. William K. , invocation on State day 55 

Harrison, Rabbi Leon, benediction on State day 59 

Harrow, Mrs. A. G. , repoort of, on clothing Industries 470 

Hedleston, Miss Florence, exhibit by 440 

Henderson, Mrs. Alice Palmer, report of, on ethnology 481 

Hill, Octavia, work of, in London 489 ■ 

Historical data 361 

Honduras: 

Commissioners 214 

Exhibits 214 

Hough, Claude, appointed stenographer of the National Commission 7 

Hendrix, Bishop, prayer at dedication-day exercises 41 

Hostess' Association 359 

House Committee, final report of 514 

House furnishing: 

Expenditures 418 

Gifts and loans for 419 

Housing model 489 

Hungary: 

Commissioners 216 

Exhibits 216 

Humane Education Society, methods and results 488 






INDEX. 543 

Idaho: Page. 

Commissioners 254 

Building 254 

Exhibits 254 

Igorrotes 488 

Illinois: 

Commissioners 258 

Building 258 

Exhibits 258 

Indian exhibit (United States Government) : 

Authority to establish 344 

Buildings 344 

Exhibits .« 344 

School entertainments 346 

Indian relics 345 

Indian Territory: 

Building 270 

Commissioners 269 

Exhibits 269 

Indiana: 

Commissioners 267 

Building 268 

Exhibits 268 

International Board W. and Y. M. C. A 411 

International Congress of Nurses 411 

International day 384 

International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union 411 

Intramural Railway, receipts from 132 

Inrentions of women 497 

Italy: 

Commissioners 217 

Building 217 

Exhibits 214 

Japan: 

Commissioners 219 

Building 221 

Exhibits 220,221 

Jewish women, council of 428 

Johnston, Miss Frances B. , report of, on photography 461 

Jurors, board of lady managers: 

List of i 509 

Department jurors 512 

Group jurors 511 

Jurors and Awards. (See Awards and Correspondence.) 

Jury of awards, rules for 96 

Jusserand, M. Jean J., French Ambassador, address on diplomatic day 47 

Kansas: 

Building 274 

Commissioners 272 

Exhibits 272 

Kentucky: 

Building 277 

Commissioners 274 

Exhibits 274 



544 INDEX. 

Page. 

Kings Daughters 428 

Knights and Ladies of Honor 428 

Krug, S. , affidavits of 155 

Krupp, Fraulein, model housing 489* 

Laces, report on 471 

Lindsay, William, member National Commission, address on State day 55 

Ladies' Aid Society of United States 411 

Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Society 412 

Ladies' United Veteran Legion 411 

Ladies of the Maccabees 411 

Legislative committee, final report of 398 

Liabilities. {See Assets and liabilities. ) 

Libraries, traveling, women's work in 451 

Lincoln, Mrs. Alice N., model housing 489 

Lost children 424 

Louisiana: 

Building „ 277 

Commissioners 277 

Exhibits 278 

Loughborough, Miss Hope Fairfax: 

Keport of, on education of defectives 453 

Eeport on electricity 498 

McDonald, Charles L. , affidavit of 153 

MacDougal, Miss Anna G. , report of, on secondary education 445 

McCall, Mrs. John A., resignation of 374 

Machinery, report on 496 

Maine: 

Building 280 

Commissioners 280 

Exhibits 280 

Major, Mrs. William S. , report of, on wearing apparel 472 

Manning, Mrs. Daniel, election of 388 

Manufactures, report on 494 

Maryland: 

Building 281 

Commissioners 280 

Exhibits 282 

Massachusetts: 

Building 283 

Commissioners 283 

Exhibits 283 

Massachusetts school exhibit 440 

Matthews, Mrs. Elizabth St. John, report of, on sculpture 458 

Mexico: 

Commissioners 222 

Exhibits 223 

Michigan: 

Building 283 

Commissioners 283 

Exhibits 284 

Mining, woman's work in 501 

Mines, report on 500 



INDEX. 545 

Minnesota: Page. 

Building 286 

Commissioners 286 

Exhibits 287 

Minnesota: 

Educational exhibit 446 

Manual training in 446 

Missionary Society, Woman's Foreign 411 

Mississippi: 

Building 292 

Commissioners 292 

Exhibits 293 

Missouri : 

Building 294 

Commissioners 294 

Exhibits 295 

Model playground 423 

Montana: 

Building 298 

Commissioners 298 

Exhibits 298 

Moore, Mrs. Philip U., general report of 503 

Mothers, National Congress 411 

Music Department, benefits from 133 

Museum, Philadelphia Commercial 486 

National Commission: 

Allotment for contingent expenses of 11 

Names of Commissioners 6 

Committees of 6 

Eesignation of Mr. Carter as president of the Commission 113 

Election of Mr. Thurston as president of the Commission 113 

Monthly reports, difficulty in preparation and submission 66 

Keport of, submitted 3 

Members of, from Senate and House, at dedication 60 

National American Woman Suffrage Association 411 

National Congress of Mothers 411, 428 

National Council of Women 411 

National League of Women Workers 411 

Nebraska: 

Commissioners 299 

Exhibits 299 

New Hampshire: 

Building 300 

Commissioners 300 

Exhibits 301 

New Jersey: 

Building 301 

Commissioners 301 

Exhibits 301 

New Mexico: 

Building 306 

Commissioners 304 

Exhibits 304 

S. Doc. 202, 59-1 35 



546 INDEX. 

New York: Page. 

Building 306 

Commissioners 306 

Exhibits 307 

New York City, night school of art 453 

New York City, sociological exhibit 308 

New Zealand: 

Commissioners 225 

Exhibits 226 

Norway and Sweden: 

Commissioners 228 

Exhibits 228 

North Carolina: 

, Commissioners 310 

Exhibits 310 

North Dakota: 

Commissioners 312 

Exhibits 312 

Nurses, International Congress of 411 

Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, investigations in archaeology 482 

Odell, Hon. B. B., governor of New York, address on State day 57 

Officers, election of, board of lady managers 374 

Ohio: 

Building 313 

Commissioners 313 

Exhibits 314 

Ojeda, Seiior, Spanish minister, address on diplomatic day 53 

Oklahoma Territory: 

Building 314 

Commissioners 314 

Exhibits 315 

Opening day, festivities 24 

Oregon: 

Building 316 

Commissioners 316 

Exhibits 317 

Organization of board of lady managers 370 

Paintings and drawings, report on 455 

Passes (photo) receipts from 133 

P. E. C. Sisterhood 411 

Pennsylvania: 

Building 319 

Commissioners 318 

Exhibits 318 

Perry, Miss Mary E. , report of, on charities and corrections 490 

Peru: 

Commissioners 230 

Exhibits 230 

Peters, Miss Cora, report of, on Indian education 482 

Philadelphia Commercial Museum 486 

Philippine Islands: 

Buildings 324 

Commissioners * 323 



INDEX. 547 

Philippine Islands — Continued. p&ge. 

Exhibits 325 

Official board 325 

Photograph, importance of, as educational exhibit 443 

Photography, report on 461 

Pomology, report on 479 

Portable sehoolhouse 444 

Porto Rico: 

Commissioners 331 

Exhibits 331 

Potter, Rt. Rev. Henry C. , benediction at dedication day exercises 42 

Proclamation : 

Of the President inviting foreign governments to participate 9 

Of President Roosevelt, postponing Exposition to 1903 22 

Proctor, Hon. John R., report of, on woman's work in Government Depart- 
ments 401 

Provident Institutions, report on 488 

Pugh, Mrs. F. H., report of, on bread and pastry 476 

Receipts. (See under Report on accounts and statement of receipts and dis- 
bursements. ) 

Receipts and disbursements, tabular statement of 131 

Relief Corps, Woman's 411 

Report on accounts and statement of receipts and disbursements : 
Receipts — 

Collections on account of sales of stock 128 

Collections from sale of city of St. Louis bonds 129 

United States Government aid 129 

United States Government loan 129 

Loan on security of capital stock subscriptions 130 

Admissions 130 

Concessions 131 

Intramural railway 132 

Service, power, light, etc 133 

Music Department 133 

Premium on souvenir gold coin 133 

Photo-pass receipts 133 

Interest on deposits 133 

Miscellaneous collections 134 

Salvage of exposition property 134 

Special fund ,.. 134 

Disbursements — 

Exhibits, special installation of 135 

Money for emergency exploitation committee 135 

Board of lady managers 135 

Cash balances available 135 

Financial condition of Exposition Company 136 

Tabular statement of receipts and disbursements to April 30, 1905 137 

Current assets and liabilities, tabular estimate of, on May 3, 1905 138 

Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements — 

Admissions' collections 140 

Concessions' collections 140 

Service, power, light, water bills, etc 140 

Transportation collections 142 



548 INDEX. 

Report on accounts and statement of receipts and disbursements — Continued. Page. 
Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements — Continued. 

Interest receipts 142 

Miscellaneous collections 142 

Construction 143 

Rent of grounds and buildings 144 

Maintenance and operating 144 

Exhibits division 145 

Exploitation division 145 

Protection 146 

Concessions and admissions division 147 

Executive and administrative division 147 

Transportation bureau 147 

Money advanced . . , , 147 

Miscellaneous 147 

Condensed statement showing estimated financial result 149 

Reports of foreign countries. (See under each country.) 

Reports on States, Territories, and districts. (See under name of each.) 

Resolutions: 

On auditing of Exposition Company's accounts 71 

On subject of free admissions 72, 74 

On sale of special tickets 79 

Concerning allotment of funds for contingent expenses of the National 

Commission 11 

On death of President McKinley ******* 9 

Rhode Island: 

Building.... 332 

Commissioners , 332 

Exhibits.. 334 

Rhode Island, school exhibits -.. 334 

Riley, Mrs. C. M. F. , report of, on sugar and confectionery 477 

Rogers, Dr. Howard J. , in charge of the congresses 411, 412 

Roosevelt, Miss Alice, luncheon in honor of 515 

Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, picture of, presented 419 

Roosevelt, President — 

Dedication Day address 29 

Orders statistical information for Woman's Work Committee 401 

Rules and regulations: 

Classification of exhibits 12 

Concerning applications for space 16 

Concerning packing and shipment of exhibits 16 

For government of the exposition 12 

Governing system of awards 61 

Governing correspondence respecting 83-103 

Governing making of awards 20 

Pertaining to foreign exhibits 10, 11, 12 

As to board of lady managers 21 

Board of lady managers a 382 

Russia: 

Commissioners 231 

Exhibits 231 

St. Louis school exhibit _ 440 



INDEX. 549 

Salvage of exposition property: Page. 

Correspondence respecting contract for 105-116 

Investigation of contract for — 

Affidavit of Charles L. McDonald 153 

Affidavit of H. S. Albrecht 150 

Affidavit of S. Krug r 155 

Affidavit of George J. Schmitt 166 

Affidavit of John M. Dunphy 169 

Receipts from 134 

Salvation Army: 

Its beginning 487 

Its progress 487 

Schmitt, George J., affidavit of 166 

Scientific research, woman' s work in 451 

School, French Industrial 444 

Schoolhouse, portable 444 

Schools: 

County 444 

Movement to centralize 444 

Scrutchin, Mrs. M. G., report of, on mines 500 

Sculpture, report on 458 

Secretary board of lady managers: 

Election of 374 

Resignation of 394 

Election of second 394 

Service, power, light, etc. , receipts from 133 

Sewing, report on 473 

Siam: 

Commissioners 233 

Building 232 

Exhibits 232 

Sirwell, Miss S. E., award 440 

Sloyd in Sweden's school exhibit 444 

Smith, Miss Anna Tolman, report of, on educational exhibits 439 

Social economy: 

Exhibits in 483 

Report on 483 

Social events, list of „ 430 

Solari, Miss Mary, report of, on paintings and drawings 455 

Somatology, report on 479 

South Dakota: 

Building 335 

Commissioners 335 

Exhibits 336 

Financial statement 338 

Souvenir gold coin, receipts from sales of 133 

Spain, exhibits 234 

Spanish-American war nurses 411 

Special fund, receipts on account of 134 

State day, May 2, 1903: 

Description of exercises 55 

Mentioned 384 



550 INDEX. 



Sugar and confectionery, report on 477 

Summers, Miss Margaret, report of, on wearing apparel 473 

Sullivan, Miss Annie E. , instruction of defectives 451 

Sullivan, Lottie, award to 454 

Surgery, woman's work in 452 

Swenson, Keverend, invocation at diplomatic-day exercises 43 

Teachers, proportion of women 445 

Temple, Miss Grace Lincoln, designer of interior decorations 445 

Temple, Miss Mary Boyce, report of, on higher education 446 

Tennessee: 

Building ' : 339 

Commissioners 339 

Exhibits 339 

Texas: 

Building 342 

Commissioners 342 

Exhibits 342 

Thurston, Hon. John M. : 

Address by 393 

Address on diplomatic day 44 

Election as president of National Commission 113 

Final report to the President of the United States 123 

Transportation bureau, functions of 14 

Transportation, report on 499 

Treasurer board of lady managers, report 518 

Turkey, commissioners 234 

Union, International Ladies' Garment Workers' 411 

United Daughters of the Confederacy 428 

United Daughters of 1812 428 

United States Government aid 129 

United States Government loan 129 

Utah: 

Building 343 

Commissioners 343 

Exhibits 343 

Vatican : 

Commissioner 235 

Exhibits 236 

Venezuela: 

Commissioners 235 

Exhibits 235 

Vermont: 

Building 347 

Commissioners 347 

Exhibits 348 

Virginia: 

Commsssioners 348 

Exhibits 348 

Wade, Miss Margeret, report of, on provident institutions 488 

Waite, John D., appointment of, as a member of National Commission 114 

Wall papers, designs of, by women 453 

War, Spanish-American, nurses 411 



INDEX. 551 

Washington: Page. 

Building 350 

Commissioners 350 

Exhibits 351 

Wearing apparel, report on 472 

Wednesday Club 385 

Weld, Miss Rose, report of: 

On architecture 460 

On transportation 499 

Widegren, Miss Matilda, Swedish school exhibits 441 

Wild flower painting exhibit 440 

Wille, Frau, designer of carpets 496 

Wisconsin: 

Building 353 

Commissioners 354 

Exhibits 354 

Woman: 

In scientific research 451 

Progress in art 452 

In surgery 452 

In Government employ 401 

Woman's Building 414 

Woman's Christian Temperance Union 411 

Woman's Club, reception by 394 

Woman's clubs: 

Civic work of 492 

General Federation of 428 

Woman's Foreign Missionary Society 411 

Woman's Relief Corps 411 

Woman's School of Design 440 

Women as inventors 497 

Women fruit farmers 479 

Women's colleges: 

List of 446 

Exhibits by 446 

Women's congresses, report of committee on 427 

Women teachers, proportion of 445 

Wood, Miss Carrie, designer of the ' ' Missouri " 452 

Wood, Mrs. E. D. , report of, on laces 471 

Woolwine, Mrs. W. M. , report of, on apparatus for geography 462 

Wyoming: 

Commissioners 356 

Exhibits 356 

Yandell, Miss Enid, designer of the ' ' Daniel Boone " 452 

Young Women's Christian Association 411 




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